The Feasibility of Musa Sapientum (Latundan) Peel as an Alternative Ingredient in

Producing Biodegradable Plastic Bag

FIRST CITY PROVIDENTIAL COLLEGE

First City Providential College

Brgy. Narra, Francisco Homes Subdivision, City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

The Feasibility of Musa Sapientum (Latundan)

Peel as an Alternative Ingredient in Producing
Biodegradable Plastic Bag
A Research Paper Presented to

Senior High School Department

In Partial Fulfillment to the requirements for the subject:

Research in Daily Life 2

Research conducted by:

Lance Arvin Dacasin

12- STEM 3
Submitted to:

Teacher Francis L. Cruz

Research Adviser

Academic Year 2019-2020

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to express the outmost gratitude to

those who shared their efforts and patience for the completion of
this research. The research will not be complete without their
efforts.

To Teacher Francis Lineses Cruz, research adviser, for her

patience, love for the researcher, for his unselfish criticism, hard
work for the researchers to successfully finish this research and for
all the tips and advice he gave to the researcher.

To all Senior High School teachers in First City Providential

College, who put all of their efforts in guiding the researcher in using
the laboratory equipment and chemicals. For their love and patience
in teaching on how to get accurate measures and how to use specific
equipment when the researcher doing his experimentation.

To the respective parents of the researcher, who gave full

support while the research is conducted and always make the
researcher remember how this research important for the
environment Moreover, for their patience and sacrifices to the
researcher to finish this research successfully.

Above all, to Almighty God for his guidance and for giving
love, wisdom, patience, knowledge, and support to the researcher to
finish and make this research successful.

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DEDICATION
The researcher wishes to dedicate this work for all future
researchers looking for the feasibility of Musa Sapientum peel as an
alternative ingredient in producing biodegradable plastic bags; for
them to know that there is a substitute for conventional plastic bag
and to lessen the plastic pollution.

To the family of the researcher who gives their full support,

love and understanding emotionally, physically and financially to
make the research successful.

And above all, to Almighty God who serve as the strength and
knowledge of the researcher to finish this work and make everything
possible.

The researcher wishes that this research will open the minds
of students about the feasibility of Musa Sapientum peel as an
alternative ingredient in producing biodegradable plastic bags. Also,
researcher hope that students will give a chance to have a better
understanding about the difference of conventional plastic bag and
biodegradable plastic bag when it come to their properties and
characteristics.

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ABSTRACT
Every developed country depends on the industry as the main factor
of its economy. Lack of exports, depression in both the general economy
and the value of the currency are consequences of neglecting the industry.
Plastic industry is considered one of the most important industries because
plastic is an important factor in the making of many useful products.

The researchers wanted to produce a kind of plastic that would not

take hundreds of years to decompose, unlike the traditional plastic, which
clog in the canals and drainage systems and causes high floods which leads
to further destruction. The researchers thought that instead of the peelings
contributing the country's waste, the researchers wanted to make it more
useful and efficient. And when it is in decomposition process, it won’t
contribute to carbon dioxide production or it will produce less carbon
dioxide.

The researchers gathered different data and facts regarding the

study and found experiments to be done repeatedly. The experiment was
done to make and textured the banana peel like normal plastics. They
repeated the experiments until they got the expected results.

After pursuing the study, the researchers proved that starch came from the
peelings of Musa Sapientum (Latundan), bananas are one of the most
promising raw materials in making biodegradable plastics.

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Table of Contents
Preliminary parts:

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………….……..ii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………iii

Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………..iv

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………v

Chapter I: Introduction

Background of the study………………………………………………………...…....7

Review of related literature…………………………………………………………9

Review of related studies…………………………………………………………....13

Interesting Fact about banana…………………………………………………..…17

Matrix of Review related literature……………………………………………....19

Matrix of Review of related studies……………………………………………...21

Statement of the problem……………………………………………………………24

Significance of the study……………………………………………………………..25

Scope and limitation…………………………………………………………………...26

Definition of terms……………………………………………………………………...27

Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………………29

Conceptual framework………………………………………………………………..30

Theoretical framework………………………………………………………….........32

Chapter II: Methodology………………………………………………….…….….34

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Chapter III: Experimentation……………………………………………………36

Chapter IV: Discussion and Results…………………………………………..42

Chapter V: Recommendation…………………………………………………….44

Appendices:

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………….….46

Appendix …………………………………………………………...…………………….....48

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I. Background of the study

In the last decades there has been an increasing interest in the

development of renewable materials with biodegradable properties in
attempt to contribute to the sustainable development and to reduce the
environmental impact of non- biodegradable petroleum based plastics. It
continues improvement has been saving effort and time to humankind and
further needs are being met to more population. Moreover, due to the rapid
growth of the Philippines’ population, the problems they can face are also
emerging quickly. Nowadays, many people suffer environmental problems
and one of these problems is plastic.

