Notes - Physics Subject of HSC 12th Class of Maharashtra Board PDF

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Written according to the New Text book (2013-2014) published by the Maharashtra State Board
of Secondary and Higher Secondary
Education, Pune.
STD. XII Sci.

Perfect Physics - I

Eight Edition: November 2014

Salient Features

• Exhaustive coverage of syllabus in Question Answer Format.

• Covers answers to all Textual Questions and numericals.
• Covers all Board Questions till date.
• Covers relevant NCERT Questions.
• Simple and Lucid language.

• Neat, Labelled and authentic diagrams.

• Solved & Practice numericals.
• Includes solved Board Question Papers of March, October 2013 and 2014.

Printed at: Gogri Offset Mumbai

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
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Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get
through to you.
“Std. XII Sci. : PERFECT PHYSICS - I” is a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and
extensively drafted to boost the students confidence. The book is prepared as per the Maharashtra State board syllabus
and provides answers to all textual and intext questions. Sub-topic wise classified ‘question and answer format’ of
this book helps the student to understand each and every concept thoroughly. Neatly labelled diagrams have been
provided wherever required.
National Council Of Educational Research And Training (NCERT) questions and problems based on
Maharashtra board syllabus have been provided along with solutions for a better grasp of the concept and preparing
the students on a competitive level.
Additional information about a concept is provided in the form of Note. A quick review of each chapter is
provided in the form of Summary. Definitions, statements and laws are specified with italic representation. Formulae
are provided in every chapter which are the main tools to tackle difficult problems. Solved problems are provided to
understand the application of different concepts and formulae.
Practice problems and multiple choice questions help the students to test their range of preparation and the
amount of knowledge of each topic. Hints have been provided for selected multiple choice questions to help the
students overcome conceptual or mathematical hinderances.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on : mail@targetpublications.org
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
Best of luck to all the aspirants!
Yours faithfully,
Publisher
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PAPER
PAPER PATTERN
• There will be one single paper of 70 Marks in Physics.

• Duration of the paper will be 3 hours.
• Physics paper will consist of two parts viz: Part-I and Part-II.
• Each part will be of 35 Marks.
• Same Answer Sheet will be used for both the parts.
• Each Part will consist of 4 Questions.
• The paper pattern for Part−I and Part−II will be as follows:
Question 1: (7 Marks)
This Question will be based on Multiple Choice Questions.
There will be 7 MCQs, each carrying one mark.
One Question will be based on calculations.
Students will have to attempt all these questions.

This Question will contain 8 Questions, each carrying 2 marks.
Students will have to answer any 6 out of the given 8 Questions.
4 questions will be theory-based and 4 will be numericals.
2 questions will be theory-based and 2 will be numericals.
4/5 marks are allocated for theory-based question and 3/2 marks for numerical.
Distribution of Marks According to Type of Questions
Type of Questions Marks Marks with option Percentage (%)
Objectives 14 14 20
Short Answers 42 56 60
Brief Answers 14 28 20
Total 70 98 100
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Topicwise Weightage
No.
Marks Without Marks With
Topic Name
Option Option
1 Circular Motion 04 05
2 Gravitation 03 05
3 Rotational Motion 04 06
4 Oscillations 05 07
5 Elasticity 03 04
6 Surface Tension 04 05
7 Wave Motion 03 04
8 Stationary Waves 05 07
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 04 06
Contents
Sr. No. Unit Page No.
1 Circular Motion 1
2 Gravitation 46
3 Rotational Motion 83
4 Oscillations 122
5 Elasticity 162
6 Surface Tension 195
7 Wave Motion 224
8 Stationary Waves 258
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 297

Board Paper March – 2013 349
Board Paper October – 2013 351
Board Paper March – 2014 353
Board Paper October – 2014 355
Note: All the Textual questions are represented by * mark.

Answers of Intext Questions are represented by # mark.
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Circular Motion
01 Circular Motion
Syllabus
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Angular displacement
1.2 Angular velocity and angular acceleration
1.3 Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity
1.4 Uniform Circular Motion
1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial acceleration)
1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal forces
1.7 Banking of roads
1.8 Vertical circular motion due to earth’s gravitation
1.9 Equation for velocity and energy at different positions in vertical

circular motion
1.10 Kinematical equation for circular motion in analogy with linear

motion
1
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I
1.0 Introduction iii. Angular displacement is given by,

Q.1. Define circular motion. Give its examples. Length of arc
θ=
Ans: Definition: radius of circle
Motion of a particle along the circumference
s
of a circle is called circular motion. ∴ θ=
Examples: r
i. The motion of a cyclist along a circular iv. Unit: radian
path. v. Direction of angular displacement is
ii. Motion of the moon around the earth. given by right hand thumb rule or right
iii. Motion of the earth around the sun. handed screw rule.
iv. Motion of the tip of hands of a clock.
v. Motion of electrons around the nucleus Note:
in an atom. 1. If a particle performing circular motion
1.1 Angular displacement describes an arc of length δs, in short time
Q.2. What is radius vector? interval δt then angular displacement is given
Ans: i. A vector drawn from the centre of a δs
by δθ = .
circle to position of a particle on r
circumference of circle is called as
∴ δs = δθ r
‘radius vector’.
→ → →
ii. It is given by, In vector form, δs = δθ × r
B
→ δs δθ δs 2. If a particle performing circular motion
|r|= O → A completes one revolution then angular
δθ r
displacement is given by θ = 360° = 2πc
where, πc represents angular displacement in
where, δs = small linear distance radians.
δθ = small angular displacement 3. One radian is the angle subtended at the centre
iii. It is directed radially outwards. of a circle by an arc of length equal to radius
iv. Unit: metre (m) in SI system and of the circle.
centimetre (cm) in CGS system.
v. Dimensions: [M0L1T0] *Q.4. State right hand thumb rule to find the
direction of angular displacement.
Q.3. *Define angular displacement. OR
What is angular displacement? Ans: Right hand thumb rule:
Ans: i. Angle traced by a radius vector in a Imagine the axis of rotation to be held in right
given time, at the centre of the circular hand with the fingers curled around it and
path is called as angular displacement. thumb out-stretched. If the curled fingers give
ii. Consider a particle Y the direction of motion of a particle
performing B performing circular motion then the direction
circular motion in s of out-stretched thumb gives the direction of
anticlockwise θ angular displacement vector.
sense as shown in O A
r
the figure. →
Let, A = initial dθ
position of particle
Y′ B
at t = 0
θ
B = final position of particle after time t A
θ = angular displacement in time t
r = radius of the circle Direction of angular displacement
s = length of arc AB
2
*Q.5. Explain right handed screw rule to find the 1.2 Angular velocity and angular acceleration
direction of angular displacement.
Ans: i. Imagine the right handed screw to be Q.8. *Define angular velocity.
held in the place in which particle is OR
performing circular motion. If the right What is angular velocity? State its unit and
handed screw is rotated in the direction dimension.
of particle performing circular motion Ans: i. Angular velocity of a particle
then the direction in which screw tip performing circular motion is defined as
advances, gives the direction of angular the time rate of change of limiting
displacement. angular displacement.
ii. The tip of the screw advances in OR
downward direction, if sense of rotation The ratio of angular displacement to
of the object is clockwise whereas the time is called angular velocity.
tip of the screw advances in upward ii. Instantaneous angular velocity is given
direction, if sense of rotation of the by,
→ →
object is anticlockwise as shown in the → δθ dθ
figure. ω = lim =
δt → 0 δt dt
Y Finite angular velocity is given by,
→
dθ θ
ω=
Tip of screw t
O advancing iii. It is a vector quantity.
θ B iv. Direction: The direction of angular
in upward
A direction velocity is given by right hand rule and
is in the direction of angular
Y′ displacement.
Right handed screw rule v. Unit: rad s−1
vi. Dimensions: [M0L0T−1]
Q.6. Write down the four characteristics of Note:
angular displacement. Magnitude of angular velocity is called angular speed.
Ans: Characteristics of angular displacement:
i. Instantaneous angular displacement is a Q.9. *Define angular acceleration.
vector quantity (true vector), so it obeys OR
commutative and associative laws of What is angular acceleration? State its unit
vector addition. and dimension.
ii. Finite angular displacement is a pseudo Ans: i. The rate of change of angular velocity
vector. with respect to time is called angular
iii. Direction of infinitesimal angular acceleration.
→
displacement is given by right hand It is denoted by α .
thumb rule or right handed screw rule. → →
iv. For anticlockwise sense, angular ii. If ω0 and ω are the angular velocities
displacement is taken as positive while of a particle performing circular motion
in clockwise sense, angular at instant t0 and t, then angular
displacement is taken negative. acceleration is given by,
→ → →
#Q.7. Are the following motions same or different? →
ω − ω0 δω
α = =
i. Motion of tip of second hand of a clock. t − t0 δt
ii. Motion of entire second hand of a clock. →
Ans: Both the motions are different. iii. Direction: The direction of α is given
The tip of the second hand of a clock performs by right hand thumb rule or right handed
uniform circular motion while the entire hand screw rule.
performs rotational motion with the second iv. Unit: rad /s2 in SI system.
hand as a rigid body. v. Dimensions: [M0L0T−2].
3
Q.10. Define the following terms. → →

i. Average angular acceleration Hence, direction of α is upward. As ω
→
ii. Instantaneous angular acceleration and α are ⊥ar to the plane, they are
Ans: i. Average angular acceleration: parallel to each other. [See figure (a)].
Average angular acceleration is defined →
as the time rate of change of angular ii. Direction of α when the particle is
velocity. slowing down:
→ → →
→ ω − ω1 δω Consider a particle is
It is given by α avg = 2 = moving along a →
t 2 − t1 δt circular path in ω
ii. Instantaneous angular acceleration: anticlockwise
Instantaneous angular acceleration is direction and is
defined as the limiting rate of change of slowing down.
→
angular velocity. →
d ω
→ → Magnitude of ω →
→ δω dω keeps on decreasing α
It is given by α = lim =
δt → 0 δt dt → ω decreases
which results in dω
Q.11. Give an example of to be directed down Figure (b)
i. Positive angular acceleration the plane.
ii. Negative angular acceleration. →
Ans: i. Positive angular acceleration: Hence, direction of α is downward.

