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DIFFERENTIATION
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 Differentiation

CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION:

9.1: To determine the limit of a function

 Don’t write the substitution.
0 
 If 0 or  is found in the solution then the function have to be

simplify by factorization.
a 0
 Remember that if a  0 then 0 =  and a = 0 .
 Example of factorization :
(a) (b)
 b  b
ax  b  x  a   ax 2  bx  x 2  a  
 x  x

EXAMPLE:
Evaluate the following limits.

6 x2  x  2 1
1. lim 2 x  2. lim 3. lim 
x 3 x x 1 x 2  2x 1  x0 x  x x
Solution/Answer
Question Step

1. 1. Substitute (without write it down) 8

the value of x and write the answer.

2. 1. Substitute (without write it down) 0

the value of x and write the answer. 0

2. Simplify the function, hence

calculate the limit. 

3. 1. Substitute (without write it down) 1

the value of x and write the answer. 
x2

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 Differentiation

EXERCISE 1:
Evaluate the following limits
 2
x1  
x 4
2
lim 
1 x
1. lim 3. lim 5.
x0 x2 x2 x  5x  6
2 x 2x

lim 3x 2  6 x  x 
1
2. lim 2 x  x 4. lim  6.
 x 0  x0 x  x  x 0

dy
9.2: To find by first principle:
dx

1. Using  y and  x .
2. Solving simultaneous equation .
y
3. Determine the expression for  x .

y
4. Using lim .
 x 0 x

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 Differentiation

EXAMPLE:
Find the first derivative of y  4 x  7 by using the first principle.

Step Solution

1. Let the function given be the first equation. y  4 x  7 ….. (i)

2. Let the equation using  y and  x be the second y  y  4( x  x)  7 ... (ii )
equation.

3.Second equation minus first equation and express  y  y 4x

in terms of  x .

y 4
4. Determine .
x
dy y
5. Determine by using lim . 4
dx  x0 x

EXERCISE 1: Find the first derivative of y  5  2 x by using the first principle.

Step Solution

1. Let the function given be the first equation.

2. Let the equation using  y and  x be the
second equation.

3. Second equation minus first equation and express

 y in terms of  x .

y
4. Determine .
x
dy y
5. Determine by using lim .
dx  x0 x

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 Differentiation

EXERCISE 2:

Find the first derivative of the following functions using the first
principle.

1. y  4 x  5

1
y 
2
2. x
2

2
3. y
3x

9.3: Differentiation of a function y = axn, differentiation of a sum and difference of algebraic

functions.

dy
1. Given y = xn then = n xn 1
dx
dy
2. Given y = axn then = an xn 1
dx
dy
3. Given y = k then = 0 , where k is a constant.
dx
dy
4. Given y = kx then = k , where k is a constant.
dx
5. If f(x) = p(x)  q(x) , then f / (x)= p/ (x) + q/ (x) where f / (x), p/ (x) and q/ (x) are first derivatives.

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 Differentiation

EXAMPLE:
dy
Find for the following functions :
dx
(a) y = x4

step solution
1. make sure x is in index form before differentiate x4
2. differentiate y with respect to x dy
dx
3. differentiate x4 with respect to x by Multiply 4 and index Minus 1 4x3
4. complete answer dy
= 4x3
dx

(b) y = x6

step solution
1. make sure x is in index form before differentiate
2. differentiate y with respect to x

3. differentiate x4 with respect to x by Multiply 4 and index Minus 1

4. complete answer

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 Differentiation

dy
EXERCISE: Find for the following functions:
dx

1 y = x3 2 y = 5x

3 y= 7 4 y = 6x2

5 y = 12x 6 y= x
5

25

7 y = 4x 3 8 y= 6
x

9 y= 8 10 y = 3
x 4
4x 8

3
11 y = 2 12 y =  3 
3x  2
x

13 y = 3 x4 14 y = 400

15 y = 1 16 y= 1
x
7 3x 2

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 Differentiation

EXAMPLE 1: Differentiate each of the following functions :

(a) y = 3x4 + 2x3 – 4

step solution
1. make sure x is in index form before differentiate x4, x3
2. differentiate y with respect to x dy
dx
3. differentiate all the terms on the right hand side with respect to x 12x3 + 6x2
4. complete answer dy
=12x3 + 6x2
dx

(b) f(x) = 3  3
x x2
step solution
1. make sure x is in index form before differentiate 3x 1, 3x 2
2. differentiate f(x) with respect to x f /(x)

3. differentiate all the terms on the right hand side with respect to x 3x 2  (2)3x3

f /(x)= 3x 2  (2)3x3

4. complete answer

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 Differentiation

EXERCISE: Differentiate each of the following functions :

1 y = x6 – 3x3 + 6 2 1 4
y= x  4x 2  9
2

3 f (x) = 2 2 4 f(x) = 1 + 1  1
 3
x x x x2

5 y = (x – 1) (2x + 5) 6 y = y  (2  3x)2

7 2t 2  9 8 ( t  1)(2  3t )
v= s=
t t2

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 Differentiation

9.4: Differentiation of a Composite function .