Plastics are inexpensive, lightweight, strong, durable, corrosion-

resistant materials, with high thermal and electrical insulation properties.
The diversity of polymers and the versatility of their properties are used to
make a vast array of products that bring medical and technological
advances, energy savings and numerous other societal benefits (Andrady &
Neal 2009). Also, they have excellent barrier properties; they are disposable
and very durable.

However, due to the attributes strength and indestructability of

plastic, and it can cause environmental problem when these material enter
in the waste stream. They are not readily broken down by the natural
elements in the environment or in waste management infrastructures. In
addition, plastics are resistant to biological degradation because

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microorganism does not have enzymes capable of degrading and utilizing
most man polymers. According to The Packaging Bulletin Magazine’s
January issue, it is proven a fact that starch and cellulose found in banana
peel are important raw materials used in the biodegradable plastic industry
(Packaging Bulletin, 2009).
Therefore, this research study seeks to determine the feasibility of
Musa Sapientum peel as an alternative ingredient in producing
biodegradable plastic bag. Due to this research, the respondent will
understand the big difference between biodegradable plastic bag and
petroleum based plastic bag.

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II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES

1. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of related literature provided on this section articulates
to similar articles, journals, and information regarding to the feasibility of
latundan peel components together with the possible experiments and data.
The reviews discuss different concept, definition and information about the
latundan peel as an alternative ingredient in producing biodegradable
plastic bag.

FOREIGN
DEFINITION OF PLASTIC
Every developed country depends on the industry which mainly uses
plastic products. Today, plastics are designed with little consideration for its
long period of disposability and recyclability. Biodegradable plastics are a
new generation of polymers emerging on the world market. It have an
expanding range of possible applications, and driven by the growing use of
plastics in packaging and the realization that biodegradable plastics are
environmentally friendly; their use is predicted to increase. Also,
biodegradable plastic have a magic ingredient that means they self-destruct
after a few months, breaking up into tiny pieces made of simple molecules
that bugs and fungi can happily munch up. Dozens of major corporations use
them, including Pizza Hut, KFC, News international, Walmart and Marriott
hotels (Pearce, 2009 & Zakaria, 2010).

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BANANA PEEL
Banana peel has no scientific name because only living organism
could have it. Banana could have the scientific name of common banana that
is Musaceae musa. It is the outer envelopes of banana fruit, and it is the by-
product of household consumption and banana processing. Banana peel was
rich in starch and cellulose, which are the raw materials and the main
ingredient for the production of biodegradable plastic bag. Starch consists of
two different types of polymer chains called amylose and amylopectin, made
up of adjoined glucose molecules (Francisco, 2016).

PLASTIC POLLUTION
Plastics are the major source of global marine pollution. Once plastic
particles reach the marine environment, wind, and global ocean currents can
spread them around the world. As a result, plastics are scattered across all
oceans, and can be found in remote locations such as the Artic, Southern
Ocean and deep oceans. Ocean plastic pollution is an alarming issue due to
its persistence, complexity, steady growth and the extensive impacts it has
on all aspects of ecosystems. The problem requires holistic environmental
remediation solutions at a global state. Increasing plastic production has not
been mirrored by a corresponding increase in recycling rates. In Europe,
despite strict legislation and advance waste management systems, only 30%
of total of 25.8 million tonnes of waste plastics generated in 2014 were
recycled. The re-processing of plastics is often technically infeasible and
economically non-viable. This is due to doubtful sorting criteria of waste

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plastics, which are often mixed with other recyclables, as well as variability
in the chemical and physical characteristics of waste plastics (Dr. Sebille,
2016).

STABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC

There is great potential for using bio-plastics in food packaging
applications. Reducing carbon dioxide productions as well as
biodegradability are major advantages in utilization of bio-plastic. However,
the production costs for bio-plastics from various biomasses still limit the
application of bio-plastics. Recent developments in bio-based, and have been
successfully introduced to the fields of rigid packaging. They are not
biodegradable or compostable, but they have exactly the same physical and
functional properties as petroleum-based plastics. Recyclability and low
levels of carbon dioxide production are major advantages, as well as their
compatibility with existing systems. In addition, bio-plastics synthesized
from petroleum-based monomers and bio-based monomers such as PBS or
PBAT have been actively studied and used in combination with other bio-
plastics. In the near future, those petroleum-based monomers will be
replaced by bio-based monomers (Innovations in Food Packaging, 2014).