When an electric fan is switched on, the [See figure (b)].
angular velocity of the blades of the fan Q.13. Write down the main characteristics of
increases with time. In this case, angular angular acceleration.
acceleration will have the same direction
Ans: Characteristics of angular acceleration:
as angular velocity. This is an example
i. Angular acceleration is positive if
of positive angular acceleration.
angular velocity increases with time.
ii. Negative angular acceleration:
When an electric fan is switched off, the ii. Angular acceleration is negative if
angular velocity of the blades of fan angular velocity decreases with time.
decreases with time. In this case, iii. Angular acceleration is an axial vector.
angular acceleration will have a iv. In uniform circular motion, angular
direction opposite to that of angular velocity is constant, so angular
velocity. This is an example of negative acceleration is zero.
angular acceleration. Note:
Q.12. What happens to the direction of angular 1. When a body rotates with constant angular
acceleration velocity its instantaneous angular velocity is
i. if a particle is speeding up? equal to its average angular velocity, whatever
ii. if a particle is slowing down? may be the duration of the time interval. If the
→ angular velocity is constant, we write
Ans: i. Direction of α when the particle is →
dθ
speeding up: →
ω = |ω| =
dt
Consider a particle α
moving along a 2. If a body completes one revolution in time
circular path in
→
→ 2π
ω interval T, then angular speed, ω = = 2πn,
anticlockwise direction dω T
and is speeding up. where n = frequency of revolution.
→ → → →
Magnitude of ω keeps O 3. dθ , ω and α are called axial vectors, as they
on increasing which are always taken to be along axis of rotation.
→
ω increases → →
results in dω to be Figure (a) 4. The direction of dθ and ω is always given by
directed up the plane. right handed thumb rule.
4
→ → →
1.3 Relation between linear velocity and
*Q.15.Prove the relation v = ω × r , where
angular velocity
symbols have their usual meaning.
Q.14. *Show that linear speed of a particle Ans: Analytical method:
performing circular motion is the product i. Consider a particle performing circular
of radius of circle and angular speed of motion in anticlockwise sense with
particle. centre O and radius r as shown in the
OR figure.
→
Define linear velocity. Derive the relation
ii. Let, ω = angular velocity of the particle
between linear velocity and angular →
velocity. [Feb 02, Mar 96, 08, 12, Oct 09] v = linear velocity of the particle
Ans: Linear velocity: →
r = radius vector of the particle
Distance travelled by a body per unit time in a
given direction is called linear velocity. →
It is a vector quantity and is given by, ω
→
→ ds
v =
dt →
O → v
Relation between linear velocity and r
angular velocity:
i. Consider a particle moving with uniform
circular motion along the circumference iii. Linear displacement in vector form is
of a circle in anticlockwise direction given by,
→ → →
with centre O and radius r as shown in δs = δθ × r
the figure.
Dividing both side by δt, we get
→ → →
v δs δθ →
B = × r ….(i)
δt δt
→
δs
→ iv. Taking limiting value in equation (i) we
r v
δθ get,
O → A → →
r δs δθ →
lim = lim × r
δt → 0 δt δt → 0 δt
→ →
ω ds dθ →
∴ = × r
dt dt
ii. Let the particle cover small distance δs →
ds →
from A to B in small interval δt. But, = v = linear velocity,
In such case, small angular displacement dt
→
is ∠AOB = δθ. dθ →
= ω = angular velocity
iii. Magnitude of instantaneous linear dt
velocity of particle is given by, → → →
δs ∴ v = ω × r
v = lim
δt → 0 δt Calculus method:
But δs = r δθ i. A particle is moving in XY plane with
⎛ δθ ⎞ position vector,
∴ v = r ⎜ lim ⎟ [ ∵ r = constant] →
⎝ δt →0 δt ⎠ r = r î cos ωt + r ĵsin ωt ….(i)
δθ ii. Angular velocity is directed
Also lim =ω
δt → 0 δt perpendicular to plane, i.e., along
→
∴ v = rω
→ → →
Z-axis. It is given by ω = ω k̂ ,
In vector form, v = ω × r where, k̂ = unit vector along Z-axis.
5
→ → Q.18. Define periodic motion. Why U.C.M is
iii. ω × r = ω k̂ × (r î cos ωt + r ĵ sin ωt) called periodic motion?
[From equation (i)] Ans: i. Definition:
= ωr cos ωt ( k̂ × î ) + ωr sin ωt ( k̂ × ĵ) A type of motion which is repeated after
equal interval of time is called periodic
= ωr ĵ cos ωt + ωr (– î ) sin ωt
motion.
⎡ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
⎤ ii. The particle performing U.C.M repeats
⎣∵ k× i = j and k× j = − i ⎦
its motion after equal intervals of time
→ →
∴ ω × r = – rω î sin ωt + ωr ĵ cos ωt on the same path. Hence, U.C.M is
→ →
called periodic motion.
∴ ω × r = rω (− î sin ωt + ĵ cos ωt) .…(ii) Q.19. Define period of revolution of U.C.M. State
→
→
dr its unit and dimension. Derive an expression
Also v = for the period of revolution of a particle
dt
performing uniform circular motion.
(
= r −ωî sin ωt + ωˆjcos ωt ) Ans: Definition:
→ The time taken by a particle performing
(
v = rω −î sin ωt + ˆjcos ωt ) ….(iii) uniform circular motion to complete one
From equation (ii) and (iii), we have, revolution is called as period of revolution.
→ → → 2π
It is denoted by T and is given by, T = .
∴ v = ω × r ω
1.4 Uniform Circular Motion Unit: second in SI system.
Dimensions: [M0L0T1]
Q.16. *Define uniform circular motion. OR Expression for time period:
What is uniform circular motion? During period T, particle covers a distance
Ans: i. The motion of a body along the equal to circumference 2πr of circle with
circumference of a circle with constant linear velocity v.
speed is called uniform circular motion. ∴ Time period = Distance covered in one revolution
ii. In U.C.M, direction of velocity is along Linear velocity
the tangent drawn to the position of 2πr
particle on circumference of the circle. ∴ T=
v
iii. Hence, direction of velocity goes on
changing continuously, however the But v = rω
magnitude of velocity is constant. 2πr
∴ T=
Therefore, magnitude of angular rω
velocity is constant. 2π
iv. Examples of U.C.M: ∴ T=
ω
a. Motion of the earth around the sun.
b. Motion of the moon around the Q.20. What is frequency of revolution? Express
earth. angular velocity in terms of frequency of
c. Revolution of electron around the revolution.
nucleus of atom. Ans: i. The number of revolutions performed by
a particle performing uniform circular
Q.17. State the characteristics of uniform circular motion in unit time is called as
motion. frequency of revolution.
Ans: Characteristics of U.C.M: ii. Frequency of revolution (n) is the
i. It is a periodic motion with definite reciprocal of period of revolution.
period and frequency.
1 1 ω v
ii. Speed of particle remains constant but n= = = =
velocity changes continuously. T ⎛ 2π ⎞ 2π 2πr
⎜ ⎟
iii. It is an accelerated motion. ⎝ ω⎠
iv. Work done in one period of U.C.M is iii. Unit: hertz (Hz), c.p.s, r.p.s etc.
zero. iv. Dimensions: [M0L0T−1]
6
Angular velocity in terms of frequency of Expression for acceleration in U.C.M by

revolution: analytical method (Geometrical method):
2π 1 i. Consider a particle performing uniform
ω= = 2π × circular motion in a circle of centre O
T T
1 and radius r with a uniform linear
But =n velocity of magnitude v.
T ii. Let a particle travel a very short distance
∴ ω = 2πn δs from A to B in a very short time
*Q.21.Define period and frequency of a particle interval δt.
performing uniform circular motion. State iii. Let δθ be the angle described by the
their SI units. radius vector OA in the time interval δt
Ans: Refer Q.19 and Q.20 as shown in the figure.
1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial acceleration) C D
Q.22. Define linear acceleration. Write down its v δθ

M
unit and dimensions. B δθ
Ans: i. Definition: v
The rate of change of linear velocity δθ
O A
with respect to time is called linear r
acceleration.
→
It is denoted by a and is given by
→
→ dv iv. The velocities at A and B are directed
a = along the tangent.
dt
ii. Unit: m/s2 in SI system and cm/s2 in v. Velocity at B is represented by BC
CGS system. while the velocity at A is represented by
iii. Dimensions: [M0L1T−2] AM . [Assuming AM = BD]
Q.23. U.C.M is an accelerated motion. Justify this vi. Angle between BC and BD is equal to
statement. δθ as they are perpendicular to OB and
Ans: i. In U.C.M, the magnitude of linear OA respectively.
velocity (speed) remains constant but vii. Since ∆BDC ∼ ∆OAB
the direction of linear velocity goes on DC AB δv AB
changing i.e. linear velocity changes. ∴ = ∴ =
BD AO v r
ii. The change in linear velocity is possible
viii. For very small δt, arc length δs of
only if the motion is accelerated. Hence,
circular path between A and B can be
U.C.M is an accelerated motion.
taken as AB
*Q.24.Obtain an expression for acceleration of a δv δs v
particle performing uniform circular ∴ = or δv = δs
v r r
motion. OR where, δv = change in velocity
Define centripetal acceleration. Obtain an
δv v δs
expression for acceleration of a particle Now, a = lim = lim
δt → 0 δt δt → 0 r δt
performing U.C.M by analytical method.
Ans: Definition: v δs v v2
∴ a= lim = ×v=
The acceleration of a particle performing r δt →0 δt r r
U.C.M which is directed towards the centre As δt → 0, B approaches A and δv
and along the radius of circular path is called becomes perpendicular to the tangent
as centripetal acceleration. i.e., along the radius towards the centre.
ix. Also v = rω
The centripetal acceleration is directed along
the radius and is also called radial r 2 ω2
a= = ω2r
acceleration. r
7
→ → iv. Velocity of the particle is given as rate
x. In vector form, a = − ω2 r of change of position vector.
→
→
Negative sign shows that direction of a → dr d
→
∴ v = = [r î cos ωt + r ĵsin ωt]
is opposite to the direction of r . dt dt
v2 ∧ ∧ ⎡d ⎤ ⎡d ⎤
Also a = r0 , where r0 is the unit = r ⎢ cos ω t ⎥ î + r ⎢ sin ω t ⎥ ĵ
r ⎣ dt ⎦ ⎣ dt ⎦
vector along the radius vector. →
∴ v = − rω î sin ωt + rω ĵ cos ωt
Q.25. Derive an expression for linear acceleration of →
a particle performing U.C.M. [Mar 98, 08] ∴ v = rω (− î sin ωt + ĵ cos ωt) ....(ii)
Ans: Refer Q.24 v. Further, instantaneous linear
Q.26. Derive an expression for centripetal acceleration of the particle at instant t is
acceleration of a particle performing uniform given by,
→
circular motion by using calculus method. → dv d
Ans: Expression for centripetal acceleration by a = = [rω (− î sin ωt + ĵ cos ωt)]
dt dt
calculus method:
⎡d ⎤
i. Suppose a particle is performing U.C.M = rω ⎢ (− î sin ω t + ˆjcos ω t ) ⎥
in anticlockwise direction. ⎣ dt ⎦
The co-ordinate axes are chosen as ⎡d d ⎤
shown in the figure. = rω ⎢ (− sin ω t )iˆ + (cos ω t )ˆj⎥
⎣ dt dt ⎦
Let,
A = initial position of the particle = rω (− ω î cos ωt − ω ĵ sin ωt)
which lies on positive X-axis = − rω2 ( î cos ωt + ĵ sin ωt)
P = instantaneous position after time t →
θ = corresponding angular displacement ∴ a = − ω2 (r î cos ωt + r ĵsin ωt) ....(iii)
ω = constant angular velocity vi. From equation (i) and (iii), we have,
→ → →
r = instantaneous position vector at time t a = − ω2 r
ii. From the figure, Negative sign shows that direction of
→ acceleration is opposite to the direction
r = î x + ĵ y of position vector.
where, î and ĵ are unit vectors along vii. Magnitude of centripetal acceleration is
X-axis and Y-axis respectively. given by,
a = ω2r
Y v
As ω =
v r
P(x, y) v2
→ ∴ a=
N y→ r r
r Note:
θ
X → → →
O x A
To show a = ω × v ,
→ →
ω ω × v = ω k̂ × ( – rω î sin ωt + rω ĵ cos ωt)
= – rω2 sin ωt ( k̂ × î ) + rω2 cos ωt ( k̂ × ĵ)
iii. Also, x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ = – rω2 sin ωt ĵ + rω2 cos ωt (– î )
→ ⎡ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
⎤
∴ r = [r î cos θ + r ĵ sin θ] ⎣∵ k × i = j and k × j = − i ⎦
But θ = ωt = – rω2 î cos ωt – rω2 ĵ sin ωt
→ →
∴ r = [r î cos ωt + r ĵ sin ωt] ....(i) = a [From equation (iii)]
8
Q.27. Derive an expression for centripetal dv →