Given y = k ( ax + b)n

dy
Then = k n ( ax + b)n – 1 (a)
dx

EXAMPLE:
Differentiate y = (2x3 + 5)6 with respect to x:

steps solution
1. recognise the composite
function
(2x3 + 5)6
k ( ax + b)n

2. differentiate y with respect to x dy

dx
3. differentiate composite function
n 1  differentiate 
kn copy back function   function in  6 (2x3 + 5)5 (6x2)
 in bracket   bracket 
 

4. complete answer dy
=6 (2x3 + 5)5 (6x2)
dx

EXERCISE
Differentiate each of the following functions :
1 y = (4x +7)3 2 y = (x3 + 6) 4

3 y = (6  4x2)3 4
f (x) =  1 x 3  9 
6

3 

5 f (x) = (x 2 + 5x 3 )4 6 y = 2
5x  1

7 y = 3 8 s= 5
x 4
2 (t  2)4
2

9 v= 1 10

y = 5 6x 3  3x 
2

( t  4t  6) 3
2

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 Differentiation

9.5: Differentiation of the Product of Algebraic functions.

Method – The Product Rule

If y  u v , then find the first derivative of u and v.

dy dv du
u v
Then substitute into the formula: dx dx dx

dy
EXAMPLE: Find for y = (3x2  2)( x2 +5x +4).
dx
step solution
1. recognise the product function u = (3x2  2)
y  uv
v = ( x2 +5x +4).
2. differentiate y with respect to x dy
dx
3. differentiate product function

copy u differentiate v  (copy v ) ( differentiate u ) (3x2  2) (2x + 5) + ( x2 + 5x + 4) (6x )

dy
4. complete answer = (3x2  2) (2x +5) + ( x2 +5x +4) (6x)
dx
dy
5. Simplify the answer = 12x3 + 45x2 + 20x 10
dx
dy
Exercise : Find
dx
1. y = 2x3 ( 2 – x5) 2. y = (4x +7) (3x2 – 5)

y = (x3 + 6) (1– 4x +2x2 )

3. y = (x3 + 6) (1– 4x +2x2 ) 4. y = x2 (x + 1)4

5. y = x2 (4-3x )2 6. y = (2x + 1) (x + 3)3

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 Differentiation

9.6: Differentiation of the Quotient of Algebraic functions.

Method – The Quotient Rule
u x 
y
If v x  , then find the first derivative of u and v.
du dv
v u
dy dx dx
 2
Then substitute into the formula: dx v

EXAMPLE:
x3 dy
y
Given that 2  x 4 , find dx . Guide: Don’t expand the denominator

Steps solutions
u
1.
Determine whether product or quotient y=  quotient function.
function involved . v

du dv
u v u
dy dx dx
2. Use the quotient rule for , y= 
v dx v 2

3. du dv u = x3 , v = 2 – x4
Determine u and v , and find and
dx dx du dv
by differentiating  3x 2  4x 3
dx dx
u and v with respect to x .

4. Substitute into the formula. dy


   
2  x 4 3x 2  x 3  4 x 3 
dx 2  x4 
2

5 Simplify your answer. dy 6 x 2  3x 6  4 x 6

dx 2  x4
2
 
dy 6 x  x 6 2

dx 
2  x4
2


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 Differentiation

EXERCISE:

2x 5x
1. y= 2. y=
2 x x3

x2  3 4. y = (3  x )
2
3. y=
7  x2 x 1

f (x) = 2x  5 6. f (x) = (1  3x )
4
5.
( x  1) 3 5x  2

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 Differentiation

9.7: GRADIENT OF TANGENT AND NORMAL

1. Determine the gradient of tangent at a point by substitution the x-

dy
coordinate into .
dx

2. Determine the gradient of normal by referring to the gradient of the

tangent.

3. Determine the equation of tangent and normal at a point of a curve by

using the formula
y  y1  m ( x  x1 )

EXAMPLE:.
Given that P( 1 , 4 ) is a point on a curve y = 6 + 5x -7x2
Find
(a) the gradient of tangent and the gradient of normal at point P.

(b) the equation of tangent and the equation of normal at point P.

Steps Solution

dy dy
1. Find .  5  14x
dx dx
dy
2. Find the gradient of tangent by Substitution the value of x.  5 14 (1)   9
dx
3. Find the gradient of normal by 1
using formula. m normal 
9
m1 m 2 = 1
4. Find the equation of tangent. y = - 9x + 13
y  y1 = m1 (x  x1 )

5. Find the equation of normal. 1 15

y  x 
y  y1 = m2 (x  x1 ) 9 4

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 Differentiation

EXERCISE

1. Given that P(1,7) is a point on curve y = 3x2 – x + 5 . Find

(a) the gradient of tangent and the gradient of normal at point P.
(b) the equation of tangent and the equation of normal at point P

2. Given that P(2,4) is a point on curve y = (2x – 3)(x + 2) .

Find
(a) the gradient of tangent and the gradient of normal at point P.
(b) the equation of tangent and the equation of normal at point P.