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LOCAL
DEFINITION OF PLASTIC
Plastic offers a variety of benefits, in a variety of shapes, such as
sheets, panels, film, which can all be flexible as the application requires.
Plastic is a price competitive with other materials that offer similar
advantages in industrial applications, which is why it is used in a number of
applications. It is light weight, strong, visually aesthetic, flexible size and
shape, and cheaper price However, use of too many plastics results in
massive harmful effects. It takes longer time to degrade which is estimated
about 500 years to degrade and will become toxic after decomposed
(Journal of Petro-Chemical Engineering, 2016).

BANANA PEEL
Peel of vegetables and fruits are of the most important part that helps
in protecting the body from diseases, getting rid of the free radicals, as they
contain vitamins and minerals which are antioxidant, in addition to phenols.
Previous studies have proved the existence of vitamin C, E, and B6 in banana
peels, especially vitamin C that can act as an antioxidant (Annals of
Agricultural Sciences, 2015).

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

The Review of Related Studies provided on this section articulates

similar studies to gather reliable and exact data regarding the feasibility of
latundan peel as an alternative ingredient in producing biodegradable
plastic bag. On this review, it discusses different meaning, concepts and
study results about the feasibility of Musa Sapientum as an alternative
ingredient in producing biodegradable plastic bag.

FOREIGN

DEFINITION OF PLASTIC
via
Energy
incineration
recovery
is the
from plastics
Plastic is a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic
polymers that can be molded into shape while soft and then set it into a
rigid or slightly elastic form. Energy recovery from plastics via incineration
is the preferred treatment option for non-recyclable plastics in European
countries although this treatment may increase emissions of the
greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, where appropriate infrastructure is
available. Landfilling is still one of the leading waste plastics management
options in many European Countries. The United Kingdom in alignment
with the European Union’s waste framework directive, set targets for the
recycling of post- consumer packaging plastics at 52% for 2016, rising to
57% for 2017(Dr. Gilbert, 2016).

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BANANA PEEL

Banana should be considered to be a good source of natural

antioxidant for foods and functional food source against cancer and heart
disease. Therefore, attention in recent times has been focused on the
isolation, characterization and utilization of natural antioxidants, especially
growing, interest in polyphenols as potential disease preventing events. As
these compounds are predominantly found in most fruit tissues it would be
worthwhile investigating the nature of polyphenols that are present in
banana peel. Fruits and vegetables however, contain many different
antioxidant and antimicrobial components. The majority of the antioxidant
capacity of a fruit or vegetable may be from compounds such as other
vitamin C, vitamin E or β-carotene. Bananas are one of the most popular
fruits in the world and it well be known that fruits contain various
antioxidants compounds such as gallocatechin and dopamine. Banana peel
represents about 40% of total weight of the fresh fruit (Khalil, 2015).

PLASTIC POLLUTION
According to what is currently the only available estimate? It is
estimated 2 billion people around the world have in sufficient access to solid
waste management services. In the absence of changes to current waste
management approaches, the continuous change of land- sourced plastics in
to the oceans is projected to continue increasing exponentially over the next
decade, driven by global population growth and plastic consumption trends.
In contrast, plastic pollution originating from ocean-based sources should
decrease if ocean users adhere to international regulations prohibiting of
throwing of plastic at sea (Grantham Institute Briefing paper No.19, 2016).

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STABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC

There is considerable concern about the hazards that plastic debris
presents to wildlife. Use of polymers that degrade more quickly than
conventional plastics presents a possible solution to this problem. Here we
investigate breakdown of two Oxo-biodegradable plastics, compostable
plastic and standard polyethylene in the marine environment. Tensile
strength of all materials decreased during exposure, but at different rates.
Compostable plastic disappeared from our test rig between 16 and 24
weeks whereas approximately 98% of the other plastics remained after 40
weeks. Some plastics require UV light to degrade. Once plastics enter the
marine environment, they begin to degrade, eventually breaking down into
secondary microplastic or even nanoplastics particles (Thompson, 2010).

LOCAL
BANANA PEEL
According to the Packaging Bulletin Magazine’s January issue, it is
proven a fact that starch and cellulose are important raw materials used in
the biodegradable plastic industry. Since Banana peel is rich with starch
and cellulose, it is very easy to extract (Packaging Bulletin, 2009).