→
dr → dω →
→ →
acceleration of a particle performing ii. But = a, = v and = α

dt dt dt
uniform circular motion. [Feb 02, Feb 06]
Ans: Refer Q. 26 ∴ Equation (ii) becomes,
→ → → → →
*Q.28.Derive the relation between linear a = ω× v + α × r ....(iii)

→ →
acceleration and angular acceleration if a iii. ω × v is along the radius of the circle,
particle performs U.C.M. pointing towards the centre, hence it is
Ans: Relation between linear acceleration and →
angular acceleration in U.C.M: called radial acceleration a R .

→ → →
i. Consider a particle performing U.C.M.
∴ aR = ω × v ….(iv)
with constant angular velocity ω with → →
path radius r. iv. α × r is along the tangent of the
ii. Magnitude of linear acceleration is circumference of the circular path, hence
given by, →
δv it is called tangential acceleration a T .

a = lim → → →
δt →0 δt
∴ aT = α × r ….(v)
dv v. From equation (iii), (iv) and (v), we
∴ a=
dt → → →
iii. But, v = rω have, a = a R + a T

→
d ⎛ dω ⎞ ⎛ dr ⎞
∴ a= (rω) = r ⎜ ⎟ + ω⎜ ⎟ α
dt ⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠ →
a
iv. Since, r = constant →
dr aT
∴ =0
dt θ
O → P
⎛ dω ⎞ aR
∴ a = r⎜ ⎟
⎝ dt ⎠
ω
dω
But, =α From figure,
dt
Magnitude of resultant linear
∴ a = rα →
In vector form, acceleration is given by | a | = a 2R + a T2
→ → →
a = α ×r Q.30. For a particle performing uniform circular
→ → →
This is required relation.
motion v = ω × r . Obtain an expression for
Q.29. Define non-uniform circular motion. Derive linear acceleration of the particle
an expression for resultant acceleration in performing non-uniform circular motion.
non-uniform circular motion. [Mar 14]
Ans: Non-uniform circular motion: Ans: Refer Q.29
Circular motion with variable angular speed Note:
is called as non-uniform circular motion. 1. Resultant linear acceleration in different cases
Example: Motion of a body on vertical circle.
Expression for resultant acceleration in Situation Resultant Resultant linear
non-U.C.M: motion acceleration
→ → → aR = 0, aT = 0 Uniform linear a =0
i. Since, v = ω × r ....(i) motion
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to aR = 0, aT ≠ 0 Accelerated a = aT
→
dv d → → linear motion
t, we get = (ω× r ) aR ≠ 0, aT = 0 Uniform a = aR
dt dt
→ → → circular motion
dv →
dr dω →
aR ≠ 0, aT ≠ 0 Non-uniform
= ω × + × r ....(ii) a = a 2R + a T2
dt dt dt circular motion
9
2. In non-uniform circular motion, aR is due to 1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal forces

change in direction of linear velocity, whereas aT
is due to change in magnitude of linear velocity. Q.33.What is centripetal force? Write down its
3. In uniform circular motion, particle has only unit and dimensions.
radial component aR due to change in the Ans: i. Force acting on a particle performing
direction of linear velocity. It is so because circular motion along the radius of
ω = constant circle and directed towards the centre of
dω the circle is called centripetal force.
∴ α= = 0 so, aT = α × r = 0 mv 2
dt It is given by FCP =
4. Since the magnitude of tangential velocity r
does not change, there is no component of where, r = radius of circular path.
acceleration along the tangent. This means the ii. Example: Electron revolves around the
acceleration must be perpendicular to the nucleus of an atom. The necessary
tangent, i.e., along the radius of the circle. centripetal force is provided by
Q.31. Read each statement below carefully and electrostatic force of attraction between
state, with reasons, if it is true of false: positively charged nucleus and
i. The net acceleration of a particle in negatively charged electron.
circular motion is always along the iii. Unit: N in SI system and dyne in CGS
radius of the circle towards the centre. system.
ii. The acceleration vector of a particle iv. Dimensions: [M1L1T−2]
in uniform circular motion averaged
over one cycle is a null vector. Q.34. Derive the formula for centripetal force
(NCERT) experienced by a body in case of uniform
Ans: i. The statement is false. The acceleration circular motion. Express the formula in
of the particle performing circular vector form.
motion is along the radius only when Ans: Expression for centripetal force:
particle is moving with uniform speed. i. Suppose a particle performs uniform
ii. The statement is true. When we consider circular motion. It has an acceleration of
a complete cycle, for an acceleration at magnitude v2/r or ω2r directed towards
any point of circular path, there is an the centre of the circle.
equal and opposite acceleration vector at
a point diameterically opposite to the ω
first point, resulting in a null net r v
acceleration vector.
O → P
*Q.32.What is the difference between uniform FCP
circular motion and non uniform circular
motion? Give examples. ω
Ans: ii. According to Newton’s second law of
Sr. motion, acceleration must be produced
U.C.M Non-U.C.M by a force acting in the same direction.
No
i. Circular motion with Circular motion with iii. If m is the mass of particle performing
constant angular speed variable angular speed U.C.M then the magnitude of centripetal
is known as uniform is called as non-uniform force is given by,
circular motion. circular motion. FCP = Mass of particle
ii. For U.C.M, α = 0 For non-U.C.M, α ≠ 0 × centripetal acceleration
iii. In U.C.M, work done In non-U.C.M, work FCP = maCP
by tangential force is done by tangential v2
iv. But, aCP = = vω = rω2
zero. force is not zero. r
iv. Example: Motion of the Example: Motion of a mv 2
earth around the sun. body on vertical circle. ∴ FCP = = mvω = mrω2
r
10
v. Also ω = 2πn iii. The magnitude of this pseudo force is

∴ FCP = mr(2πn)2 = 4π2n2mr same as that of centripetal force but its
Centripetal force in vector form: direction is opposite to that of
→ mv 2 2 centripetal force. Therefore, this pseudo
FCP = − r̂0 = −mrω . r̂0 force is called centrifugal force.
r
where r̂0 is unit vector in the direction iv. If m is the mass of a particle performing
→ U.C.M then centrifugal force
of radius vector r . experienced by the body is given by,
Q.35. State four examples where centripetal force mv 2
FCF =
is experienced by the body. r ω
Ans: i. A stone tied at the end of a string is But v = rω
revolved in a horizontal circle, the r v
∴ FCF = mrω2
tension in the string provides the v. In vector form, FCF
necessary centripetal force. It is given → → FCP P
by equation T = mrω2. FCF = mω2 r
ii. The planets move around the sun in →
mv 2
elliptical orbits. The necessary centripetal ∴ FCF = r̂0
r
force is provided to the planet by the →
gravitational force of attraction exerted where r̂0 = unit vector in the direction of r .
by the sun on the planet.
iii. A vehicle is moving along a horizontal Q.38. Explain applications of centrifugal force in
circular road with uniform speed. The our daily life.
necessary centripetal force is provided Ans: Applications:
by frictional force between the ground i. When a car in motion takes a sudden
and the tyres of wheel. turn towards left, passengers in car
iv. Satellite revolves round the earth in experience an outward push to the right.
circular orbit, necessary centripetal force This is due to centrifugal force acting on
is provided by gravitational force of the passengers.
attraction between the satellite and the ii. A bucket full of water is rotated in a
earth. vertical circle at a particular speed, so
that water does not fall. This is because,
Q.36. *Define centripetal force. Give its any four
weight of water is balanced by
examples. OR
centrifugal force acting on it.
Define centripetal force and give its any two
iii. The children sitting in merry-go-round
examples. [Mar 11]
experience an outward pull as merry-go-
Ans: Refer Q.33 and Q.35
round rotates about vertical axis. This is
Q.37. Define and explain centrifugal force. due to centrifugal force acting on the
Ans: Definition: children.
The force acting on a particle performing iv. A coin kept slightly away from the axis
U.C.M which is along the radius and directed of rotation of turn table moves away
away from centre of circle is called from axis of rotation as the speed of
centrifugal force. rotation of turn table increases. This is
Magnitude of centrifugal force is same as that of due to centrifugal force acting on coin.
centripetal force but acts in opposite direction. v. The bulging of earth at equator and
Explanation: flattening at the poles is due to
i. U.C.M is an accelerated motion. Thus, centrifugal force acting on it.
a particle performing U.C.M is in an vi. Drier in washing machine consists of a
accelerated (non-inertial) frame of cylindrical vessel with perforated walls.
reference. As the cylindrical vessel is rotated fast,
ii. In non-inertial frame of reference, an centrifugal force acts on wet clothes.
imaginary force or a fictitious or a This centrifugal force, forces out water
pseudo force is to be considered in order through perforations thereby drying wet
to apply Newton’s laws of motion. cloths quickly.
11
vii. A centrifuge works on principle of *Q.42.Distinguish between centripetal force and

