Eid al-Fitr

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Eid al-Fitr (/iːd əl ˈfɪtər/ eed əl FIT-ər; Arabic:

‫ ﻋﻴﺪ اﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ʻĪd al-Fiṭr, IPA: [ʕiːd al fitˤr]),[4] also
called the "Festival of Breaking the Fast",
is a religious holiday celebrated by
Muslims worldwide that marks the end of
Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of
fasting (ṣawm). This religious Eid (Muslim
religious festival) is the first and only day
in the month of Shawwal during which
Muslims are not permitted to fast. The
holiday celebrates the conclusion of the 29
or 30 days of dawn-to-sunset fasting
during the entire month of Ramadan. The
day of Eid, therefore, falls on the first day
of the month of Shawwal. The date for the
start of any lunar Hijri month varies based
on when the new moon is sighted by local
religious authorities, so the exact day of
celebration varies by locality.
 Eid al-Fitr
Official name Arabic: ‫ﻋﻴﺪ اﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬,
romanized: ‘Īd al-Fiṭr

Observed by Muslims

Type Islamic

Significance Marks the end of

Ramadan fasting

Celebrations Eid prayers, charity,

social gatherings,
festive meals, gift-
giving

Observances Eid prayers, charity-

giving

Date 1 Shawwal[1]

2019 date 4 June[1] (Saudi Arabia

and some other
 countries)[2] 5 June
(Pakistan and some
other countries)
2020 date 24 May (expected[1][3] –
may differ 1 day
dependent on sighting
of lunar crescent)

Related to Ramadan, Eid al-Adha

Eid al-Fitr has a particular salat (Islamic

prayer) consisting of two rakats (units)
and generally offered in an open field or
large hall. It may be performed only in
congregation (jamāʿat) and has an
additional extra six Takbirs (raising of the
hands to the ears while saying "Allāhu
ʾAkbar" which means "God is the
greatest"), three of them in the beginning
of the first raka'ah and three of them just
before rukūʿ in the second raka'ah in the
Hanafi school of Sunni Islam.[5] Other
Sunni schools usually have twelve Takbirs,
seven in the first, and five at the beginning
of the second raka'ah. According to Shia
Islam, it has 6 Takbirs in the first Rakat at
the end of qira'a, before rukūʿ, and 5 in the
second.[6] This Eid al-Fitr salat is,
depending on which juristic opinion is
followed, farḍ ‫( ﻓﺮض‬obligatory), mustaḥabb
‫( ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺐ‬strongly recommended, just short
of obligatory) or mandūb ‫ﻣﻨﺪوب‬
(preferable).
Muslims believe that they are commanded
by God, as mentioned in the Quran, to
continue their fast until the last day of
Ramadan[7] and pay the Zakat al-Fitr
before offering the Eid prayers.

History
Eid al-Fitr was originated by the Islamic
prophet Muhammad. It is observed on the
first day of the Islamic month of Shawwal
at the end of the month of Ramadan,
during which Muslims undergo a period of
fasting.[8]

According to certain traditions, these

festivals were initiated in Medina after the
migration of Muhammad from Mecca.
Anas (R.A) reports: When the Prophet
arrived in Madinah, he found people
celebrating two specific days in which they
used to entertain themselves with
recreation and merriment. He asked them
about the nature of these festivities at
which they replied that these days were
occasions of fun and recreation. At this,
the Prophet remarked that the Almighty
has fixed two days [of festivity] instead of
these for you which are better than these:
Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha[9]

General rituals
Traditionally, it is the day (beginning at
sunset) of the first sighting of the crescent
moon shortly after sunset. If the moon is
not observed immediately after the 29th
day of the previous lunar month (either
because clouds block its view or because
the western sky is still too bright when the
moon sets), then it is the following day.

Eid al-Fitr is celebrated for one, two or

three days. It is forbidden to fast on the
Day of Eid. Also, a specific prayer is
nominated for this day.[10] As an obligatory
act of charity, money is paid to the poor
and the needy (Arabic: Zakat-ul-fitr) before
performing the ‘Eid prayer.[11] . As another
rituals, Muslims praise God in a loud voice
while going to the Eid prayer: Allāhu Akbar,
Allāhu Akbar, Allāhu Akbar. Lā ilāha illà l-Lāh
wal-Lāhu akbar, Allahu akbar walil-Lāhi l-
ḥamd. Recitation ceases when they get to
the place of Eid or once the Imam
commences activities.[12]

Eid al-Fitr mass prayer in Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta,

Indonesia

Eid prayer and eidgah

The Eid prayer is performed in
congregation in open areas like fields,
community centres, etc. or at mosques.
No call to prayer is given for this Eid prayer,
and it consists of only two units of prayer
with an additional six Takbirs. The Eid
prayer is followed by the sermon and then
a supplication asking for Allah's
forgiveness, mercy, peace and blessings
for all living beings across the world. The
sermon also instructs Muslims as to the
performance of rituals of Eid, such as the
zakat.[13] Listening to the sermon at Eid is
not required and is optional, a Sunnah i.e.
while the sermon is being delivered. After
the prayers, Muslims visit their relatives,
friends and acquaintances or hold large
communal celebrations in homes,
community centres or rented halls.

Eid gifts, known as Eidi, are frequently

given at eid to children and immediate
relatives.

Performing Eid-ul-fitr prayer

Eid al-Fitr prayer (Salat al-Eid) or Eid al-Fitr

Namaz is performed on the occasion of
Eid. The Prayer of Eid al-Fitr is performed
in two different ways by Sunni and Shia
Islam.

Sunni Procedure
There are two Rak'ah (Rakaat) performed
in the Eid al-Fitr prayer.[14] The prayer of
Eid al-Fitr starts by doing "Niyyat" for the
prayer and then Takbeer (Allahu Akbar) is
said by the Imam and all the followers.
The next is to recite "Takbeer-e-Tehreema"
in first Rakaat. Then the congregation says
Allahu Akbar three times, every time
raising hands to the ears and dropping
them except the last time when hands are
folded. Then the Imam reads the Surah-e-
Fatiha and other Surah. Then the
congregation performs Ruku and Sujud as
in other prayers. This completes the first
Rak’ah. Then the congregation rises up
from the first Rak'ah and folds hands for
the second Rak’ah. In the next step the
Imam recites Surah Fatiha and another
Surah and after this 3 Takbirs are called
out just before the Ruku; each time raising
hands to the ears and dropping them.Then
for the fourth time the congregation says
Allah o Akbar and goes into the Ruku. The
rest of the prayer is completed in the
regular manner. This completes the Eid
prayer. After the prayer there is a khutbah.
Eid Fetr, in Iran (1984)

Shia procedure

This section does not cite any sources.