PLASTIC POLLUTION
The Philippines generates 2.7 million tonnes of plastic waste
annually and 20% or half a million tonnes of that leak into the oceans, the
report stated. According to Foreland Grate, executive director of the

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Philippines branch of the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, an
absence of garbage collection services in secondary cities and many of the
country’s smaller islands is largely to blame for the overwhelming amount
of marine plastic coming from the country. In 2000 a solution was
presented in the form of the Republic Act 9003, also known as the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, but local governments in
the Philippines have struggled to implement its directives, Grate says. The
law, considered landmark legislation on environmental management,
mandated city and municipal governments to organize and sustainably
manage the collection and disposal of solid waste. It also directed the
closure of open dump sites and created the National Solid Waste
Management Commission to oversee the law’s implementation (Vila, 2018).

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INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT BANANA

1. Bananas float in water because they are less dense in comparison.

2. Bananas are one of the most popular fruits in the American diet.
3. Bananas grow on plants that are officially considered an herb.
4. The banana is actually classified as a berry.
5. Bananas may be considered a mood enhancer because it contains the
amino acid, tryptophan and Vitamin B6 that helps the body produce
serotonin.
6. The bananas we eat today, the Cavendish, are different from pre-
1960s’ bananas, the Gros Michael, as those have been wiped out by
“the panama disease.”
7. Bananas can help lower blood pressure and protect heart health due to
high potassium and low salt content.
8. The inside of a banana peel can help relieve itching and inflammation,
such as from bug bit or poison ivy.
9. Bananas are great pre-workout snacks because they are loaded with
potassium that aids in maintaining nerve and muscle function during
work outs.
10. Humans share about 50% of our DNA with bananas.

Banana (Musaceae) is one of the world’s most important fruit crops

that is widely cultivated in tropical countries for its valuable applications
in food industry. Its enormous by-products are an excellent source of
highly valuable raw materials for other industries by recycling agricultural

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waste. This prevents an ultimate loss of huge amount of untapped biomass
and environmental issues. This review discusses extensively the
breakthrough in the utilization of banana by-products such as peels,
leaves, pseudostem, stalk and inflorescence in various food and non-food
applications serving as thickening agent, coloring and flavor, alternative
source for macro and micronutrients, , livestock feed, natural fibers, and
sources of natural bioactive compounds and bio-fertilizers (Food Science
Technology, 2014).

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MATRIX OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

AUTHOR BIODEGRADABLE BANANA PEEL PLASTIC

PLASTIC POLLUTION
Pearce (2009)& Biodegradable Biodegradable It use waste
Zakaria (2010) plastics are a new plastic made material that is
generation of from banana cheap to reduce
polymers peel is lower plastic pollution
emerging on the cost
world market
Francisco Biodegradable Banana peel has
(2016) no scientific
plastic is better
name because
than conventional only living
organism could
plastic
have it
Dr.Sebille (2016) Developing and Plastics are the
major source of
expanding the use
global marine
of plastics that pollution
truly degrade in
the ocean
Innovations in There is great The production
Food Packaging potential for using costs for bio-
(2014) bio-plastics in plastics from
food packaging various
applications biomasses still
limit the
application of

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bio-plastics
Journal of Petro- Plastic offers a Bio-plastics Plastics take
Chemical
variety of benefits, made from longer time to
Engineering
(2016) in a variety of banana peel can degrade which
shapes, such as be a substitute is estimated 500
sheets, panels, for conventional years
film, which can all plastic
be flexible as the
application
requires
Annals of Peel of
vegetables and
Agricultural
fruits are of the
Sciences (2015) most important
part that helps
in protecting the
body from
diseases

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MATRIX OF REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

AUTHOR BIODEGRADABLE BANANA PEEL PLASTIC
PLASTIC POLLUTION
Dr. Gilbert Energy recovery Similar Plastics are a
(2016) from plastics via characteristics major source of
incineration is the to tapioca starch. global marine
preferred pollution
treatment option
for non-recyclable
plastics in
European
countries
Khalil (2015) Banana should
be considered to
be a good source
of natural
antioxidant for
foods and
functional food
source against
cancer and heart
disease
Grantham The total amount It is estimated 2
billion people

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Institute of plastic floating around the

world have in
Briefing paper on the ocean
sufficient access
No.19 (2016) surface is between to solid waste
management
7,000 and 236,000
services.
tonnes
Thompson Compostable Once plastics
(2010) plastic enter the marine
disappeared from environment,
our test rig they begin to
between 16 and degrade,
24 weeks whereas eventually
approximately breaking down
98% of the other into secondary
plastics remained microplastic or
after 40 weeks even
nanoplastics
particles
Packaging Starch and Starch and Use bio-plastics
Bulletin (2009)
Cellulose came cellulose coming to reduce
from banana peel from banana pollution in the
can be an peel are environment
ingredient in important raw
producing materials
biodegradable
plastic bag
Vila (2018) Masses of plastic The Philippines
trash swirling in generates 2.7