centrifugal force. In centrifuge, a test centrifugal force.
tube containing liquid along with [Mar 05, 09, 10, Feb 2013 old course]
suspended particles is whirled in a Ans: Difference between centripetal force and
horizontal circle. Denser particles are centrifugal force:
acted upon by centrifugal force, hence Sr.
they get accumulated at bottom which is Centripetal force Centrifugal force
No.
on outside while rotating. i. Centripetal force is Centrifugal force is
directed along the directed along the
*Q.39. Define centrifugal force. Give its any four radius towards the radius away from
examples. centre of a circle. the centre of a circle.
Ans: Refer Q.37 and Q.38
ii. It is a real force. It is a pseudo force.
Q.40. What is pseudo force? Why centrifugal iii. It is considered in It is considered in
force is called pseudo force? [Oct 99] inertial frame of non-inertial frame of
reference. reference.
Ans: i. The force whose origin is not defined
due to the known natural interactions is iv. In vector form, it is In vector form, it is
called pseudo force. given by given by
→ mv 2 → mv 2
ii. The known interactions are gravitational F = − r̂0 F =+ r̂0
force, electromagnetic force, nuclear r r
force, frictional force, etc. with usual notations. with usual notations.
iii. It is directed opposite to the direction of Note:
accelerated frame of reference. 1. If centripetal force, somehow vanishes at any
iv. The centrifugal force is a fictitious force point on its path, the body will fly off tangentially
which arises due to the acceleration of to its path at that point, due to inertia.
the frame of reference. Therefore it is 2. The work done on the revolving particle by a
called a pseudo force. centripetal force is always zero, because the
directions of the displacement and force are
Q.41. Define: perpendicular to each other.
→ →
i. Inertial frame of reference Thus, W = F. s = Fs cosθ
ii. Non-inertial frame of reference But θ = 90°
Ans: i. Inertial frame of reference: ∴ W = F × cos 90° = 0
A frame of reference which is fixed or 3. Any one of the real forces or their resultant
moving with uniform velocity relative to provide centripetal force.
a fixed frame, is called as inertial frame 4. Accelerated frame is used to attach the frame
of reference. of reference to the particle performing U.C.M.
Newton’s laws of motion can be directly #Q.43.Do centripetal and centrifugal force
applied when an inertial frame of constitute action reaction pair? Explain.
reference is used, without inclusion of Ans: i. Centripetal and centrifugal force do not
pseudo force. form action reaction pair.
ii. The centripetal force is necessary for the
ii. Non-inertial frame of reference: body to perform uniform circular
A frame of reference which is moving motion. It is real force in inertial frame
with an acceleration relative to a fixed of reference. The centrifugal force is not
frame of reference is called non-inertial a real force. It is the force acting on the
frame of reference. same body in non-inertial frame of
In non-inertial frame of reference, reference to make Newton's laws of
Newton’s laws of motion can be applied motion true. As both centripetal and
only by inclusion of some fictitious centrifugal forces are acting on the same
force (pseudo force) acting on the body in different frame of reference,
bodies. action reaction pair is not possible.
12
1.7 Banking of roads Q.45. What force is exerted by a vehicle on the

road, when it is at the top of a convex
*Q.44. Derive the expression for maximum safety
bridge of radius R?
speed with which vehicle should move along Ans: Force exerted by the vehicle on the convex
a curve horizontal road. State the bridge:
significance of it. i. Let,
Ans: Expression for maximum safety speed on m = mass of vehicle
horizontal curve road: R = radius of convex bridge
i. Consider a vehicle of mass m moving g = acceleration due to gravity
with speed v along a horizontal curve of N
radius r.
ii. While taking a turn, vehicle performs
A
circular motion. Centripetal force is
mg
provided by the frictional force between
tyres and road. ii. In the figure, centripetal force acting on
iii. Centripetal force is given by, the vehicle is given by,
mv 2 mv 2
FCP = mg − N =
r R
iv. Frictional force between road and tyres mv 2
N = mg −
of wheel is given by, Fs = µN R
where, µ = coefficient of friction where, N = normal reaction
iii. Normal reaction is balanced by the net
between tyres of wheels and road.
force exerted on the vehicle.
N = normal reaction acting on vehicle in It is given by, N = F
upward direction. mv 2
But, N = mg ∴ F = N = mg −
R
∴ Fs = µmg This is the required force on the vehicle.
v. For safe turning of vehicle, Note:
FCP = Fs If bridge is concave then,
mv 2 mv 2
∴ = µmg F = mg +
r R
∴ v2 = µrg ∴ v= µrg *Q.46.What is banking of road?

[Mar 99, 12; Oct 01, 06]
vi. Maximum safe speed of the vehicle Explain the necessity of banking of the
without skiding is provided by road. [Mar 99, Oct 01, Oct 06]
maximum centripetal force. Ans: Banking of road:
∴ vmax = µrg The process of raising outer edge of a road
over its inner edge through certain angle is
This is maximum speed of vehicle. known as banking of road.
Significance: The angle made by the surface of road with
i. The maximum safe speed of a vehicle horizontal surface of road is called angle of
on a curve road depends upon friction banking.
between tyres and road.
ii. Friction depends on the nature of the
surface and presence of oil or water on Angle of banking
the road. h
iii. If friction is not sufficient to provide θ
centripetal force, the vehicle is likely to
skid off the road.
13
Necessity of banking of the road: ii. Consider a vehicle of mass m moving

i. When a vehicle moves along horizontal with speed v on a banked road banked at
curved road, necessary centripetal force an angle θ as shown in the figure.
is supplied by the force of friction iii. Let F be the frictional force between
between the wheels of vehicle and tyres of the vehicle and road surface.
surface of road. The forces acting on the vehicle are
ii. Frictional force is not enough and reliable a. Weight mg acting vertically
every time as it changes when road downward.
becomes oily or wet in rainy season. b. Normal reaction N in upward
iii. To increase the centripetal force the road direction through C.G.
should be made rough. But it will cause The frictional force between tyres of
wear and tear of the tyres of the wheel. vehicle and road surface can be resolved
iv. Thus, due to lack of centripetal force into,
vehicle tends to skid. Fcosθ - along horizontal direction
v. When the road is banked, the horizontal Fsinθ - along vertically downward
component of the normal reaction direction.
provides the necessary centripetal force iv. The normal reaction N can be resolved
required for circular motion of vehicle. into two components:
vi. Thus, to provide the necessary a. Ncosθ along vertical direction
centripetal force at the curved road,
b. Nsinθ along horizontal direction.
banking of road is necessary.
v. The component Ncosθ balances the
*Q.47.Show that the angle of banking is weight mg of vehicle and component
independent of mass of vehicle. Fsinθ of frictional force.
[Mar 10, Oct 10]
∴ Ncosθ = mg + Fsinθ
OR
∴ Ncosθ − Fsinθ = mg ….(i)
Obtain an expression for maximum safety
speed with which a vehicle can be safely vi. The horizontal component Nsinθ along
driven along curved banked road. with the component Fcosθ of frictional
[Mar 10, 12; Oct 10] force provides necessary centripetal
Ans: Expression for angle of banking: mv 2
force .
i. The angle made by the surface of road r
with horizontal surface of road is called mv 2
∴ Nsinθ + Fcosθ = ….(ii)
angle of banking. It is given by angle θ. r
vii. Dividing equation (ii) by (i) we get,
N N cos θ
N sin θ + Fcos θ v2
= ….(iii)
N cos θ − Fsin θ rg
θ
N sin θ The magnitude of frictional force
G C
F cos θ θ depends on speed of vehicle for given
F road surface and tyres of vehicle.
h
viii. Let vmax be the maximum speed of
A θ F sin θ
B
vehicle, the frictional force produced at
this speed is given by,
W = mg Fmax = µsN ….(iv)
AC : inclined road surface v max ⎡ N sin θ + Fmax cos θ ⎤
2
∴ = ⎢ ⎥ ….(v)
AB : horizontal surface rg ⎣ N cos θ − Fmax sin θ ⎦
BC : height of road surface Dividing the numerator and denominator
G : centre of gravity of vehicle of equation (v) by Ncos θ, we have,
W : (mg) weight of vehicle ⎡ N sin θ Fmax cos θ ⎤
N : normal reaction exerted on ⎢ + ⎥
vehicle v max = rg ⎢ N cos θ N cos θ ⎥
2
⎢ N cos θ − Fmax sin θ ⎥

θ : angle of banking ⎣⎢ N cos θ N cos θ ⎦⎥
14
⎡ F ⎤ i. Equation for maximum safety speed for