Learn more

Shia also perform two Rak’ah in the Eid al-

Fitr prayer. Prayer starts with the Niyyat
followed by the five "Takbeers". During
every "Takbeer" of the first Rak’ah, a
special Dua is recited. Then the Imam
recites Sūrat al-Fātiḥah and Surat Al-'A`lá
and the congregation performs Ruku and
Sujud as in other prayers. In the second
Rak’ah again the same above steps (five
Takbeers, Sūrat al-Fātiḥah and Surat Al-
'A`lá, Ruku and Sujud) are repeated. After
the prayer, Khutbah starts.

Islamic tradition

Many Muslims often bring prayer rugs to the Mosque

on Eid al-Fitr.
Eid al-Fitr marks the end of the fasting
month of Ramadan. This has to do with
the communal aspects of the fast, which
expresses many of the basic values of the
Muslim community; e.g., empathy for the
poor, charity, worship, steadfastness,
patience etc. Fasting is also believed by
some scholars to extol fundamental
distinctions, lauding the power of the
spiritual realm, while acknowledging the
subordination of the physical realm. It also
teaches a Muslim to stay away from
worldly desires and to focus entirely on the
Lord and thank Him for his blessings. It is
a rejuvenation of the religion and it creates
a stronger bond between the Muslim and
his Lord.[15]

Practices by country
Middle East

Saudi Arabia

Eid al-Fitr is celebrated with great pomp in

Saudi Arabia. Saudis decorate their homes
and prepare sumptuous meals for family
and friends. Eid festivities in Saudi Arabia
may vary culturally depending on the
region, but one common thread in all
celebrations is of generosity and
hospitality. First, it is common Saudi
tradition for families to gather at the
patriarchal home after the Eid prayers.
Before the special Eid meal is served,
young children will line up in front of each
adult family member, who dispense money
as gifts to the children. Family members
will also typically have a time where they
will pass out gift bags to the children.
These bags are often beautifully decorated
and contain candies and toys.Many
shopkeepers will show their generosity at
Eid providing free Eid gifts with each
purchase. For example, during Eid, many
of the chocolate shops will give each
customer who buys a selection of candies
a free crystal candy dish with their
purchase. In the spirit of Eid, many Saudis
go out of their way to show their kindness
and generosity. It is common for even
complete strangers to greet one another at
random, even by occupants of vehicles
waiting at stop lights. Sometimes even
toys and gifts will be given to children by
complete strangers. It is traditional for
Saudi men to go and buy large quantities
of rice and other staples, and then leave
them anonymously at the doors of those
who are less fortunate. During Eid morning
and after the Eid prayer, people in some
areas of the middle of Saudi Arabia (such
as Al Qassim) host large communal
meals. Celebrants put large rugs on one of
the streets of their neighborhood, and
households prepare a large meal to be
shared by all neighbors. It is common
practice for people to swap places to try
more than one kind of meal.

In the major cities of Saudi Arabia, every

night there are huge fireworks shows.[16]

Iran

Aerial view from wherever Eid al-Fitr prayer held

outside the Iranian city of Bandar Torkaman on June
26, 2017.
In Iran, at the last days of the month of
Ramadan, several groups of experts
representating the office of Ayatollah
Khamenei go to the different zones of the
country. They determine that Eid al-Fitr is
to begin by the new moon's crescent, as
sign of the starting of each lunar month in
the Islamic calendar is seen and
confirmed by these groups.[17] Iranian
Muslims celebrate the first day of the
month of Shawwal as the Eid al-Fitr,
signifying that the fasting month has
ended. They take part in the Eid al-Fitr
special prayer that generally takes place in
an open field or a large hall with a
congregation in attendance, and pay the
Zakat al-Fitr.[18] The Eid al-Fitr prayer has
been led by Ayatollah Seyyed Ali
Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran at
Tehran's Imam Khomeini Grand Prayer
Grounds (Mossalla) and he delivers the
sermon after the prayer.[19][20] Also in Iran,
there are usually one or two days as a
national holiday marking the
celebration.[21]

Turkey
Traditional Bayram wishes from the Istanbul
Metropolitan Municipality, stating "Let us love, Let us

be loved", in the form of mahya lights stretched across

the minarets of the Blue Mosque in Istanbul

In Turkey, nationwide celebrated holidays

are referred to as bayram, and Eid al-Fitr is
referred to as both Şeker Bayramı ("Bayram
of Sweets") and Ramazan Bayramı
("Ramadan Bayram"). It is a public holiday,
where schools and government offices are
generally closed for the entire three-day
period of the celebrations. The
celebrations of this bayram are infused
with national traditions. It is customary for
people to greet one another with
Bayramınız kutlu olsun ("May your bayram
be blessed"[22]) or Bayramınız mübarek
olsun ("May your bayram be blessed").
Mutlu Bayramlar ("Happy Bayram") is an
alternative phrase for celebrating this
bayram. It is a time for people to attend
prayer services, put on their best clothes
(referred to as bayramlık, often purchased
just for the occasion), visit all their loved
ones (such as relatives, neighbours, and
friends), and pay their respects to the
deceased with organised visits to
cemeteries, where large, temporary
bazaars of flowers, water (for watering the
plants adorning a grave), and prayer books
are set up for the three-day occasion. The
first day of the bayram is generally
regarded as the most important, with all
members of the family waking up early,
and the men going to their neighbourhood
mosques for the special bayram prayer. It
is regarded as especially important to
honour elderly citizens by kissing their
right hand and placing it on one's forehead
while wishing them bayram greetings. It is
also customary for young children to go
around their neighbourhood, door to door,
and wish everyone a "Happy Bayram", for
which they are awarded candy, chocolates,
traditional sweets such as baklava and
Turkish Delight, or a small amount of
money at every door, similar to the
Hallowe'en custom in the United
States.Municipalities all around the
country organise fund-raising events for
the poor, in addition to public shows such
as concerts or more traditional forms of
entertainment such as the Karagöz and
Hacivat shadow-theatre and even
performances by the Mehter – a Janissary
Band founded during the days of the
Ottoman Empire.