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waterways, million tonnes of

garbage clogging plastic waste
drainage canals annually and
and huge stinking 20% or half a
dump sites are million tonnes of
among the most that leak into
visible the oceans
manifestations of
the waste crisis in
the Philippines

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main objective of this study is to produce an alternative
biodegradable plastic bag made from banana peel through the scientific
experiment called “Extraction Process”.

Specifically, this study aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. Determine the differences between biodegradable plastic bag and

petroleum based plastic bags.
2. Evaluate the main component of Musa Sapientum peel that can be the
main ingredient in producing biodegradable plastic bag; and
3. Prove that Musa Sapientum (Latundan) peel can be an ingredient to
produce biodegradable plastic bag using the scientific experiment called
extraction process.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant in probing that Musa Sapientum (Latundan)
peel as an alternative ingredient in producing biodegradable plastic bag. It
is also beneficial to the following.

STUDENT

This research will help to widen their knowledge when it comes to

different scientific experiment such as extraction and distillation.

FACILITATORS

This study will help to make their discussion interesting about the
substitute ingredient in producing biodegradable plastic bags that they may
share to their students.

CONSUMERS

This study will help to educate them about the good effects of using
biodegradable plastic bag than using conventional plastic bag and to inform
that bio-plastic bag is environmentally friendly.

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FUTURE RESEARCHERS

This study will serve as a reliable source of data that will help the
future researchers in proving accurate and credible information leading to
success and good research study.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The experimentation will be conducted from November 2019 to
February 2010 in the researcher’s school laboratory at First City
Providential College, Barangay Narra, Francisco Homes, City of San Jose Del
Monte, Bulacan. This study will mainly focus on the feasibility of Musa
sapientum peel or latundan peel as an alternative material to produce
biodegradable plastic bag.

The Musa sapientum peel will be collected at Barangay 186,

Caloocan City. This study will use experimental sample which is focusing on
the procedure of extraction of the banana peel to become a plastic bag. This
experiment will use materials such as laboratory equipment and the banana
peel.

The study will focus only on the feasibility of banana peel that will
turns into a biodegradable plastic bag. The component and the extraction of
Musa Sapientum peel will be included in the study and the banana peel that
will use are only those peel that are waste material.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms were used by the researcher’s in explaining the
concept of the research study namely:

Starch- is an abundant, renewable, relatively inexpensive material that can

be obtained from multiple plant sources. Approximately 6,000,000 t of
isolated starch is produced annually. In particular, corn/maize starch, the
starch produced in the greatest amount (ca. 73% of the total), is isolated by
a combination of chemical and physical processes (BeMiller, 2011).

Cellulose- a carbohydrate consisting of linked glucose units. It is an

important constituent of plant cell walls. Cellulose cannot be digested by
humans and is a component of dietary fiber (retrieved from Oxford
reference)

Amylose- is a sparsely branched carbohydrate mainly based on (1-4)

bonds with a molar mass of 105-106 g/mol with a degree of polymerization
(DP) as high as 600 (Perez et al., 2009).

Polyphenols- are secondary metabolites of plants and are generally

involved in defense against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens
(Pandey, 2009)

Amylopectin- the highly branched molecule is usually the major

component in the starch granule with α (1–4)-linked glucose linear chains
and α (1–6)-linked branch points (Corke, 2016).

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Plastic- a term applied to certain synthetic materials that can be molded in
various ways, including being used in sculpture. The earliest such use is
credited to the British chemist Alexander Parkes (1813–90) (Retrieved
from Oxford Reference).

Polymer- is a large molecule made up of chains or rings of linked repeating

subunits, which are called monomers. Polymers usually have high melting
and boiling points. Because the molecules consist of many monomers,
polymers tend to have high molecular masses (Ph.D. Helmenstine, 2019).

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HYPOTHESIS
The hypotheses were made due to the problems that the researcher
encountered in doing the study.

1. HƟ- The Musa Sapientum (Latundan) peel is not an effective

ingredient in producing biodegradable plastic bag.
H𝒂 –The Musa Sapientum (Latundan) peel is an effective ingredient
in producing biodegradable plastic bag.