⎢ tan θ + max ⎥ the vehicle moving on the curved
∴ v2max = rg ⎢ N
Fmax tan θ ⎥ banked road is,
⎢1 − ⎥
⎣ N ⎦ ⎡ µ + tan θ ⎤
vmax = rg ⎢ s ⎥
⎡ µ + tan θ ⎤ ⎣1 − µs tan θ ⎦
∴ v2max = rg ⎢ s ⎥
⎣1 − µs tan θ ⎦ where, r is radius of curved road.
[∵ Fmax = µs N ] µs is coefficient of friction
between road and tyres,
⎡ µ + tan θ ⎤ θ is angle of banking.
∴ vmax = rg ⎢ s ⎥ ….(vi)
⎣1 − µs tan θ ⎦ ii. Significance of the terms involved:
a. The maximum safety speed of a
ix. For a curved horizontal road, θ = 0°,
vehicle on a curved road depends
hence equation (vi) becomes, upon friction between tyres and
vmax = µ s rg ….(vii) roads.
b. It also depends on the angle
x. Comparing equation (vi) and (vii) it is
through which road is banked.
concluded that maximum safe speed of Also absence of term ‘m’
vehicle on a banked road is greater than indicates, it is independent of
that of curved horizontal road/level road. mass of the vehicle.
xi. If µs = 0, then equation (vi) becomes, Q.49. State the factors which affect the angle of
banking.
⎡ 0 + tan θ ⎤ Ans: Factors affecting angle of banking:
vmax = vo = rg ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 − 0 tan θ ⎦ i. Speed of vehicle: Angle of banking (θ)
increases with maximum speed of
∴ vo = rg tan θ ….(viii)
vehicle.
At this speed, the frictional force is not ii. Radius of path: Angle of banking (θ)
needed to provide necessary centripetal decreases with increase in radius of the
force. There will be a little wear and tear path.
of tyres, if vehicle is driven at this speed iii. Acceleration due to gravity: Angle of
banking (θ) decreases with increase in
on banked road. vo is called as optimum
the value of ‘g’.
speed.
Q.50. Define angle of banking. Obtain an
xii. From equation (viii) we can write,
expression for angle of banking of a curved
v2 road and show that angle of banking is
tan θ = o
rg independent of the mass of the vehicle.
⎛ vo2 ⎞ [Mar 97, Feb 03, Oct 03]
−1 ⎜ ⎟ Ans: Refer Q. 46, 47.
θ = tan ....(ix)
⎝ rg ⎠
#Q.51. The curved horizontal road is banked at
xiii. Equation (ix) represents angle of angle θ′. What will happen for vehicle
banking of a banked road. Formula for moving along this road if,
angle of banking does not involve mass i. θ < θ′ ii. θ > θ′?
of vehicle m. Thus angle of banking is where θ is angle of banking for given road.
independent of mass of the vehicle. Ans: i. If θ < θ′, the necessary centripetal force
Q.48. Draw a diagram showing all components of will not be provided and the vehicle will
forces acting on a vehicle moving on a tend to skid outward, up the inclined
curved banked road. Write the necessary road surface.
equation for maximum safety, speed and ii. If θ > θ′, the centripetal force provided
state the significance of each term involved will be more than needed and the
in it. [Oct 14] vehicle will tend to skid down the
Ans: (Refer Q.47 for the diagram) banked road.
15
*Q.52.Define conical pendulum. Obtain an v. The tension (T) acting in the string can
expression for the angle made by the string be resolved into two components:
of conical pendulum with vertical. Hence a. T cosθ acting vertically upwards.
deduce the expression for linear speed of b. T sinθ acting horizontally towards
bob of the conical pendulum. centre of the circle.
Ans: Definition: vi. Vertical component T cosθ balances the
A simple pendulum, which is given such a weight and horizontal component T sinθ
motion that bob describes a horizontal circle provides the necessary centripetal force.
and the string describes a cone is called a ∴ T cos θ = mg ….(i)
conical pendulum. 2
T sin θ = mv = mrω2 .…(ii)
Expression for angle made by string with r
vertical: vii. Dividing equation (ii) by (i), we get
i. Consider a bob of mass m tied to one v2
tan θ = ….(iii)
end of a string of length ‘l’ and other rg
end is fixed to rigid support. Therefore, the angle made by the string
ii. Let the bob be displaced from its mean ⎛ v2 ⎞
position and whirled around a with the vertical is θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
horizontal circle of radius ‘r’ with ⎝ rg ⎠
constant angular velocity ω, then the Also, from equation (iii),
bob performs U.C.M. v2 = rg tan θ
iii. During the motion, string is inclined to ∴ v = rg tan θ
the vertical at an angle θ as shown in This is the expression for the linear speed of
the figure. the bob of a conical pendulum.
S Q.53.*Define period of conical pendulum and
obtain an expression for its time period.
θ [Oct 08, 09]
l
OR
Derive an expression for period of a conical
pendulum. [Mar 08]
h T
T cosθ Ans: Definition:
θ Time taken by the bob of a conical pendulum
r to complete one horizontal circle is called
ωO T sinθ P
time period of conical pendulum.
mg Expression for time period of conical
S : rigid support pendulum:
T : tension in the string (Refer Q. 52 with diagram)
l : length of string ∵ v= rg tan θ
h : height of support from bob
v : velocity of bob g tan θ
r : radius of horizontal circle ∴ ω= [∵ v = rω] ….(i)
r
θ : semi vertical angle
mg : weight of bob r
i. In ∆ SOP, tan θ =
h
iv. In the displaced position P, there are two From equation (i),
forces acting on the bob. gr
a. The weight mg acting vertically ω =
rh
downwards.
b. The tension T acting upward g
∴ ω =
along the string. h
16
ii. If the period of conical pendulum is T ii. Let the bob be displaced from its mean
then, position and whirled around a
horizontal circle of radius ‘r’ with
2π
ω= constant angular velocity ‘ω’.
T iii. During the motion, string is inclined to
2π g the vertical at an angle θ as shown in
∴ =
T h the figure.
h S
∴ T = 2π ….(ii) S : rigid support
g
T : tension in the
iii. Also, In ∆ SOP, θ l
string
h l : length of string
cos θ = h : height of support
l
h T
from bob
∴ h = l cos θ
T cosθ v : velocity of bob
Substituting h in equation (ii), we get, θ r : radius of
r horizontal circle
l cos θ ω O T sinθ P
T = 2π θ : semi vertical angle
g mg
mg : weight of bob
This is required expression for time
period of conical pendulum. iv. In the displaced position P, there are two
forces acting on the bob:
Q.54. Discuss the factors on which time period of
a. The weight mg acting vertically
conical pendulum depends.
downwards and
Ans: Time period of conical pendulum is given by,
b. The tension T acting upwards
l cos θ along the string.
T = 2π .…(i)
g v. The tension (T) acting in the string can
where, l = length of the string be resolved into two components:
g = acceleration due to gravity a. T cos θ acting vertically upwards
θ = angle of inclination b. T sin θ acting horizontally towards
centre of the circle
From equation (i), it is observed that period of
conical pendulum depends on following factors. vi. Vertical component T cos θ balances the
weight of the bob and horizontal
i. Length of pendulum (l): Time period of
component Tsin θ provides the
conical pendulum increases with
increase in length of pendulum. necessary centripetal force.
ii. Acceleration due to gravity (g): Time ∴ T cos θ = mg ….(i)
2
period of conical pendulum decreases T sinθ = mv .…(ii)
with increase in g. r
iii. Angle of inclination (θ): As θ increases, vii. Squaring and adding equations (i) and
cos θ decreases, hence, time period of (ii), we get,
2
conical pendulum decreases with ⎛ mv 2 ⎞
2 2 2 2 2
increase in θ. (For 0 < θ < π) T cos θ + T sin θ = (mg) + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠
Q.55. Find an expression for tension in the string 2
2 2 2 ⎛ mv 2 ⎞
2
of a conical pendulum. T (cos θ + sin θ) = (mg) + ⎜ ⎟
Ans: Expression for tension in the string of a ⎝ r ⎠
2
conical pendulum: ⎛ mv 2 ⎞
i. Consider a bob of mass ‘m’ tied to one T2 = (mg)2 + ⎜ ⎟ ….(iii)
⎝ r ⎠
end of a string of length ‘l’ and other
end fixed to rigid support (S). [∵ sin2 θ + cos2θ = 1]
17
viii. Dividing equation (ii) by (i), iii. Due to influence of earth’s gravitational
v2 field, velocity and tension of the body
tan θ = ….(iv) vary in magnitude from maximum at
rg
bottom (lowest) point to minimum at the
r top (highest) point.
From figure, tan θ =
h iv. Hence motion of body in vertical circle
r v2 r 2g is non uniform circular motion.
∴ = ∴ v2 =
h rg h
1.9 Equation for velocity and energy at different
ix. From equation (iii) and (iv), we have, positions in vertical circular motion
2
⎡ m ⎛ r 2g ⎞⎤
T2 = (mg)2 + ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ *Q.58.Obtain expressions for tension at highest
⎣ r ⎝ h ⎠⎦ position, midway position and bottom
⎡ ⎛r⎞ ⎤ 2
2 2 ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ position for an object revolving in a vertical

∴ T = (mg) ⎢ ⎝ h ⎠ ⎥ circle.
⎣ ⎦
2
Ans: Expression for tension in V.C motion:
⎛r⎞ i. Let a body of mass m be tied at the end
∴ T = mg 1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝h⎠ of a massless inextensible string and
This is required expression for tension in the whirled in a vertical circle of radius r in
string. anticlockwise direction.
ii. At any point P the forces acting on it
#Q.56. Is there any limitation on semivertical
are:
angle in conical pendulum?
Ans: i. For a conical pendulum, a. Tension T along PO
b. Weight mg along vertically
Period T ∝ cos θ
downward direction.
1
Tension F ∝ iii. The weight mg can be resolved into two
cos θ rectangular components:
Speed v ∝ tan θ a. mg cos θ acting along OP.
With increase in angle θ, cos θ b. mg sin θ acting tangentially in a
decreases and tan θ increases. For direction opposite to velocity at
θ = 90°, T = 0, F = ∞ and v = ∞ which that point.
cannot be possible.
ii. Also, θ depends upon breaking tension H
of string, and a body tied to a string vH
cannot be resolved in a horizontal circle TH
T vM
H
such that the string is horizontal. Hence,
there is limitation of semivertical angle TTM
O M
N M
in conical pendulum.
vP
1.8 Vertical circular motion due to earth’s θ
T
gravitation TTLL P
θ mg cos θ
*Q.57.What is vertical circular motion? Show L vL mg
that motion of an object revolving in mg sin θ
vertical circle is non uniform circular
motion. iv. To complete vertical circular path, the
Ans: i. A body revolves in a vertical circle such necessary centripetal force is provided
that its motion at different points is by the difference in the tension T and
different then the motion of the body is mg cos θ.
said to be vertical circular motion.
mv 2p
ii. Consider an object of mass m tied at one ∴ T − mg cos θ = ….(i)
end of an inextensible string and whirled r
in a vertical circle of radius r. where, vp = velocity at point P.
18
v. When body is at highest position, Q.59. *Derive expressions for linear velocity at
tension in the string = TH and θ = π. lowest point, midway and top position for a
particle revolving in a vertical circle if it
Using equation (i), we have has to just complete circular motion
mv 2H without string slackening at top.
TH − mg cos π = OR
r
Obtain an expression for minimum velocity
where vH = velocity at highest point of a body at different positions, so that it
mv 2H just performs vertical circular motion.
∴ TH − mg (−1) = [∵ cos π = −1] Ans: Expression for velocity in vertical circular
r
motion:
mv 2H i. Consider a body of mass m which is tied
∴ TH + mg =
r to one end of a string and moves in a
vertical circle of radius r as shown in the
mv 2H figure.
∴ TH = − mg .…(ii)
r vM
vi. When the body is at bottom position: vH H
mg
θ = 0° 2r TH M
∴ cos θ = 1 N O r
From equation (i), TL
vL
mv 2L vN L
TL − mg cos 0° =
r ii. Let,
where TL = tension at lowest point vH = velocity at highest position
vL = velocity at lowest position
vL = velocity at lowest point vM = velocity at midway position
mv 2L The velocity at any point on the circle is
∴ TL − mg = tangential to the circular path.
r
iii. Velocity at highest position:
mv 2L Tension in the string at highest position
∴ TL = + mg .…(iii)
r mv 2H
TH = − mg .…(i)
vii. When the body is at midway position, r
In order to continue the circular motion,
(M or N)
TH ≥ 0
θ = 90° ∴ TH = 0
∴ cos 90° = 0 ∴ Equation (i) becomes
If tension at horizontal position is TM mv 2H mv 2H
− mg = 0 ∴ = mg
then r r
∴ v 2H = rg
mv 2M
TM − mg cos 90° = [From (i)] vH = rg ….(ii)
r
Equation (ii) represents minimum
mv 2M velocity at highest point so that string is
∴ TM − 0 =
r not slackened.
To continue vertical circular motion,
mv 2M
∴ TM = ….(iv) vH ≥ rg (at top position).
r
iv. Velocity at lowest position:
From equation (ii), (iii) and (iv) it is observed According to law of conservation of
that tension is maximum at lowest position energy,
and minimum at highest position. Total energy at L = Total energy at H
19
∴ (K.E)L + (P.E)L = (K.E)H + (P.E)H Q.60. Derive an expression for the minimum
.…(iii) velocity of a body at any point in vertical
At lowest point, P.E = 0 circle so that it can perform vertical
1 circular motion.
K.E = mv 2L Ans: Expression for minimum velocity at any
2
point in V.C. motion:
At highest point,
i. Consider a body of mass ‘m’,
1
P.E = mg (2r) and K.E = mv 2H performing vertical circular motion of
2 path radius r. P is any point on the circle
From equation (iii) as shown in the figure. We have to find
1 1 velocity at P.
mv 2L + 0 = mv 2H + mg(2r)
2 2 ii. Let vP = velocity at P
1 1 1
∴ mv 2L = mv 2H + (4 mgr) H
2 2 2
1 1
∴ mv 2L = m ( v 2H + 4gr )
2 2 O
N M
∴ v L = v H + 4gr
2 2
.…(iv) r−h θ r
K P
To complete vertical circular motion, h
vH = rg L
( rg )
2
∴ v =
2
L + 4rg = rg + 4 rg
vP
v 2L = 5 rg
In ∆OKP,
vL = 5rg …(v)
OK = r cos θ
Equation (v) represents minimum
velocity at the lowest point, so that body h = r − OK
can safely travel along vertical circle. = r − r cos θ
v. Velocity at midway position: h = r (1 − cos θ)
1 iii. From principle of conservation of
At midway position, K.E = mv 2M and
2 energy,
P.E = mgr Total energy at L = Total energy at P
Total energy at L = Total energy at M (P.E)L + (K.E)L = (P.E)P + (K.E)P
(P.E)L + (K.E)L = (P.E)M + (K.E)M
1 1
1 1 0 + mv 2L = mgh + mv 2P
0+ m × 5rg = mgr + mv 2M 2 2
2 2
5mgr 1 But min. vL = 5rg
∴ = mgr + mv 2M
2 2 1 1
5 1 ∴ × 5mgr = mgr (1 − cos θ) + mv 2P
∴ mgr − mgr = mv 2M 2 2
2 2
1 1
∴
3 1
mgr = mv 2M ∴ mv 2P = × 5 mrg − mrg (1 − cos θ)
2 2 2 2
∴ v 2M = 3rg ⎛5 ⎞
= mrg ⎜ − 1 + cos θ ⎟
∴ vM = 3rg ….(vi) ⎝ 2 ⎠
Equation (vi) represents minimum 1 2 rg(5 − 2 + 2cos θ)
∴ vP =
velocity of a body at midway position, 2 2
so that it can safely travel along vertical
∴ v 2P = (3 + 2 cos θ) rg
circle. To continue vertical circular
motion, vM = 3rg . ∴ vP = (3 + 2cos θ)rg
20
Q.61. *Obtain expression for energy at different 1 1 3