Africa
Egypt

Eid al-Fitr is a three-day feast and an

official holiday in Egypt with vacations for
schools, universities and government
offices. Some stores and restaurants are
also closed during Eid. The Eid day starts
with a small snack followed by Eid prayers
in congregation attended by men, women,
and children in which the sermon reminds
Egyptians of the virtues and good deeds
they should do unto others, even
strangers, during Eid and throughout the
year. Afterwards, neighbors, friends, and
relatives start greeting one another. The
most common greeting is "Eid Mubarak"
(Blessed Eid). Family visits are considered
a must on the first day of the Eid, so they
have the other two days to enjoy by going
to parks, cinemas, theatres or the
beaches. Some like to go on tours or a Nile
cruise, but Sharm El Sheikh is also
considered a favorite spot for spending
holidays in Egypt.Children are normally
given new clothes to wear throughout the
Eid. Also, women (particularly mothers,
wives, sisters and daughters) are
commonly given special gifts by their
loved ones. It is customary for children to
also receive a Eid-ey-yah from their adult
relatives. This is a small sum of money
that the children receive and is used to
spend on all their activities throughout the
Eid. Children will wear their new clothes
and go out to amusement parks, gardens
or public courtyards based on how much
their Eidyah affords. The amusement
parks can range from the huge ones on
the outskirts of Cairo-Nile, Felucca Nile
rides is one common feature of Eid
celebration in Egyptian villages, towns and
cities. The families gatherings involve
cooking and eating all kinds of Egyptian
food like Fata, but the items most
associated with Eid al-Fitr are Kahk
(singular = Kahka), which are cookies filled
with nuts and covered with powdered
sugar. Egyptians either bake it at home or
buy it in the bakery. Thus, a bakery
crowded in the last few days of Ramadan
with Kahk buyers is a common scene. TV
in Egypt celebrates Eid too, with a
continuous marathon of movies as well as
programmes featuring live interviews from
all over Egypt of both public figures and
everyday citizens, sharing their Eid
celebrations. For a lot of families from
working neighbourhoods, the Eid
celebration also means small mobile
neighbourhood rides, much like a
neighbourhood carnival. In a lot of
neighbourhood courtyards, kids also
gather around a storyteller, a puppeteer or
a magician mesmerised by Egyptian
folktales or by a grownup's sleight of hand.
It is also customary for kids to rent
decorated bikes to ride around town.

Egyptians like to celebrate with others so

the streets are always crowded during the
days and nights of Eid.[23]

Heightened incidence of sexual

assault during Eid al-Fitr

There are several accounts of a

heightened number of sexual assaults and
rapes taking place during the festival in
2006 in Egypt, some noting as well the
precautions being taken to prevent a
recurrence of such problems.[24][25][26][27]
Subsequent reports indicate that this
phenomenon continues to cause
concern,[28][29][30][31] one Egyptian
journalist writes, 'The Eid al-Fitr holiday
following this year's Ramadan brought its
usual share of sexual harassment'.[32]
Operation Anti Sexual Harassment, an
Egyptian organisation founded to protect
against sexual assaults, described Eid al-
Fitr as a "season for harassment",[33] and
the prevalence of such attacks 'a trend
that has become associated with Eid al-
Fitr celebrations in recent years'.[30] In
2013 allegations also surfaced in Cairo
and Tanta.[34][35][36] Public discussion has
been reported to be difficult.[37] 2014 saw
lower rates of attempted harassment, and
activists reported more confidence since
amendment of the penal code.[38] 141
police reports for harassment were filed in
Cairo in 2015, though it was claimed many
reports were withdrawn.[39] 2016 saw a
reduction to 120 complaints and 35
arrests for harassment,[40] many women
however felt it necessary to take
precautions.[41] 2018 showed some
evidence of significant reduction.[42]

Edward Lane also alludes to a problem

with 'intrigues' with females around Eid al
Fitr, in the early 19th century.[43]
Eid al-Fitr mass prayer in Morocco

Tunisia

Since 2012, Tunisia sees three days of

celebration, with only 2 days as a national
holiday (1st Eid and second Eid), with
preparations starting several days earlier.
Special biscuits are made to give to
friends and relatives on the day, including
Baklawa and several kinds of "ka'ak". Men
will go to the mosque early in the morning,
while the women will either go with them
or stay in and prepare for the celebration
by putting together new outfits and toys
for their children, as well as a big family
lunch generally held at one of the parents'
homes. During the daylight hours, there
may be dancing and music, but the
feasting lasts all day long, and many gifts
are a large part of tradition. Also, food is
the centre of this holiday, so this is one of
the highlights of the evening. Different
members of a family visit each other.
Usually, children accompany their father
and visit aunts, uncles, grandparents and
friends to congratulate them on the Eid.
They will be offered drinks and special
cookies. Women will stay at home with
some of the children in order to welcome
members of the family that come to visit
and congratulate for the end of the fasting.

Somalia

Eid al-Fitr prayers in Somalia

In Somalia and other Islamic parts of the

Horn region, Eid al-Fitr is observed by the
Muslim communities. Celebrations
marking the event are typically
accompanied by elaborate banquets,
where special dishes such as xalwo
(halwo) and buskut (buskuit) are
served.[44]

South Africa

Muslims in Durban celebrating Eid al-Fitr

In Cape Town, hundreds of Muslims will

gather at Green Point in the evening of the
last day of Ramadan each year for the
sighting of the moon. The gathering brings
together people from all walks of life, and
everyone comes with something to share
with others at the time of breaking the
fast. The Maghrib (sunset) prayer is then
performed in congregation and the formal
moon-sighting results are announced
thereafter.[45]

The festival of Eid al-Fitr is celebrated by

first attending the mosque in the morning
for Eid prayer. This is followed by visiting
relatives and neighbours. Children receive
presents and money from elder members
of the family, relatives and neighbours.
Most people wear new clothes with bright
colours, while biscuits, cakes, samosas,
pies and tarts are presented to visitors as
treats. Lunch is usually served in family
groups. It is also customary to exchange
gifts.