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 Differentiation

9.8: TURNING POINTS - MINIMUM OR MAXIMUM.

1. To find the turning points
 Find dy .
dx
 Lets dy = 0 , solve the equation to find x.
dx
 Find the value of y.
 State in ordered pairs (x,y) .
2. To determine whether the turning point is a
maximum or minimum point.
2
 Find d 2y .
dx
 Substitute the value of x to the product of the differentiation .
2
 If d 2y < 0,  maximum point.
dx
d2y
If > 0,  minimum point.
dx 2
3. The difference between maximum/minimum point with
the maximum/minimum value
 Point : in ordered pairs ( x, y)
 Value : refers only to the value of y.

EXAMPLE: Find the turning point of the curve y = 3x2 – x3 + 5 and determine its maximum and
minimum point.
Step Solution

1. To determine the turning point dy

= 6x – 3x2
i Find dy . dx
dx
i) y = axn ii) y = kx
dy dy
= a nx n 1 =k
dx dx
dy 6x – 3x2 = 0
ii. Let =0. 3x(2 – x) = 0
dx
x=0 , x=2
and solve for x .
iii. To determine the y-coordinate for each value of y=0–0+5=5
x that satisfy the above equation . y = 3(2)2 - 23 + 5 = 9

iv. State the turning point (0, 5) and (2, 9)

2. To determine the maximum or minimum

point
2 d 2 y = 6 – 6x
i. Find d 2y
dx dx 2
2
ii. Substitute the value of x to get the value of d 2y x = 0, d2y = 6 – 0 = 6
dx dx 2
d 2 y > 0  min
dx 2
2
x = 2, d 2y =6-6(2) = -6 < 0  max
dx
Minimum point (0. 5)
iii. State the coordinate Maximum point (2, 9)
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 Differentiation

EXERCISE

Find (a) the turning point (b) determine the maximum or minimum point (c) max/min value , from
the following curve equations.
1. y = x2 +2x + 3 2. y = 4 + 8x -x2

3. y = 2x3+6x2 -1 4. y = x3 -12x +1

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 Differentiation

9.9 Rate of change

dy
 differentiate y with respect to x,
dx
dx
 rate of change of x
dt
dy
 rate of change of y
dt
dA
 rate of change of area
dt
dV
 rate of change of volume
dt

Formulae frequently used:

dy dy dx
 .
dt dx dt
dA dA dr
 .
dt dr dt
dV dV dr
 .
dt dr dt

EXAMPLE: Given y=x2 + 4x +3 and the rate of change of x is 0.5 unit s-1 when x= 2, find the rate of
change of y.
Step Solution
1. Using formula dy dy dx
 .
dt dx dt
dx dy
 0.5  2x  4
dt dx
2. Given
dy dy
find x  2,  2(2)  4  8
dx dx
3. Substitute into formula 1 dy dy dx
 .
dt dx dt
= 8(0.5) =4

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 Differentiation

Exercise

1.Given y=x2 - 6x +2 and x decreases at the rate 2. Given y=x3 - 4x +5 and x increases at the rate
of 0.5 unit s-1 when x= 3, find the rate of change of 2 unit s-1 when x= 4, find the rate of change of
of y. y.

4. The radius of a circle increases at the 5. The radius of a sphere decreases at

rate of 2 cms-1 when its radius is 10 the rate of 2 cms-1 when its radius is 8
cm. Find the rate of change in its area cm. Find the rate of change in its
volume

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 Differentiation

9.10: Small change And Approximation.

dy
 The increment in y, y   x
dx
x = the small change in x

 If x is decreasing then x is negative .

 The differences between the small change of y with the

approximate value of y
 The small change of y is y
 The approximate value of y = y origin + y
y origin = the value of y before x changes

EXAMPLE: Given that y = x2 + 5x, use differentiation to find the small change in y
when x increases from 3 to 3.01.
Step Solution
Keyword
- find y

1. Using formula

2. Determine the
 Value of x

 Value of x

dy
 Find dx
- substitute the value of x

3. Substitute into the formula (1)

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 Differentiation

1. Given that y = 2x3 +6x2 , find the small 3. Find the approximate increase in the area of a
change of y when x increase from 2 to 2.01 circle when its radius increases from 5 to 5.03

2. Given that y = 6t ³ + t², find the small change 4. The radius of a cylinder is fixed at 4 cm. If the
of y when t increase from 2 to 2.01. height of the cylinder decreases by 0.25, find
the approximate decrease in the volume of the
cylinder.

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