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Mini-launcher
BECE 18-C
B-1
Abdullah Fazal.
Muhammad Saad.
Moazzan Ahmed Khan.
Muhammad Anique.
ABSTRACT:
THEORY:
Projectile:
Any object thrown in air, making some angle with the horizontal (zero or nonzero)
is called a projectile.
Trajectory:
The path followed by a projectile is known as its trajectory.
Vertical motion:
The acceleration i.e. the acceleration due to gravity in the vertical motion remains
constant. The velocity in this case is varying and is given by:
Time of flight:
The time taken by the projectile to complete the trajectory is called its time of
flight. It is given by:
Time of flight=
Maximum Height:
The maximum height achieved by the projectile is given by:
Range of projectile:
The horizontal distance covered by the projectile is called its range.
It is given by:
The above-mentioned equations are for the case in which the launching and the
landing points are the same. In other cases, these equations are modified
accordingly.
APPARATUS:
• Mini-launcher
• Goggles
• Steel ball (16 mm)
• Push rod
• String
• Carbon paper
• A4 paper
The projectile (steel ball) is assumed to be released from the edge of the table
with some initial speed.
Experiment 1: Projectile Motion
1. Put the ball in the mini-launcher at the short-range position. Locate the
position where the ball hits the ground by firing it once. Place a carbon-paper
(with carbon side down) over the white paper at this place and tape the
papers down. When the ball will land on the papers, it will leave a mark on
them.
3. Measure the vertical distance from the marked point on the barrel to the
surface by using a plumb bob. Record the reading in the table.
4. Measure the horizontal distance between the launching point and the
leading paper edge and record in the table.
5. Measure the distance between the paper edge and each of the three dots on
the paper and record in the table.
6. Take the average of the distances to the three dots and record it in the table.
7. Calculate the time of flight and initial velocity of the ball by the help of the
vertical distance and the average horizontal distance and record in the table.
8. Calculate the total average horizontal distance and record in the table.
Part B: Prediction of range of ball at a certain angle
OBSERVATIONS
Vertical distance=y=34cm
1. 111.5
2. 111
3. 111.5
1. 74.9
2. 74.8
3. 74.7
Average distance=74.8cm
Predicted range=R=vₒcosϴₒt=1.92*cos10*0.391=0.738m
ϴ=-10:
1. 47.2
2. 46
3. 46.5
2. Run the timing program and measure the time the ball takes to move
between the photogates.
3. Shoot the ball three times and take the average of the three values and
record it in the table.
4. Calculate the initial velocity of the ball and record the value in the table.
The distance between the gates id 10 cm.
1. 0.0231
2. 0.0232
3. 0.0233
Average time=t=0.0232sec
1. 111.5
2. 110.5
3. 108
average distance = X = 165cm
ϴ2=10
Vertical distance=y=35.4cm
Trial number Time recorded(sec)
1 0.0236
2 0.0236
3 0.0235
1. 148
2. 149
3. 147
1. Clamp the mini-launcher near one end of the table such that the ball
falls on the table after the projection. The square nut in the T-slot must
be positioned close to the muzzle.
2. Adjust the angle to 10 degrees.
3. Put the steel ball in the mini-launcher and cock it to the chosen position.
4. Locate the position where the ball hits the ground by firing it once. Place
a carbon-paper (with carbon side down) over the white paper at this
place and tape the papers down. When the ball will land on the papers,
it will leave a mark on them.
5. Fire about three shots.
6. Measure the horizontal distance between the launching point and the
leading paper edge and record in the table.
7. Measure the distance between the paper edge and each of the three
dots on the paper and record in the table.
8. Increase angle by 10 degrees and repeat all the steps.
9. Repeat the experiment for all angles up to 80 degrees.
OBSERVATIONS:
ON THE TABLE:
1. 20 63.6
2. 25 75.6
3. 30 89.8
4. 35 98.8
5. 40 104.4
6. 45 106.3
7. 50 105.1
8 55 100.3
9 60 93.8
In the case when the launching level and landing level are the same, the range is
maximum for the angle 45 degrees. So, range versus angle graph is a parabola in
this case.
An important thing which can be inferred from the graph is that the range is not
maximum at 45 degrees when the launching level and landing level are not the
same.
The possible errors were parallax, human error, the deviation of the ball from its
path due to the air.