Sudan

In Sudan, where 97% of the population is

Muslim,[46] preparations for Eid begin the
last couple of days in Ramadan. For days,
ka'ak (sugar powdered cookies), bettifour
(dry baked goods including dainty biscuits,
baked meringues and macaroons – whose
name are derived from the French petit
four) and popcorn are baked in large
batches to serve to guests and to give to
family and friends; dressy Eid clothes are
either shopped for or sewn; girls and
women decorate their hands and feet with
henna; and parts of the house may even
be painted. The night before Eid, the whole
household partakes in cleaning the house
and yard and setting out the finest
bedsheets, table cloths, and decorations.
On the day of Eid, men and boys (and
occasionally women and girls) will attend
the Eid prayer. For the next 3 days, families
will then partake in visiting each other,
extended family, neighbours, and close
friends. In these short visits, the baked
goods, chocolates and sweets are served,
and often large lunches are prepared for
the visiting well-wishers. Children are
given gifts, either in the form of toys or
money.

Nigeria

Nigeria is officially a secular country

populated by large numbers of Muslims
and Christians. Eid is popularly known as
"Small Sallah" in Nigeria and people
generally greet each other with the
traditional greeting: "Barka Da Sallah",
which means "Greetings on Sallah" in the
Hausa language. Muslims observe their
Eid prayers at designated praying grounds
before heading home to partake in festive
meals, generally prepared by the women of
the household. The Federal holiday
typically lasts for three days in Nigeria.

South Asia

Afghanistan

In the predominantly Sunni Muslim culture

of Afghanistan, Eid al-Fitr holds significant
importance and is celebrated widely for
three days. The most common greeting is
Eid Mubarak (Blessed Eid). This Eid among
the Pashto-speaking community is called
Kochnai Akhtar. Afghans start preparing
for the Eid al-Fitr festival up to ten days
prior by cleaning up their homes. The
practice is called Khana Takani in Dari.
Afghans visit their local bazaars to buy
new clothes, sweets and snacks. Special
treats served to guests during the
festivities during Eid are: Jelabi (Jalebi),
Shor-Nakhod (made with chickpeas), and
Cake wa Kolcha (a simple cake, similar to
pound cake). On the day of Eid al-Fitr,
Afghans will first offer their Eid prayers
and then gather in their homes with their
families, greeting one another by saying
"Eid Mubarak" and usually adding "Eidet
Mobarak Roza wa Namazet Qabool Dakhel
Hajiha wa Ghaziha," which means "Happy
Eid to you; may your fasting and prayers be
accepted by Allah, and may you be
counted among those who will go to the
Hajj-pilgrimage." Family elders will give
money and gifts to children. It is also
common practice to visit families and
friends, which may be difficult to do at
other times of the year. Children walk from
home to home saying "Khala Eidet
Mubarak" ("aunt happy Eid"), and they
receive cookies or Pala. At night multiple
campfires will be set around houses, some
to the point that entire valleys may initially
appear to be engulfed in flame.
Celebratory fire with automatic rifles,
particularly tracer rounds, can also be
expected in high density.
Pakistan

A panorama in 12 folds showing an imperial Eid al-Fitr

procession by Bahadur Shah II

The first Mughal Emperor Babur greets courtiers during

the Eid al-Fitr festival
In Pakistan, Eid al-Fitr is also referred to as
both Meethi Eid ‫"( ﻣﯿﭩﮭﯽ ﻋﯿﺪ‬Sweet Eid") and
Choti Eid ‫"( ﭼﮭﻮﭨﯽ ﻋﯿﺪ‬Small Eid"). On the
day of Eid al-Fitr, people wear new clothes
to get ready for Eid prayer. People are
supposed to give obligatory charity on
behalf of each of their family member to
the needy or poor before Eid day or at least
before Eid prayer. This will allow everybody
to share the joy of Eid and not feel
depressed. There is three days' national
holiday for Eid celebration, while festivities
and greetings tradition usually continues
for the whole month. There is also a
tradition that has developed in the recent
past of people sending Eid greeting cards
to distant family members, relatives and
friends. For Eid prayer, people gather at
large open areas like sports grounds,
parks or large open area. After Eid Salat
people meet and greet each other with
traditional hug of friendship and the
greeting "Eid Mubarak". Before going
home people give charity to needy and the
poor, to further make it possible to have
everybody be able to enjoy the day. On
their way home, people buy sweets, gas
balloons for kids, and gifts for the family.
At home family members enjoy special Eid
breakfast with various types of sweets and
desserts, including traditional dessert
sheer khurma, which is made of vermicelli,
milk, butter, dry fruits and dates, etc. Eid is
mainly enjoyed by the kids, as they mostly
receive money in cash called "Eidi" as gift
by every elder in the family and relatives
when they visit their places. On Eid day
kids are allowed to spend their gift money
(Eidi) as they want. Media also cover Eid
festivities all day and air various special
programmes on TV for all age
groups.Games and outdoor amusements
such as fairground rides are enjoyed all
day. People visit their elders relatives first
then others and friends all day and share
the joy of the day. Some go to parks,
seaside, rivers, historical monuments or
lake fronts to enjoy and relax. Family get
together in the evening to enjoy Eid dinner,
and plan how to celebrate second and
third day of Eid.

India

Mehndi is the application of henna as a temporary

form of skin decoration, commonly applied during Eid
al-Fitr.