2. HƟ- There is no significant difference between the petroleum based

plastic and plant based plastic bag in term to their component and
degradability.
H𝒂 − There is a significant difference between the petroleum based
plastic and plant based plastic bag in term to their component and
degradability.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Figure below show the Conceptual Framework used in the study

INPUT TRANSPORMATION OUTPUT

~Extraction of ~Creating an
-Combustion of ~Lessen
-Calcium the
Citrate
starch and alternative bio-
organic plastic
and its suitability
cellulose from plastic bagin
compound made
the pollution
as a human
banana peel in banana
fish bone. peel dietary
through ~Avoid the
-Mix the the supplement
~Increase rate of scientific harmful effects
procured component.
plastic pollution experiment called of
calcium to citric
conventional
~Harmful acidExtraction
and wait
plastics
chemicals in until Process
the
plastics precipitation. -Produce bio-
plastic bag

This study aims to determine the feasibility of Musa Sapientum

peel as an alternative ingredient in producing biodegradable plastic bag.

The independent variable is the main component of the banana

peel that would affect the outcome of the study. In this study, the
independent variable was the primarily the material needed to produce the
dependent variable. The biodegradable plastic bag was the outcome of the
study based on the reaction of the component of independent variable. In
this study, the dependent variable was the biodegradable plastic. The
method of extraction of the component collection is based on the procedure

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by Packaging Bulletin (2019) wherein the waste banana peel are collected
in Barangay 186 Barracks II, Caloocan City and the experiment will be
conducted at First City Providential College. These are waste material that
will help to reduce the problem in the environment.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theory of “Constructive Alternativism” by George Kelly in the

year of 1955, states that all of our present interpretation in our society or
our surroundings are subject to revision or replacement. Kelly, was aware
that philosophical supposition is inescapable for any scientific investigation.
In fact, he chose to state the hidden premise on his theory at the very
beginning. Kelly’s point of view of Constructive Alternativism breaks with
the past attempts to found a positivist psychology, basically, his theory
stated that our own experiences in daily life including events that take place
or our understanding of people, things, especially ourselves are open to a
variety of revision, changes and interpretation.
The theory of “Constructive Alternativism” by George Kelly (1995)
was relevance to the experimental study entitled “The Feasibility of Musa
sapientum (Latundan) Peel as an Alternative Source to Produce
Biodegradable Plastic Bag” because nowadays, plastic was widely used by
every country and every developed country depends on the plastic industry
(Zakaria, 2010). Thus, too much conventional plastic bag was producing
every year and every time and at the same time, the degradability of it is too
much long that cause harmful effect to everyone and to environment. Every
individual need to protect and conserve its health and environment and one
of the solutions on the problem of plastic is the replacement of it. Banana
peel and potato can be the material needed to produce biodegradable
plastic and the degradability of it is too short compare to conventional
plastic.

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According to the practice of recyclability, it includes waste
materials and re-used components such as banana peel that are
made of starch and cellulose primarily needed to produce
biodegradable plastic bag. Recycling is defined as the recovery or
revised of waste from products, materials or substance for other
purposes as their initial function (Maris, 2013).

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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

A. RESEARCH DESIGN

This quantitative research study focuses on the feasibility of Musa

Sapientum (Latundan) peel as an alternative ingredient in producing
biodegradable plastic bag. This type of study is objective and has accurate
results through the reflection, results, and analysis of the gathered
information of the variables.

B. MATERIALS AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

In this study, the raw material that was used is the banana peel
(Latundan). The laboratory equipment and other materials to used are the
following such as beakers, gauze pad, alcohol, laboratory oven, water,
stirring rod, sodium bicarbonate, Bunsen burner, petri dish.

C.PREPARATION

Six pieces of latundan peel was gathered from the house of the
researcher at Barangay 186, Tala, Caloocan City. After that, the banana peel
was removed using a stainless steel knife and cut it into small sizes. The
banana peels were dipped in 0.5% Nz2S2O5 solution prior to the boiling
proves. An 800 ml beaker was filled with distilled water and placed over a
Bunsen burner. The banana peels were placed in the beaker was removed
from that Bunsen burner; the peels were decanted off the water and place
on and with a dry gauze pad.

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D. PROCEDURE

The amount of 25ml of banana peel starch was measured and placed in 500
ml beaker. After that, 3ml of acetic was added and the mixture was mixed
using a glass stirring rod and then 2ml of propane was added to beaker. The
mixture was stirred again. The mixture was poured into a petri dish and put
into the oven at 60° C.

