FLUID MECHANICS

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON CURVE SURFACES I. Objectives: At the end of the topic, the students must be able to: 1. Compute the total resultant force on the curved surface. 2. Compute the direction in which the resultant force acts and show its line of action on a sketch of the surface. 3. Visualize the distribution of force on a submerged curved surface. Discussion: In order to visualize the total force system involved on a submerged curved surface, isolate the volume of fluid directly above the surface of interest as a free body and show all the forces acting on it as shown in figure 1.

II.

Figure 1

Our goal here is to determine the horizontal force F H and vertical force FV exerted on the fluid by the curved surface and their resultant force F R. The line of action of the resultant force acts through the center of curvature of the curved surface. This is so because each of the individual force vectors due to the fluid pressure acts perpendicular to the boundary, which is then along the radius of curvature. Horizontal Component The vertical solid wall at the left exerts horizontal forces on the fluid in contact with it in reaction to the forces due to the fluid pressure. This part of the system behaves in the same manner as the vertical walls. The resultant force, F 1 is acting at a distance, d/3.

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from the bottom of the wall. The force F 2a on the right side of the upper part to a depth of d is equal to F1 in magnitude and acts in the opposite direction. Then, they have no effect on the curved surface. By summing forces in the horizontal direction, it can be seen that F H must be equal to F2b acting on the lower part of the right side. The area on which F 2b acts is the projection of the curved surface onto a vertical plane. F2b = dcA Where dc is the depth to the centroid of the projected area. For the type shown in figure 1, the projected area is a rectangle. Calling the height of the rectangle s, it is seen that: dc = d + s/2. Also the area is sw where w is the width of the curved surface. Then, F2b = FH = sw(d + s/2) The location of F2b is the center of pressure of the projected area. Again, using the principles developed earlier: dp dc = Ic/(dcA). For the rectangular projected area, Ic = ws3/12. A = sw, then, dp dc = ws3/(12dcsw) = s2/12dc . Vertical Component The vertical component of he force exerted by the curved surface on the fluid can be found by summing forces in the vertical direction. Only the weight of the fluid acts downward, and only the vertical component FV acts upward. Then, the weight and FV must be equal to each other in magnitude. The weight of the fluid is simply the product of its specific weight times the volume of the isolated body of fluid. The volume id the product of the cross-sectional area of the volume shown in figure 1 and the length of interest w. That is : FV = (volume) = Aw. The total resultant force FR is:
FR = FH
2

FV

The resultant force acts at an angle, , relative to the horizontal, found from: = tan 1 (FV/FH) III. Sample problem: 1. For the tank shown in figure 2, the following dimensions are applied: d1 = 3.00 m w = 2.50 m d2 = 4.50 m = 9.81 kN/m3 Compute the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force on the curved surface and the resultant force itself. Solution: The volume above the curved surface is shown in figure 2. The weight of the isolated volume is the product of the specific weight of the water times the volume. The volume is the product of the area times the length w.

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Figure 2
Area = A 1 A2 = d1 R 1 4
2

= ( 3.0 m) ( 1.50m)
3 15.67 m

1 4

( 1.50m)

2 6.267m

Volume = area ( w ) =

6.267 m

( 2.5 m)
3

Weight =

V=

9.81

kN m
3

15.67 m

153.72 kN

Then FV = 153 kN acting upward through the centroid of the volume. The location of the centroid is found using the composite area technique. Refer to figure 3 for the data.

Figure 3

Figure 4

Each value should be obvious except x2, the location of the centroid of the quadrant. The centroid of a quadrant of a circle is: 0.424 R.
x2 = 0.424 R = 0.424 ( 1.50 m) 0.636 m

Then, the location of the centroid for the composite area is:

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x =

A 1 x1 A1

A 2 x2 A2

4.5 m

( 0.75 m) 4.5 m
2

1.767m 1.767m

( 0.636m)

0.718 m

The vertical projection of the curved surface is shown in figure 3. The height, s, is equal to 1.50 m. The depth to the centroid of the projected area is:
dc = d1 s 2 = 3.0 m 1.5 m 2 = 3.75 m

The magnitude of the horizontal force is:

FH = sw d 1 s 2 sw d c = 9.81 kN m
2 3

( 1.50 m) ( 2.50 m) ( 3.75 m)

138 kN

The depth to the line of action of the horizontal component is found from:
dp = dc s
2

12 d c
2

= 3.75 m

( 1.50 m)

( 12) ( 3.75 m)

3.8 m

The resultant force is computed from:

FR = FV FH
2

( 153.7kN)

( 138.0kN)

206.56 kN

The angle of inclination of the resultant force relative to the horizontal is computed from:
= tan
1

FV FH

= tan

153.7 138.0

= 48.1o

The horizontal component, the vertical component, and the resultant force are shown in figure 4. Note that the line of action of FR is through the center of curvature of the surface. Also, the vertical component is acting through the centroid of the volume of liquid above the surface. The horizontal component is acting through the center of pressure of the projected area at depth dp from the level of the free surface of the fluid. IV. Exercises: For each problem, one curved surface is shown restraining a body of static fluid. Compute the magnitude of the horizontal component of the force, and compute the vertical component of the force exerted by the fluid on that surface. Then, compute the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction. Show the resultant force acting on the curved surface. In each case the surface of interest is a portion of a cylinder with the length of the surface given in the problem. 1. Referring to figure 5, the surface if 2.00 long.

Figure 5:Prob. 1

Figure 6: Prob. 2

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Figure 7:Prob. 3

Figure 8:Prob. 4

Figure 9: Prob. 5

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PROBLEM SET NO. 6 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON CURVE SURFACES Answer the following problems. Show complete solution and necessary figures. Observe neatness in your solution. 1. A tainter gate has a radius R, width W and height B. (B = 2R sin , where 2 from the hinge subtends B.) What is the horizontal force acting on the gate?

Figure 10

2. The crest shown consists of a cylindrical surface of cylindrical surface of which AB is the base, supported by a structural frame hinged at C. The length of the gate perpendicular to the paper is 10m. Compute the amount and location of the horizontal and vertical components of total pressure on AB.

Figure 11

3. In the figure shown, the 8m diameter cylinder weighs 500 N, rests on the bottom of the tank which is 3 m long. Water and oil are poured into the left and right hand portions of the tank in depths of 2 and 4 m respectively. Find the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the force which will keep the cylinder touching the tank at point B.

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Figure 12

4. A hemispherical dome surmounts a closed tank as shown in the figure. If the tank and dome are filled with gasoline (sg=0.72) and the gage indicates as 55 kPa gage pressure, what is the total tension in the bolts holding the dome in place.

Figure 13

5. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force exerted by water on the three-quarter cylinder, which is 3 meters long perpendicular to the paper.

3.0 m 0.6 m O

Alcohol (sg = 0.92) 2.4 m

Figure 14

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