Celebrations in India and the rest of the

Indian subcontinent share many
similarities with regional variations,
because a large part of the Indian
subcontinent was ruled as one nation
during the days of the Mughal Empire and
British Raj. The night before Eid is called
Chaand Raat, which means, "Night of the
Moon". Muslims in these countries will
often visit bazaars and shopping malls
with their families for Eid shopping.
Women, especially younger girls, often
apply the traditional Mehndi, or henna, on
their hands and feet and wear colourful
bangles. The traditional Eid greeting is Eid
Mubarak, and it is frequently followed by a
formal embrace. Gifts are frequently given
—new clothes are part of the tradition—
and it is also common for children to be
given small sums of money (Eidi) by their
elders. It is common for children to offer
salam to parents and adult relatives.After
the Eid prayers, it is common for some
families to visit graveyards and pray for
the salvation of departed family members.
It is also common to visit neighbours,
family members, friends and to get
together to share sweets, snacks and
special meals including some special
dishes that are prepared specifically on
Eid.

Special celebratory dishes in India,

Pakistan, and Bangladesh include
Lachcha/লা া or sivayyan/িশমাই, a dish of
fine, toasted sweet vermicelli noodles with
milk and dried fruit (see Sheer khurma).[47]

Eid al-Fitr mass prayer at Delhi's Jama Masjid

On Eid day before prayers, people

distribute a charity locally known as
fitrana. Many people also avail themselves
of this opportunity to distribute zakat, an
Islamic obligatory alms tax of 2.5% of
one's annual savings, to the needy. Zakat
is often distributed in the form of food and
new clothes. In India, there are many
popular places for Muslims to congregate
to perform Eid prayers at this time include
the Jama Masjid in Delhi, Mecca Masjid in
Hyderabad, Aishbagh Idgah in Lucknow,
Red Road and Nakhoda Masjid in Kolkata,
Taj-ul Masjid in Bhopal, Jama Mosque in
Mumbai, Hazratbal Mosque in Kashmir.
Muslims turn out in the thousands, as
there is a lot of excitement surrounding
the celebration of this festival. It is
common for some Hindus to visit their
Muslim friends and neighbours on Eid to
convey their greetings.

Bangladesh
Eid al-Fitr is commonly known in
Bangladesh as 'Romjaner Eid' and is
observed over a three-day public holiday in
Bangladesh. Educational institutions,
banks and corporate offices usually
remain closed for almost a week during
this time. Bangladeshis observe the
holiday by performing the obligatory Eid
prayers on the morning of Eid, hugging
each other and exchanging greetings,
giving alms and gifts, and visiting friends,
neighbours and relatives. Popular customs
also include ladies decorating one's hands
with henna, people dressing up in new
clothes and having a good meal with
family members, relatives and friends.The
morning of Eid begins with men and
woman taking a bath, wear the newest
clothes and head for Eid Prayer then
people exchange hugs and head home
where a large banquet of food would be
prepared. The most common foods during
Eid is Pilau rice, Chicken Korma, Rost,
Rezala, Kebabs, Prawn Malai curry and
Chili chicken, although many other dishes
are also prepared. However the most
extravagant arrays of dishes are dessert
which consist of Rasmalai, Rasgulla,
Sandesh, Firni, a popular Bengali dish
called Paesh, Mishti Doi (Dahi) and Faluda
amongst many others. In Bangladesh
family and friends visit each other's
houses over the course of the 3 days and
3 or 4 houses are visited a day. During the
days of Eid children receive lots of money
by relatives and family friends. For
Bangladeshis Eid Al Fitr is the most
awaited public holiday.

Southeast Asia

Idul Fitri or Hari Raya Aidilfitri or Lebaran is

a public holiday in Indonesia, Malaysia,
Singapore, Philippines and Brunei. The
customs and rituals of Eid al-Fitr are quite
similar across Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei,
Singapore, the Philippines, Southern
Thailand and Cambodia.
Indonesia

An Indonesian family celebrating lebaran with various

culinary dishes specific to this holiday

Eid is known in Indonesia as Hari Raya Idul

Fitri or more popularly as Lebaran, and is a
national holiday.[48] People return to their
home town or city (an exodus known as
mudik) to celebrate with their families and
to ask forgiveness from parents, in-laws,
and other elders.[49]

Festivities start the night before with

chanting the takbir and lighting lamps and
fireworks. On the day itself, after Eid prayer
in the morning, zakat alms for the poor are
distributed in the mosques. People will
gather with family and neighbours in
traditional clothing and have a special
Lebaran meal. Children are given money in
colourful envelopes. Later, it is common
for Muslims in Indonesia to visit the
graves of relatives to ritually clean the
grave. Muslims also visit the living in a
special ritual called Halal bi-Halal some
time during or several days after Idul
Fitri.[50]

Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and

Thailand

Muslims in Singapore celebrating Eid al-Fitr

In Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei, Eid is

more commonly known as Hari Raya
Aidilfitri (Jawi: ‫)ﻫﺎري راي ﻋﻴﺪاﻟﻔﻄﺮي‬, Hari Raya
Idul Fitri, Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Raya Fitrah
or Hari Lebaran. Hari Raya means
'Celebration Day'.

It is customary for workers in the city to

return to their home town to celebrate with
their families and to ask forgiveness from
parents, in-laws, and other elders. This is
known in Malaysia as balik kampung
(homecoming).

The night before Hari Raya is filled with the

sounds of takbir in the mosques or
musallahs. In many parts of Malaysia,
especially in the rural areas, pelita or panjut
or lampu colok (as known by Malay-
Singaporeans) (oil lamps, similar to tiki
torches) are lit up and placed outside and
around homes, while tiki torches
themselves are also a popular decoration
for that holiday. Special dishes like
ketupat, rendang, lemang (a type of
glutinous rice cooked in bamboo) and
other Malay delicacies such as various
kuih-muih are served during this day. It is
common to greet people with "Salam
Aidilfitri" or "Selamat Hari Raya" which
means "Happy Eid". Muslims also greet
one another with "maaf zahir dan batin",
which means "Forgive my physical and
emotional (wrongdoings)".
It is customary for Muslim-Malaysians to
wear a traditional cultural clothing on Hari
Raya. The Malay variant (worn in Malaysia,
Singapore, Brunei and Southern Thailand)
is known as the Baju Melayu, shirt worn
with a sarong known as kain samping or
songket and a headwear known as
songkok. Malaysian women's clothing is
referred to as Baju Kurung and baju
kebaya. It is a common practice however
for the Malays in Singapore and Johor,
Malaysia to refer to the baju kurung in
reference to the type of outfit, worn by
both men and women.
Rows of Pelita (oil lamps) which is used to illuminate
homes and the streets during the season. Seen here in
Muar, Johor, Malaysia

In Malaysia, especially in the major cities,

people take turns to set aside a time for
open house when they stay at home to
receive and entertain neighbours, family
and other visitors. It is common to see
non-Muslims made welcome during Eid at
these open houses. They also celebrate by
lighting traditional bamboo cannon
firecrackers known as meriam buluh, using
kerosene in large hollow bamboo tubes or
Chinese imported crackers. The traditional
bamboo cannon, meriam bambu, and
fireworks are notoriously loud and can be
very dangerous to operator, bystander and
even nearby buildings. These are usually
bamboo tubes 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) in
diameter and 4–7 m (13–23 ft) long, filled
with either: water and several hundred
grams of calcium carbide, or heated
kerosene, then ignited by match.