E. RESEARCH SETTING

The experimentation process of this research study will be held in

the school laboratory of First City Providential College where the provided
tools and equipment will be used in the experiment. The latundan peel was
gathered in the researcher’s house at Barangay 186, Tala, Caloocan City.

F. TIME

The experiment will take approximately 1 hour and the plastic bag
will cooled 15 minutes after the experiment. The independent variable will
now become a dependent variable which is the plastic bag.

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CHAPTER III

EXPERIMENTATION

A. MATERIALS AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

The following equipment and chemicals are needed to the

experimental study namely: blender, laboratory oven, petri dish, gauze
pads, beakers, stirring rod, funnel, spatula, Bunsen burner , Aluminum
casserole, tungsten , 50 g of Sodium Meta Bisulfite, 3ml of hydrochloric
Acid, and 50 g of Sodium Hydroxide.

The said equipment and chemicals will be the tool in obtaining the
feasibility of Musa Sapientum peel as an alternative ingredient in producing
biodegradable plastic bag, this will be done through a scientific experiment
called extraction process.

B. PREPARATION

Six pieces of latundan peel was gathered from the house of the
researcher at Barangay 186, Tala, Caloocan City. After that, the banana peel
was removed using a stainless steel knife and cut it into small sizes. The
banana peels were dipped in 0.5% Nz2S2O5 solution prior to the boiling
proves. At First City Providential College laboratory, the preparation starts
at 1:00 pm.

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C.EXPERIMENTATION

For the preparation of the banana peels, these steps of procedures

should be followed. First, the peels were removed from the fruit by bare
hands. Then, the peels must be washed over running tap water just to make
sure that there will be no bacteria or other chemical or substances will
interfere the experimentation’s result nor affect it. Then, a 1000 ml beaker
was filled with distilled water that later on be mixed with 0.5% or 5ml of Na

This is where the peels will be soaked. Afterwards, the peels were
strained from the solution and transferred to a beaker filled with 800ml
water and will be placed over a double burner on low heat and let it boil for
30 minutes. After the boiling process, the aluminum casserole is removed
from the burner and peels were strained and separated from the solution.
The peels were placed on a cool, dry place and were covered with gauze pad
and left for 30 minutes to dry. After the peels have dried, it was placed in a
clean 1000 ml beaker and was pureed to form a fluid paste. For the
production of plastic, the following procedure must be applied. To start off,
60 ml of mango paste was placed in a 100 ml beaker and was added with 5
ml of HCl. It was hand stirred for it to be smoothly blended. The
hydrochloric acids were used to break down the starch into much smaller
pieces. Various amounts of glycerin (3ml, 4ml, 5ml, 6ml, and 7ml) were
added to each beaker and will serve as a plasticizer of the product. It will
bind the paste because it has a plastic structure. The mixture was once
stirred again. Then was added with 5ml Na OH and stirred again. The
sodium hydroxide acts as a base to balance the starch that will be broken
down. All the components should be mix together so mix the mixture with
hand blender. Add 2 ml of sugar to the mixture; the sugar will help the peels

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to make larger crystals. Five milliliters of 1% of the salt solution was again
mixed once more because this will help the plastic to hold more water
molecules. To bind the mixture, 10 ml of multipurpose glue was added to
the mixture. The mixture will be poured onto an oven tray and will put
inside an oven with 100°C and will be baked for an hour.

D.TREATMENT

Figure 1

14

12

10

8
Time
6 Force

0
3ml (6M) 5ml (5M) 7ml (1M)

Figure 1 show that the plastics having 60ml paste with 3ml glycerin
and 5ml hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide having the molarities of
6M has the longest time before breaking. However, the plastics have the
second to the least force applied before breaking. According to Figure 1, the
greatest force applied 5 was to the plastic containing 7ml glycerin and 5ml

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hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide having the molarities of 1M. The
plastic composed of 60ml paste with 5ml glycerin and 5ml hydrochloric
acid and sodium hydroxide having the molarities of 5M has the least time
and forces applied before breaking.

D.1 Experimental Sample

Experimental Sample

60 ml of banana paste

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

60ml paste with 60 ml of banana 60 ml of banana

3ml glycerin paste with 7ml paste with 5 ml
and 5ml glycerin and 5ml glycerin and 5ml
hydrochloric hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid
acid and sodium and sodium and sodium
hydroxide having hydroxide having
hydroxide
the molarities of the molarities of
having the
1M 5M
molarities of
6M

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D.2 CONTROL SAMPLE

Positive
World Centric’s US-made line of compostable cutlery and packaging
includes an extensive list of biodegradable bags, dishware, and cutlery for
household or corporate use. World Centric bag certified-compostable
disposables are made out perennial plant fibers with long roots that help
store carbon underground. As an added bonus, 25 percent of their profits
are donated to worthy causes. Currently, all compostable trash bags in the
market are made from a mixture of synthetic and starch based plastics. The
synthetic content usually ranges from 55% to 100%. The synthetic polymer
content is necessary to give the bag its elasticity, stretch ability and
strength.