positions in the vertical circular motion. K.E = m v 2M = m × 3rg = mgr
2 2 2
Hence show that total energy in vertical Total energy at M = K.E + P.E
circular motion is constant. OR
3
Show that total energy of a body = mgr + mgr
performing vertical circular motion is 2
conserved. [Mar 11] 5
∴ (T.E)M = mgr ....(iii)
Ans: Expression for energy at different points in 2
V.C.M: Equation (iii) represents total energy of
i. Consider a particle of mass m revolving particle at midway position in V.C.M
in a vertical circle of radius r in v. From equation (i), (ii) and (iii),
anticlockwise direction. it is observed that total energy at any
ii. When the particle is at highest point H: 5
1 1 point in V.C.M is mgr, i.e., constant.
K.E = mvH2 = m × rg 2
2 2 Hence, total energy of a particle
[∵ vH = rg ] performing vertical circular motion
remains constant.
P.E = mg(2r) = 2mgr
Total energy at highest point Q.62. *A particle of mass m, just completes the
T.E = K.E + P.E vertical circular motion. Derive the
1 5 expression for the difference in tensions at
∴ T.E = mgr + 2mgr = mgr
2 2 the highest and the lowest points. [Feb 2013]
5 OR
∴ (T.E)H = mgr ....(i) Show that for a body performing V.C.M.,
2
Equation (i) represents energy of difference in tension at the lowest and
particle at the highest point in V.C.M. highest point on vertical circle is 6mg.
Ans: i. Suppose a body of mass ‘m’ performs
H V.C.M on a circle of radius r as shown
vH vM in the figure.
TH
O vH H
2r M
r
TL ω TH
vL O
L r
iii. When particle is at lowest point L: TL
P.E = 0 [∵ At lowest point, h = 0] vL
L
1 1 5
K.E = mv 2L = m × 5rg = mgr
2 2 2 ii. Let,
Total energy at lowest point = K.E + P.E TL = tension at the lowest point
5 5 TH = tension at the highest point
= mgr + 0 = mgr
2 2 vL = velocity at the lowest point
5 vH = velocity at the highest point
∴ (T.E)L = mgr ....(ii) iii. At lowest point L,
2
Equation (ii) represents energy of mv 2L
TL = + mg
particle at lowest point in V.C.M r
iv. When the particle is at midway point At highest point H,
in V.C.M: mv 2H
TH = − mg
P.E = mgh = mgr [∵ h = r] r
21
mv 2L ⎛ mv 2H ⎞ iii. The angular velocity of rotating particle

∴ TL − TH = + mg − ⎜ − mg ⎟ after certain angular displacement θ is
r ⎝ r ⎠ given by,
m 2
=
r
( vL − v2H ) + 2mg ω2 = ω02 + 2 α θ
It is analogous to the kinematic equation
m 2
∴ TL − TH =
r
( vL − v2H ) + 2mg ....(i) of linear motion
v2 = u2 + 2as,
iv. By law of conservation of energy, where,
(P.E + K.E) at L = (P.E + K.E) at H u = initial velocity
1 1 v = final velocity
∴ 0 + mv 2L = mg.2r + mv 2H a = constant acceleration
2 2
1 s = linear displacement
∴ m ( v L − v H ) = mg.2r
2 2
2 Summary
∴ v 2L − v 2H = 4gr ....(ii) 1. Motion of a particle along a circumference of
From equation (i) and (ii), we have, a circle is called circular motion.
m
TL − TH = (4gr) + 2mg = 4mg + 2mg 2. Angle described by a radius vector in a given
r time at the centre of circle to other position is
∴ TL − TH = 6mg called as angular displacement.
1.10 Kinematical equation for circular motion in 3. Infinitesimal small angular displacement is a
analogy with linear motion vector quantity. Finite angular displacement is
*Q.63.State the kinematical equations for circular a pseudo vector (scalar), as for large values of
motion in analogy with linear motion. θ, the commutative law of vector addition is
Ans: The kinematical equations of circular motion not valid.
are analogue to the equations of linear motion 4. The rate of change of angular displacement
which is given below: w.r.t time is called angular velocity.
i. Angular velocity of a particle at any →
→
time t is given by, dθ
It is given by ω = .
ω = ω0 + α t, dt
where, Angular velocity relates with linear velocity
ω0 = initial angular velocity of the particle → → →
by the relation, v = ω × r or v = rω.
α = angular acceleration of the particle
It is analogue to the kinematical 5. The rate of change of angular velocity w.r.t
equation of linear motion, time is called as angular acceleration.
v = u + at dω ω − ω0
where, u = initial velocity of particle It is given by relation, α = = .
dt t
v = final velocity of particle
a = constant acceleration of particle 6. There are two types of acceleration aR (radial)
ii. The angular displacement of a particle and aT (tangential) in non U.C.M.
in rotational motion after time t is given dv
Formula for aR = ω2r and aT = = rα,
by θ = ω0 t + 1 αt2 dt
2 resultant acceleration of a particle in
It is analogous to the kinematic equation
non-U.C.M is given by, a = a 2R + a T2 .
of linear motion,
s = u t + 1 at2 7. Centripetal force is directed towards the centre
2 along the radius and makes the particle to
where, move along the circle.
s = linear displacement
u = initial velocity 8. Centrifugal force is directed away from the
a = constant acceleration centre along the radius and has the same
t = time interval. magnitude as that of centripetal force.
22
9. The process in which the outer edge of the Formulae

road is made slightly higher than the inner
1. In U.C.M angular velocity:
edge is called as banking of roads.
v θ
i. ω= ii. ω=
10. The formula for vmax = µrg and r t
2π
rg iii. ω = 2πn iv. ω =
vmin = . T
µ
On frictional surface, a body performing 2. Angular displacement:
circular motion, the centripetal force is 2πt
i. θ = ωt ii. θ=
provided by the force of friction given by, T
Fs = µmg.
3. Angular acceleration:
11. The angle of banking (θ) is given by, ω − ω1 2π
v2 i. α= 2 ii. α= (n2 − n1)
tan θ = . t t
rg
4. Linear velocity:
12. The period of revolution of the conical i. v = rω ii. v = 2πnr
pendulum is given by,
r l cos θ 5. Centripetal acceleration or radial
T = 2π = 2π
g tan θ g v2
acceleration: a = = ω2r
r
13. The linear speed of the bob of conical
→ → →
pendulum v = rg tan θ 6. Tangential acceleration: a T = α × r
14. Tension at any point P in vertical circular 7. Centripetal force:
motion is given by,
mv 2
mv 2P i. FCF =
T= + mg cos θ r
r
Where, vP = velocity at any point in V.C.M ii. FCP = mrω2
Case 1: At highest point, θ = 180° iii. FCP = 4π2 mrn2
mv 2H 4π2 mr
so, TH = − mg iv. FCP =
r T2
Case 2: At lowest point, θ = 0° v. FCP = µmg = mω2r
mv 2L
so, TL = + mg ⎛ v2 ⎞
r 8. Inclination of banked road: θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ rg ⎠
15. Velocity at any arbitrary point is given by,
v= rg ( 3 + 2cos θ ) 9. Maximum velocity of vehicle to avoid
skidding on a curve unbanked road:
Case 1: At highest point, θ = 180°
vmax = µrg
vH = rg
Case 2: At lowest point, θ = 0° 10. Maximum safe velocity on banked road:
vL = 5rg ⎡ µ + tan θ ⎤
i. vmax = rg ⎢ s ⎥
Case 3: At horizontal point, θ = 90° ⎣1 − µ s tan θ ⎦
∴ vM = 3rg (presence of friction)
16. Energy of a particle at any point in vertical ii. vmax = rg tan θ (in absence of friction)
5
circular motion is given by T.E = mgr
2 11. Height of inclined road: h = l sin θ
23
12. Conical Pendulum:

i. Angular velocity of the bob of conical Solved Problems
pendulum,
g g tan θ g Example 1
ω= = = r What is the angular displacement of second hand
l cosθ r h
ii. Linear velocity of the bob of conical in 5 seconds?
pendulum v = rg tan θ Solution:
iii. Period of conical pendulum Given: T = 60 s, t = 5 s
To find: Angular displacement (θ)
l cos θ
a. T = 2π 2πt
g Formula: θ=
T
l
b. T = 2π (θ is small) Calculation: From formula,
g
2 × 3.142 × 5
r θ =
c. T = 2π 60
g tan θ ∴ θ = 0.5237 rad
13. Minimum velocity at lowest point to Ans: The angular displacement of second hand in
complete V.C.M: vL = 5rg 5 seconds is 0.5237 rad.
14. Minimum velocity at highest point to Example 2