Celebrating with crackers in the early

morning during Ramadan is now banned in
many areas.

In Malaysia, children are given token sums

of money, also known as "duit raya", from
their parents or elders.[51][52]

Philippines

In the Philippines, Eid al-Fitr, known to

Muslims as "Araw ng Lebaran" / "Araw ng
Raya" or familiar to the Christian majority
and other non-Muslims as "Wakás ng
Ramadán" ("End of Ramadan") or
incorrectly as "Ramadan", has been
recognised by the Philippine Government
as a regular holiday by virtue of Republic
Act No. 9177 and it is also according to
Presidential Proclamation No. 1083,
signed into law on 13 November 2002 –
the only majority Christian country
worldwide to have done so.

The law was enacted in deference to the

Filipino Muslim community and to
promote peace and harmony among major
religions in the country. The first national
commemoration of Eid al-Fitr was on 6
December 2002, marked by prayers and
feasting. Some Filipino Muslims attend
grand congregations at the Manila Golden
Mosque and the Quirino Grandstand every
Eid, while Muslim-majority communities in
Mindanao stage large public celebrations.
Myanmar

Eid al-Fitar lasts for only one day among

Burmese Muslims, who call the day Eid
Nei’ (Nei’=day) or Eid Ka Lay (Ka
Lay=small) or Shai Mai Eid (Shai Mai=a
meal of sweet vermicelli served with fried
cashews, coconut shreds, raisins, and milk
that is traditionally eaten by Burmese
Muslims during Eid). Burmese Muslims
predominantly follow the Hanafi school of
jurisprudence in Sunni Islam.

During Ramadan, in the small towns and

big villages with significant Muslim
populations, Burmese Muslim youth
organise singing teams called Jago (in
Urdu and Hindi), which means "wake up".
Jago teams usually do not use musical
instruments apart from the occasional use
of harmonica mouth organs.[53] These
youths will walk throughout the
neighbourhoods before sunrise to wake up
the fellow Muslims for Suhoor (pre-dawn
meal), which precedes the day of fasting.

The roving groups of singers will take the

tunes of popular Hindi movie songs,
replaced with Burmese lyrics and
invocations about fasting, the do's and
don'ts of Islam and about the benefits of
Salaat.[54] These songs could also be
called Qawwali, which are popular in India
and Pakistan. Sometimes these Jago
groups will also visit Muslim homes on the
Eid day, where they are welcomed with
food and monetary donations for the team
with Eidi or Duit Raya.

Although Eid al-Fitr is not a public holiday

in Burma, most employers have an
understanding of the festival and are
usually willing to accommodate days off
for Muslim staff. Some may even take
time off during office hours to visit with
Muslim staff at their homes, usually
accompanied by other non-Muslim co –
workers. As there is no single Islamic
authority in Burma to make official
decisions on moon-sighting, it is
sometimes difficult to reach consensus on
the start and end of Ramadan. This often
results in Eid being celebrated on different
days in small towns and villages.

The Eid al-Adha "Festival of Sacrifice" or

"Greater Eid" is a public holiday in Burma
as this event falls annually on the 10th day
of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah (‫ )ذو اﻟﺤﺠﺔ‬in
the lunar Islamic calendar. Unlike Muslim
countries that observe a three-day festival,
Eid al-Adha is only observed on one day in
Burma. During both Eids, the traditional
greeting is merely the common Islamic
greeting of Assalamualaikum, and Eid
Mubarak is only seldom heard. The
greeting is followed by placing the right
hand on the forehead (as if giving a
salute); there is no shaking of hands and
rarely only includes a formal embrace.

Gifts and food are frequently given to the

elder relatives and even to non-Muslim
employers and government authorities.
New clothes are traditionally given to
family members and co – workers, but
Burmese Muslims elders will give Eidi gifts
to children. Children will receive at least
token amounts of money, even from
strangers, especially if they went around
the neighbourhoods in groups just to
collect Eidi. It is common for children and
young people to go around giving
greetings of "salaam" to parents, elder
relatives and other elders in the
community. During Eid, Burmese Muslims
ask forgiveness from parents and elders
and themselves try to forgive and forget
any misunderstandings that may have
occurred amongst one another.

Sometimes Burmese Muslims pray or

perform Eid salah (called Eid Namaz) at an
Eidgah in open spaces outdoors. Burmese
Muslim women typically do not attend the
mosque or join with the men at an Eidgah.
As Burmese Muslims are discouraged by
the religious authorities from decorating
their homes with lights, lamps or colourful
bulbs, sending Eid cards, and more
recently, sending e-cards through the
internet, is fairly common. Children and
adults are also urged not to celebrate any
religious festival with fireworks or
firecrackers.

Other

China
An ethnic Hui family celebrating Eid al-Fitr in Ningxia

In the People's Republic of China, out of 56

officially recognised ethnic groups, Eid al-
Fitr is celebrated by at least 10 ethnic
groups that are predominantly Muslim.
These groups are said to total 18 million
according to official statistics, but some
observers say the actual number may be
much higher. It is also a public holiday in
China in certain regions, including two
Province Prefecture Level regions, Ningxia
and Xinjiang. All residents in these areas,
regardless of religion, are entitled to either
a one-day or three-day official holiday.
Outside the Muslim-majority regions, only
Muslims are entitled to a one-day holiday.
In Xinjiang province, Eid al-Fitr is even
celebrated by Han Chinese population
during which holiday supplies of mutton,
lamb and beef are distributed to
households as part of welfare programme
funded by government agencies, public
and private institutions, and businesses.