Negative
Biodegradable plastic bag made from the starch of the banana peel has the
same properties and characteristics like the conventional plastic. Both
conventional plastic may have chemicals added to them called plasticizers
or additives to make them more flexible or stiffer, depending on their
application However, biodegradable plastic can easily breakdown by the
natural elements and microorganism because they are composed of bio
mass such as starch than conventional plastic. Basically, the product of
biodegradable plastic bag made of starch will help to reduce the problem in
plastic pollution.

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F.DISPOSAL
The biodegradable plastic bag was dispose using a plastic bag. The
biodegradable plastic bags were put inside the plastic bag and throw it
in the designated type of trash which is biodegradable. Then the
chemicals were disposing using running water especially the acids.

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CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION /RESULTS
Presentation of data

The data obtained by the researchers from the experiment was analyzed
by applying the statistical treatment ANOVA: Single Factor. The mean value
of each data per setup is first computed.

Amount of Glycerin Mean Time Mean Force

used (seconds) (N)
8 2
3ml (6M)
7 6
7ml (1M)
3 8
5ml (5M)

The mean value of time and force are obtained by getting the sum of the
trials done per amount of glycerin and dividing it by two. The table one
shows that the amount of glycerin has a significant effect on the tensile
strength of plastic.

Analysis of data

The researcher can determine and tell that bio-plastic that contain 60 ml
of banana paste with 7 ml of glycerin, 5ml of hydrochloric acid, and sodium
hydroxide having the molarities of 5M has the highest value of tensile
strength. According to the gathered data from the experimentation, the said
plastic broke at 8 seconds, with the force of 10 N.

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The researchers observed that some of the bio-plastics they made were
somehow given off moist. Various elements or aspects must have leaved
these results to the bio-plastics. These include the mixture throughout the
baking process, the humidity of the air where the plastics were exposed,
and the time the plastic was exposed to heat, the high temperature must
have prevented the product being fully cooked.

Therefore, the Musa Sapientum peel is an effective ingredient in

producing biodegradable plastic and there is a significant difference
between petroleum based plastic bag and biodegradable plastic bag when it
comes to their properties and degradability. The null hypothesis is rejected
based on the findings and the experiment made by the researcher.

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CHAPTER V
RECOMMENDATION

The researchers prescribe for future studies to change and modify

the salt answer for decrease the soggy made from the plastics. Since the
analysts made little measures of Bio-plastics, they prescribe future
specialists to alter the measure of chemicals and the banana used as
indicated by business size to make a bigger size of plastic. The analysts
likewise prescribe that as opposed to utilizing a common oven, they ought
to set up to utilize the traditions of a vacuum oven.

The extents of the study may likewise expand so that the future
scientists may give answers on when will the disintegration happen, the
investigation of its versatility and quality. Also instead of using banana
peels, potato peels would be used for manufacturing the plastic and that is
because this material has more starch and more polymer chains that form
the plastic, so as a result it has higher efficiency than banana peels, as its
efficiency is 90% while the efficiency of the banana peels is 80%. Although
potato peels are available as much as banana peels, they were not used
because they require more time to dry after getting them out of the oven, as
the banana peels require only 1 day, while the potato peels require at least
4 days to dry.

The researchers want the future researchers to accumulate more

data with respects with the starch based bio-plastics and how it will be

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controlled for it to set up its flexibility and quality. Further information will
increment and titivate the exploration about bio-plastics and may discover
the cure to the developing population of non-debasing plastics and
conventional plastic.

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Bibliography

 Definition of Biodegradable plastic bag (2009) retrieved

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files/microplastics/Bioplastics-vs-petroleum-plastic-final.pdf

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/29/biodegrada
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harm than good, guardian.co.uk, June

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hhttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Erik_Sebille/publication/3056
40734_The_ocean_plastic_pollution_challenge_towards_solutions_in_the_UK

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/links/5797319508aeb0ffcd06c98c/The-ocean-plastic-pollution-challenge-
towards-solutions-in-the-UK.pdf

Thompson, R. (2010), Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 60, Issue 12,

pages 2279-2283.

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https://www.thoughtco.com/anne-marie-helmenstine-ph-d-601916

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Appendix

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