complete V.C.M: vH = rg Calculate the angular velocity of earth due to its
spin motion.
15. Minimum velocity at midway point to Solution:
complete in V.C.M: vM = 3rg Given: T = 24 hour = 24 × 3600 s
To find: Angular velocity (ω)
16. Tension at highest point in V.C.M: 2π
mv 2H Formula: ω=
TH = − mg T
r Calculation: From formula,
17. Tension at midway point in V.C.M: 2π
ω=
24 × 3600
mv 2m
TM = 2 ( 3.142 )
r =
24 × 3600
18. Tension at lowest point in V.C.M: ∴ ω = 7.27 × 10−5 rad/s
mv 2L Ans: The angular velocity of earth due to its spin
TL = + mg
r motion is 7.27 × 10−5 rad/s.
19. Total energy at any point in V.C.M:
Example 3
5
T.E = mgr What is the angular speed of the minute hand of
2 a clock? If the minute hand is 5 cm long. What is
20. Kinematic equations of linear motion: the linear speed of its tip ? [Oct 04]
1 2 Solution:
i. v = u + at ii. s = ut + at Given: Length of minute hand, r = 5 cm,
2
T = 60 min = 60 × 60 = 3600 s
iii. v2 = u2 + 2as
To find: i. Angular speed (ω)
21. Kinematic equations of rotational motion: ii. Linear speed (v)
1 2π
i. ω = ω0 + αt ii. θ = ω0t + αt2 Formulae: i. ω=
2 T
2
iii. ω = ω0 + 2 αθ
2
ii. v = rω
24
21. Which of the following force is a pseudo 28. Centrifugal force is

force? (A) a real force acting along the radius.
(A) Force acting on a falling body. (B) a force whose magnitude is less than
(B) Force acting on a charged particle that of the centripetal force.
placed in an electric field. (C) a pseudo force acting along the radius
(C) Force experienced by a person standing and away from the centre.
on a merry-go- round. (D) a force which keeps the body moving
(D) Force which keeps the electrons moving along a circular path with uniform speed.
in circular orbits.
29. A stone is tied to a string and rotated in a
22. In uniform circular motion, the angle between horizontal circle with constant angular velocity.
the radius vector and centripetal acceleration is If the string is released, the stone flies _____
(A) 0° (B) 90° [Oct 09, Mar 10]
(C) 180° (D) 45° (A) radially inward
(B) radially outward
23. The centripetal force acting on a mass m (C) tangentially forward
moving with a uniform velocity v on a circular (D) tangentially backward
orbit of radius r will be
mv 2 1 30. A particle performs a uniform circular motion
(A) (B) mv2 in a circle of radius 10 cm. What is its
2r 2
centripetal acceleration if it takes 10 seconds
1 mv 2
to complete 5 revolutions?
(C) mrv2 (D)
2 r (A) 2.5 π2 cm/s2 (B) 5π2 cm/s2
24. A body performing uniform circular motion (C) 10π2 cm/s2 (D) 20π2 cm/s2
has _______. [Oct 08] 31. When a car takes a turn on a horizontal road,
(A) constant velocity the centripetal force is provided by the
(B) constant acceleration (A) weight of the car.
(C) constant kinetic energy (B) normal reaction of the road.
(D) constant displacement (C) frictional force between the surface of
25. Which of the following statements about the the road and the tyres of the car.
centripetal and centrifugal forces is correct? (D) centrifugal force.
(A) Centripetal force balances centrifugal 32. On being churned the butter separates out of
force. milk due to
(B) Both centripetal force and centrifugal (A) centrifugal force (B) adhesive force
force act in the same frame of reference. (C) cohesive force (D) frictional force
(C) Centripetal force is directed opposite to
centrifugal force. 33. When a particle moves on a circular path then
(D) Centripetal force is experienced by the the force that keeps it moving with uniform
observer at the centre of the circular velocity is
path described by the body. (A) centripetal force.
(B) atomic force.
26. The linear acceleration of the particle of mass (C) internal force.
‘m’ describing a horizontal circle of radius r, (D) gravitational force.
with angular speed ‘ω’ is
(A) ω/r (B) rω 34. A car is moving along a horizontal curve of
2 radius 20 m and coefficient of friction
(C) rω (D) r2ω
between the road and wheels of the car is 0.25.
27. An unbanked curve has a radius of 60 m. The If the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2,
maximum speed at which a car can make a turn, then its maximum speed is _______ .
if the coefficient of static friction is 0.75, is [Mar 08]
(A) 2.1 m/s (B) 14 m/s (A) 3 m/s (B) 5 m/s
(C) 21 m/s (D) 7 m/s (C) 7 m/s (D) 9 m/s
40
35. A particle of mass m is observed from an 42. A cyclist has to bend inward while taking a
inertial frame of reference and is found to turn but a passenger sitting inside a car and
move in a circle of radius r with a uniform taking the same turn is pushed outwards. This
speed v. The centrifugal force on it is is because
mv 2 (A) the car is heavier than cycle.
(A) towards the centre. (B) centrifugal force acting on both the
r
mv 2 cyclist and passenger is zero.
(B) away from the centre. (C) the cyclist has to balance the centrifugal
r force but the passenger cannot balance
mv 2 the centrifugal force hence he is pushed
(C) along the tangent through the
r outward.
particle. (D) the speed of the car is more than the
(D) zero. speed of the cycle.
36. If a cyclist goes round a circular path of 43. The minimum velocity (in m s−1) with which a
circumference 34.3 m in 22 s, then the angle car driver must traverse a flat curve of radius
made by him with the vertical will be 150 m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid
(A) 42° (B) 43° skidding is (g = 10 m/s2)
(C) 49° (D) 45° (A) 60 (B) 30
37. A motor cycle is travelling on a curved track (C) 15 (D) 25
of radius 500 m. If the coefficient of friction 44. Maximum safe speed does not depend on
between the tyres and road is 0.5, then the (A) mass of the vehicle.
maximum speed to avoid skidding will be (B) radius of curvature.
[g = 10 m/s2] (C) angle of inclination (banking).
(A) 500 m/s (B) 250 m/s (D) acceleration due to gravity.
(C) 50 m/s (D) 10 m/s
45. A motor cyclist moving with a velocity of
38. A coin placed on a rotating turntable just slips
72 km per hour on a flat road takes a turn on
if it is placed at a distance of 4 cm from the
the road at a point where the radius of
centre. If the angular velocity of the turntable
curvature of the road is 20 metres. The
is doubled, it will just slip at a distance of
acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2. In order
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm
to avoid skidding, he must not bend with
(C) 4 cm (D) 8 cm
respect to the vertical plane by an angle
39. Two bodies of mass 10 kg and 5 kg are greater than
moving in concentric orbits of radius R and r. (A) θ = tan−1(6) (B) θ = tan−1(2)
If their time periods are same, then the ratio of (C) θ = tan (25.92) (D) θ = tan−1 (4)
−1
their centripetal acceleration is

(A) R/r (B) r/R 46. A car of mass 1500 kg is moving with a speed
(C) R2/r2 (D) r2/R2 of 12.5 m/s on a circular path of radius 20 m
on a level road. What should be the coefficient
40. A body is moving in a horizontal circle with of friction between the car and the road, so
constant speed. Which one of the following that the car does not slip?
statements is correct? (A) 0.2 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.8
(A) Its P.E is constant.
(B) Its K.E is constant. 47. A particle is moving in a circle of radius r with
(C) Either P.E or K.E of the body is constant. constant speed v. Its angular acceleration will
(D) Both P.E and K.E of the body are be
constant. (A) vr (B) v/r (C) zero (D) vr2
41. A cyclist bends while taking a turn to 48. A hollow sphere has radius 6.4 m. Minimum
(A) reduce friction. velocity required by a motor cyclist at bottom
(B) generate required centripetal force. to complete the circle will be
(C) reduce apparent weight. (A) 17.7 m/s (B) 12.4 m/s
(D) reduce speed. (C) 10.2 m/s (D) 16.0 m/s
41
49. A curved road having a radius of curvature of 55. When a car crosses a convex bridge, the
30 m is banked at the correct angle. If the bridge exerts a force on it. It is given by
speed of the car is to be doubled, then the mv 2 mv 2
radius of curvature of the road should be (A) F = mg + (B) F=
r r
(A) 62 m (B) 120 m mv 2 2
F = mg + ⎛⎜ mv ⎞⎟
2
(C) 90 m (D) 15 m (C) F = mg − (D)