In Yunnan, Muslim populations are spread

throughout the region. On Eid al-Fitr,
however, some devotees may travel to
Sayyid 'Ajjal's grave after their communal
prayers. There, they will conduct readings
from the Quran and clean the tomb,
reminiscent of the historic annual Chinese
Qingming festival, in which people go to
their ancestors' graves, sweep and clean
the area and make food offerings.

Finally the accomplishments of the Sayyid

'Ajall will be related in story form,
concluded by a special prayer service to
honour the hundreds of thousands of
Muslims killed during the Panthay
Rebellion, and the hundreds killed during
the Cultural Revolution.[55]

Greece
Eid al-Fitr (i.e. Seker Bayram, Sugar Feast)
is celebrated in Greece mainly in the
Western Thrace region from the local
Muslim minority (Turks, Pomaks and
Roma), along with the other two major
celebrations, Kurban Bayram (Sacrifice
Feast) and Hıdırellez. On the day of the
Bayram, family gathers together, wears its
best clothes, and celebrate with a
common meal, after having attend the
morning prayer. The women prepare and
offer sweets to family and visitors, while
small children go around and pay their
respects to the elderly, by kissing their
hands, and they in turn reward them with
caddies, sweets, and small amount of
money.[56][57] Local Muslim shopkeepers
close their shops this day, while Muslim
minority schools have a 5-day holiday for
the feast.[57] Some entertainment venues
and clubs hold special events for the night
of the Bayram.[58]

Australia

In Australia, a predominantly secular

country, Muslims are able to practise their
religion with great freedom. Most large
companies allow for special religious
holidays allowing Muslims to take a day
off for Eid al-Fitr. Areas where there are
large (but not necessarily majority) Muslim
populations have overflowing attendances
at the mosque for the Eid al-Fitr prayer.
Police frequently block off roads and
divert traffic to cater for the prayer and
subsequent festivities. Eid prayers are also
held in open areas (playground, stadium)
in some places.

In 1987, The Australian MEFF Consortium

commenced the Multicultural Eid Festival
and Fair[59] to celebrate Eid in Sydney, held
shortly after Eid al-Fitr. The festival has
grown to now cater for tens of thousands
of Muslims and non-Muslims and has
included as guests Yusuf Islam, famous
Australian rugby player, Hazem El Masri,
the then governor-general of Australia,
Michael Jeffery and the previous premier
of New South Wales, Kristina Keneally.
This festival has now been replicated in
cities all around Australia. The biggest Eid
fair in Melbourne is held in Broadmeadows
usually on the weekend following the Eid
day. In Canberra, the capital of Australia,
Eid Festival sponsored by Australian
Federal Police (AFP) is held on the Sunday
after the Eid day. The festival includes
stalls from different nations, cultural
programme, and rides for kids and adults.

United States
Most Muslims in the United States offer
the Eid prayer in big-city Islamic centers,
convention halls or open parks. Muslims
from different cultures with multi-national
customs get together for prayers and
celebrations. In some cities, prayers are
done at multiple times to accommodate
the large number of attendees. Generally,
Muslims visit each other's homes on Eid or
hold large feasts in mosques or
community halls. Sometimes, mosques
rent parks for Muslims to pray in. Women
and children may adorn their hands with
henna to mark the celebration. Typically,
new clothing and attire are worn. Gifts are
often exchanged amongst children.
Another ritual or practice is the giving of
'Eidee', usually a nominal amount of a cash
gift to children or youth to mark the
occasion.

During the 3 days of Eid, many Muslims

join big parties sponsored either by a
community mosque or Islamic center or by
a wealthy Muslim in the community.
Children receive gifts, and all participants
enjoy sweet, spicy and other flavourful
delicacies. Many Muslims also donate
money to those less fortunate.
Sometimes, Muslims reserve amusement
parks, skating rinks or other activity
centers for an entire day of fun.
In New York City alternate side parking
(street cleaning) regulations are
suspended. Beginning in 2016, New York
City Public Schools will also remain closed
on Eid.[60] In Houston, Texas, the annual
prayers are offered at the George R. Brown
Convention Center in downtown Houston,
organised by the Islamic Society of
Greater Houston (ISGH).

The United States Postal Service (USPS)

has issued several Eid postage stamps,
across several years – starting in 2001 –
honoring "two of the most important
festivals in the Islamic calendar: Eid al-Fitr
and Eid al-Adha." Eid stamps were
released in 2001–2002, 2006–2009, and a
Forever® stamp in 2011.[61][62][63][64]

Muslims after Eid Prayer at Valley Stream Park, Long

Island, New York, United States of America

Canada

For Eid al-Fitr, just as in the United States,

most Canadian Muslims will take a day off
from work and go to prayers held in big-
city mosques or Islamic centres,
convention halls or sports arenas.
Muslims from different cultures with multi-
national customs get together for prayers
and celebrations. In the larger cities of
Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary,
Edmonton and Ottawa, congregational
prayers may be done at multiple times to
accommodate the large number of
attendees. Many Muslims will visit each
other's homes on the Eid day or the days
following to attend designated "open
houses" in which everyone is welcome to
visit. Children receive gifts or money, and
sweets and tasty dishes are served
throughout the day. Smaller Muslim
communities, particularly in the rural
areas, hold other communal gatherings in
mosques or rented community halls.
Muslims also donate money or contribute
to their local food banks on this day for
those who are less fortunate.

In many Canadian communities, Muslim

organisations and mosques also hold
large Eid parties that are open to the entire
Muslim community. Some groups may
reserve amusement parks or other activity
centres for an entire day of fun and
celebration, while others may hold public
Eid parties in mosques as a means of
outreach to the larger non-Muslim society.
Students from Canadian schools may take
2–3 days off, because Eid is a major
holiday in the Islamic culture.

Trinidad and Tobago

Eid-al-Fitr is a public Holiday in Trinidad

and Tobago.