r ⎝ r ⎠
50. The time period of conical pendulum is
56. Out of the following equations which is
_______. [Oct 11]
WRONG? [Mar 12]
l cos θ l sin θ
(A) (B) 2π → → → → → →
g g (A) τ =r ×F (B) ar = ω × v
→ → → → → →
l cos θ l sin θ (C) at = α × r (D) v= r × ω
(C) 2π (D)
g g
57. A car is moving with a speed of 30 m/s on a
51. A stone of mass m is tied to a string and is circular path of radius 500 m. Its speed is
moved in a vertical circle of radius r making n increasing at the rate of 2 m/s2. The
revolutions per minute. The total tension in the acceleration of the car is
string when the stone is at its lowest point is (A) 2 m/s2 (B) 9.8 m/s2
(A) m(g + π nr2) (C) 2.7 m/s2 (D) 1.8 m/s2
(B) m (g + nr) 58. A ball of mass 250 gram attached to the end
(C) m (g + n2 r2) of a string of length 1.96 m is moving in a
(D) m [g + (π2 n2 r)/900] horizontal circle. The string will break if the
tension is more than 25 N. What is the
52. A car is moving on a curved path at a speed of
maximum speed with which the ball can be
20 km/ hour. If it tries to move on the same
moved?
path at a speed of 40 km/hr then the chance of
toppling will be (A) 5 m/s (B) 7 m/s
(A) half (B) twice (C) 11 m/s (D) 14 m/s
(C) thrice (D) four times 59. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m
with a speed of 36 km/hr. The centripetal
53. Consider a simple pendulum of length 1 m. Its
force acting on the car will be
bob performs a circular motion in horizontal
(A) 1200 N (B) 1000 N
plane with its string making an angle 60° with
the vertical. The period of rotation of the bob (C) 750 N (D) 250 N
is (Take g = 10 m/s2) 60. Angle of banking does not depend upon
(A) 2 s (B) 1.4 s (A) Gravitational acceleration
(C) 1.98 s (D) none of these (B) Mass of the moving vehicle
54. The period of a conical pendulum is (C) Radius of curvature of the circular path
(A) equal to that of a simple pendulum of (D) Velocity of the vehicle
same length l. 61. What would be the maximum speed of a car
(B) more than that of a simple pendulum of on a road turn of radius 30 m, if the coefficient
same length l. of friction between the tyres and the road is
(C) less than that of a simple pendulum of 0.4?
same length l. (A) 6.84 m/s (B) 8.84 m/s
(D) independent of length of pendulum. (C) 10.84 m/s (D) 4.84 m/s
42
62. In a conical pendulum, when the bob moves in 68. Water in a bucket is whirled in a vertical circle
a horizontal circle of radius r, with uniform with a string attached to it. The water does
speed v, the string of length L describes a cone not fall down even when the bucket is inverted
of semivertical angle θ. The tension in the at the top of its path. We conclude that in this
string is given by position.
mgL (L2 − r 2 )1/ 2 (A) mg = mv2/r
(A) T = 2 2 (B) (B) mg is greater than mv2/r
(L − r ) mgL
(C) mg is not greater than mv2/r
(C) T = mgL (D) T = mgL (D) mg is not less than mv2/r
( L2 − r2 )
2
L −r
2 2
69. Let θ denote the angular displacement of a
simple pendulum oscillating in a vertical
63. In a conical pendulum, the centripetal force plane. If the mass of the bob is m, the tension
⎛ mv 2 ⎞ in the string at extreme position is
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ acting on the bob is given by (A) mg sin θ (B) mg cos θ
⎝ r ⎠
(C) mg tan θ (D) mg
mgr mgr
(A) (B) 70. Kinetic energy of a body moving in vertical
L −r2 2 L2 − r 2 circle is
(C)
(L − r )
2 2
(D)
mgL (A) constant at all points on a circle.
(B) different at different points on a circle.
mgL (L − r )
2 2 1/ 2
(C) zero at all the point on a circle.
(D) negative at all the points.
64. A metal ball tied to a string is rotated in a
71. A body of mass 1 kg is moving in a vertical
vertical circle of radius d. For the thread to
circular path of radius 1 m. The difference
remain just tightened the minimum velocity at
between the kinetic energies at its highest and
highest point will be
lowest position is
(A) 5gd (B) gd (A) 20 J (B) 10 J
(C) 3gd (D) gd (C) 4 5 J (D) 10 ( 5 −1) J
72. A circular road of radius 1000 m has banking
65. Which quantity is fixed of an object which angle 45°. The maximum safe speed of a car
moves in a horizontal circle at constant speed? having mass 2000 kg will be, (coefficient of
(A) Velocity (B) Acceleration friction between tyre and road is 0.5)
(C) Kinetic energy (D) Force (A) 172 m/s (B) 124 m/s
66. A particle of mass 0.1 kg is rotated at the end (C) 99 m/s (D) 86 m/s
of a string in a vertical circle of radius 1.0 m at 73. For a particle in circular motion the centripetal
a constant speed of 5 m s−1. The tension in the acceleration is
string at the highest point of its path is (A) less than its tangential acceleration.
(A) 0.5 N (B) 1.0 N (B) equal to its tangential acceleration.
(C) 1.5 N (D) 15 N (C) more than its tangential acceleration.
(D) may be more or less than its tangential
67. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light acceleration.
inextensible string of length L = (10/3) metre 74. One end of a string of length l is connected to
in whirling in a circular path of radius L in a a particle of mass m and the other to a small
vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum peg on a smooth horizontal table. If the
tension in the string to the minimum tension is particle moves in a circle with speed v the net
4 and if g is taken to be 10 m/s2. The speed of force on the particle (directed towards the
the stone at the highest point of the circle is centre) is (NCERT)
(A) 20 m/s mv 2
(A) T (B) T −
(B) 10 / 3 m/s l
2
(C) 5 2 m/s mv
(C) T + (D) 0
(D) 10 m/s l
43
Section D
ANSWERS
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (B)
Section A
5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (D) 8. (A)
1. 1.74 × 10−3 rad/s 9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (C)
2. −5.237 rad/s2 13. (B) 14. (B) 15. (B) 16. (D)
3. 8.72 × 10−5 m/s 17. (D) 18. (C) 19. (B) 20. (B)
4. 1.07 × 10−1 rad/s, 5.235 × 10−3 m/s 21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (D) 24. (C)
5. 0.036 N 25. (C) 26. (C) 27. (C) 28. (C)
29. (C) 30. (C) 31. (C) 32. (A)
6. 30
33. (A) 34. (C) 35. (D) 36. (D)
7. 0.2418
37. (C) 38. (A) 39. (A) 40. (D)
8. 2.8 rad/s
41. (B) 42. (C) 43. (B) 44. (A)
9. 10.84 m/s
45. (B) 46. (D) 47. (C) 48. (A)
10. 57.87 m
49. (B) 50. (C) 51. (D) 52. (D)
11. 39° 12′
53. (B) 54. (C) 55. (C) 56. (D)
12. 1.237 × 10−3 rad/s, 5080 s 57. (C) 58. (D) 59. (B) 60. (B)
13. 12.57 m/s 61. (C) 62. (C) 63. (A) 64. (D)
14. 47.13 m/s, 1480 m/s2, 2.960 × 103 N 65. (C) 66. (C) 67. (B) 68. (C)
15. 20.34 rev/s, 63.95 m/s 69. (C) 70. (B) 71. (A) 72. (A)
16. 3.150 rev/s 73. (D) 74. (A)
17. 14°19′, 0.3955 m
18. 22.16 m/s Hints to Multiple Choice Questions
19. 17.18 r.p.m, 1.43 rad 2. In half the period, particle is diametrically
20. 300 kgf, 450 kgf opposite to its initial position. Hence, its
21. 42 m/s, 9.39 m/s, 2.94 N displacement is 2R. It has covered a
22. i. 3.13 m/s, zero semicircle, hence distance covered by particle
is πR.
ii. 7 m/s, 58.8 N
iii. 5.42 m/s, 29.4 N 10. v = rω = r (αt) = 3 × 3 × 5 = 45 m/s
⎛ 2400 ⎞
Section C 14. dθ = ω dt = 2πn × dt = 2π ⎜ ⎟× 1
⎝ 60 ⎠
1. 15°13′, 0.2625 m = 80 π
2. 31.59 N
3. 29°52′ ⎛ v2 ⎞
36. θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
4. 2° 12′, 0.061 m ⎝ rg ⎠
5. 6.429 m/s Circumference, 2πr = 34.3 m
6. 6.28 rad/s2 34.3
∴ r= m
7. 1.396 ×10−2 cm/s 2π
8. 10 rad/s2 2πr 34.3
and v = = m/s
9. 23°2′ t 22
10.
11.
24.48 m/s
21 m/s ∴ θ = tan −1 ⎢( )
⎡ 34.3 / 22 2 × 2π ⎤
⎥
⎢ 34.3 × 9.8 ⎥
12. i. 6.28 rad/s ii. 31.4 m/s ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
iii. 197.192 m/s2 iv. 394.384 N = tan−1 [0.9997]
13. 15.65 m/s = 44.99°
14. 1.47 N ≈ 45°
44
57. Tangential acceleration aT = 2 m/s2 mv 2

∴ = mg
v2 (30) 2 r
Radial acceleration = ar = =
r 500 ∴ v= rg
∴ Acceleration a = a T2 + a 2r 10 10
= × 10 ….(here r = L = m)
2 3 3
⎛ 900 ⎞
= 4+⎜ ⎟ 10
⎝ 500 ⎠ = m/s
3
= 2.69 m/s2 ≈ 2.7 m/s2
74. The particle is performing circular motion and
62. Tension in the string, is constantly accelerated. Hence, it is under
( ) the action of external force. As the motion
1/ 2
T = T 2 cos 2 θ + T 2 sin 2 θ
here is confined to horizontal plane, net force
1/ 2
⎡⎛ mv 2 ⎞ 2 ⎤ on the particle is T.
= ⎢⎜ ⎟ + (mg) ⎥
2
⎢⎣⎝ r ⎠ ⎥⎦
r
but v = rg tan θ and tan θ =
h
∴ v= r2 g / h
1/ 2
⎡⎛ r 2 ⎞ 2 ⎤
∴ T = mg ⎢⎜ ⎟ + 1⎥
⎢⎣⎝ rh ⎠ ⎥⎦
but h2 = (L2 – r2)
1/ 2
⎡⎛ r ⎞
2
⎤
∴ T = mg ⎢⎜ ⎟ + 1⎥
⎣⎢⎝ L − r ⎠ ⎦⎥
2 2
mgL
=
L2 − r 2
mv 2
63. Centripetal force, = T sin θ
r
mgL r
= ×
L −r
2 2 L
mgr
=
L2 − r 2
67. Tmax – Tmin = 6 mg

Tmax
Also, =4 ….(Given)
Tmin
⇒ Tmax = 4 Tmin
⇒ Tmin = 2 mg
mv 2
but Tmin = − mg
r
45

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STD. XII Sci.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

• There will be one single paper of 70 Marks in Physics.

Question 2: (12 Marks)

Distribution of Marks According to Type of Questions

Type of Questions Marks Marks with option Percentage (%)

6 Surface Tension 195

7 Wave Motion 224

8 Stationary Waves 258

9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 297

Board Paper October – 2013 351

Board Paper March – 2014 353

Board Paper October – 2014 355

Note: All the Textual questions are represented by * mark.

1.1 Angular displacement

1.2 Angular velocity and angular acceleration

1.3 Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity

1.4 Uniform Circular Motion

1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial acceleration)

1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal forces

1.7 Banking of roads

1.8 Vertical circular motion due to earth’s gravitation

1.9 Equation for velocity and energy at different positions in vertical

1.10 Kinematical equation for circular motion in analogy with linear

1.0 Introduction iii. Angular displacement is given by,

Q.10. Define the following terms. → →

Ans: i. Positive angular acceleration: Hence, direction of α is downward.

Angular velocity in terms of frequency of Expression for acceleration in U.C.M by

Q.22. Define linear acceleration. Write down its v δθ

Q.27. Derive an expression for centripetal dv →

acceleration of a particle performing ii. But = a, = v and = α

*Q.28.Derive the relation between linear a = ω× v + α × r ....(iii)

angular acceleration in U.C.M: called radial acceleration a R .

δv it is called tangential acceleration a T .

iii. But, v = rω have, a = a R + a T

2. In non-uniform circular motion, aR is due to 1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal forces

v. Also ω = 2πn iii. The magnitude of this pseudo force is

vii. A centrifuge works on principle of *Q.42.Distinguish between centripetal force and

1.7 Banking of roads Q.45. What force is exerted by a vehicle on the

∴ v2 = µrg ∴ v= µrg *Q.46.What is banking of road?

Necessity of banking of the road: ii. Consider a vehicle of mass m moving

⎢ N cos θ − Fmax sin θ ⎥

⎡ F ⎤ i. Equation for maximum safety speed for

2 2 ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ position for an object revolving in a vertical

Q.61. *Obtain expression for energy at different 1 1 3

mv 2L ⎛ mv 2H ⎞ iii. The angular velocity of rotating particle

9. The process in which the outer edge of the Formulae

12. Conical Pendulum:

14. Minimum velocity at highest point to Example 2

21. Which of the following force is a pseudo 28. Centrifugal force is

their centripetal acceleration is

(C) 90 m (D) 15 m (C) F = mg − (D)

57. Tangential acceleration aT = 2 m/s2 mv 2

67. Tmax – Tmin = 6 mg

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