United Kingdom

Muslims in Britain performing the Eid prayers during

the celebration, 1941

Although Eid al-Fitr is not a recognised

public holiday in the United Kingdom,
many schools, businesses and
organisations allow for at least a day's
leave to be taken for religious
celebrations.

During the morning, observant men usually

wear a thawb, jubba or sherwani, and
women usually wear a salwar kameez,
abaya or any other traditional clothing.
Generally speaking, men, women and
children will wear their best clothes. They
will then proceed to a local mosque,
community centre or park (in the summer
months) for the Eid prayer. During the
journey to the mosque, and up until the
start of the prayer, it is Islamic tradition to
recite takbeer – a reminder that God is
Greater. Immediately after the Eid prayer
and sermon have finished, people greet
each other with "Eid Mubarak," or the
equivalent in their mother-tongue. Some
men may go to a local cemetery after Eid
prayers to remember the deceased and
pray for them. When they return home they
will congratulate family and friends and
other Muslims, before having breakfast
together of traditional sweet and savoury
treats. Gifts and money are usually given
to children.

Throughout the day, everyone will either

visit or host friends and relatives, sharing
some of the traditional foods with them.
Bangladeshi dishes and Pakistani dishes
such as samosas, Siweya, Rice and
Handesh, Noonor Bora, and Fulab are
particularly popular within those
communities. Other communities enjoy a
range of traditional foods too.

As in Egypt, there have been a small

number of reports of sexual assaults
associated with the Eid in the UK.[65][66][67]
Fiji

Muslims comprise around 7% (63,000

people) of the total population of Fiji, a
small tropical island-nation northeast of
Australia. The Muslim community mostly
consists of people of Indian origin,
descendants of indentured labourers who
were brought to the islands in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries by the British
colonists. Although no accurate statistical
evidence exists, there are also thought to
be a few hundred indigenous Fijian
Muslims (Melanesians) in the island
nation. The vast majority of Muslims in Fiji
are of the Sunni branch of Islam who
follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence.

The day of Eid al-Fitr is celebrated in Fiji

with Muslim men wearing their best
clothes and attending the mosque for the
early morning congregational prayer
(women do not go to the mosques for
prayers in most parts of Fiji). This is
followed by visiting relatives and
neighbours. Children receive presents and
money from elder members of the family,
relatives and neighbours. Most Muslims
will wear new clothes on this day, and
serve samai, a dish of fine, sweet
vermicelli noodles mixed in warm milk.
This is usually accompanied by samosas,
curried chicken and beef as well as sweets
and Indian snacks for guests visiting
throughout the day.

The traditional Eid greeting is Eid Mubarak,

and it is frequently followed by a formal
embrace.

Mauritius

Mauritius is a diverse island nation where

several religions live together in relative
harmony. Muslims make up about 16.6%
of the total population and Eid is one of
the island's national holidays. Eid itself is
celebrated across the island, with the
preparation of a feast, which typically
includes the "biryani". Men accomplish
their Eid prayer at the local mosques or at
the Eid Gah. Cultural shows are usually
performed in the days that follow Eid.

In the Gregorian calendar

Although the date of Eid al-Fitr is always
the same in the Islamic calendar, the date
in the Gregorian calendar falls
approximately 11 days earlier each
successive year, since the Islamic
calendar is lunar and the Gregorian
calendar is solar. Hence if the Eid falls in
the first ten days of a Gregorian calendar
year, there will be a second Eid in the last
ten days of the same Gregorian calendar
year, as happened in 2000 CE. The
Gregorian date may vary between
countries depending on the local
sightability of the new moon. Some
expatriate Muslim communities follow the
dates as determined for their home
country, while others follow the local dates
of their country of residence.

The following table shows predicted dates

and announced dates based on new moon
sightings for Saudi Arabia.[1][68]
Recent dates of Eid al-Fitr in Saudi Arabia
High Judiciary Council of
Islamic year Umm al-Qura predicted
Saudi Arabia announced

1438 25 June 2017 25 June 2017

1439 15 June 2018 15 June 2018[69]

1440 4 June 2019 4 June 2019[70]

1441 24 May 2020

1442 13 May 2021

See also
Quds Day

Notes
1. "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi
Arabia" . Retrieved 7 March 2017.
2. "Gregorian vs Hijri Calendar" .
islamicfinder.org. Retrieved 4 June
2019.
3. Gent, R.H. van. "The Umm al-Qura
Calendar of Saudi Arabia –
adjustment" .
4. Elias, Jamal J. (1999). Islam.
Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 0415211654.
5. "Eid al-Fitr and the six supplementary
fasts of Shawwal" . Inter-islam.org.
Retrieved 11 August 2013.
6. Namaz (prayer) Eid Fitr yjc.ir
Retrieved 4 June 2018
7. Quran 2:185
8. Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad. Mizan: A
Comprehensive Introduction to Islam.
Lahore: Al-Mawrid.
 9. Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Musnad, vol. 4,
141–142, (no. 13210).
10. Heiligman, Deborah. Celebrate
Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr with Praying,
Fasting, and Charity . National
Geographic Children's Books.
ISBN 978-0792259268.
11. "Articles and FAQs about Islam,
Muslims" . Islamicfinder.org. Retrieved
11 August 2013.
12. Mufti Taqi Usmani. "Shawwal: On Eid
Night, Eid Day, and During the Month" .
Albalagh.net. Retrieved 11 August
2013.
13. Gaffney, Patrick D. "Khutba."
Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim
World. p. 394.
14. "Procedure for the Eid-ul-Fitr Prayer" .
Islamic Research Foundation
International.
15. Wiegers, Gerard. "Ritual". Encyclopedia
of Islam and the Muslim world, p. 600
16. "Riyadh welcomes Eid Al-Fitr with
fireworks display" . Arab News. 18
August 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
17. "Wednesday announced as Eid al-Fitr
in Iran" . Mehr News Agency. Retrieved
6 July 2016.
18. "Iranians Celebrate Eid al-Fitr" . Tasnim
News Agency. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
19. "World Muslims mark Eid al-Fitr" .
Press TV. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
20. "Tehran Eid al-Fitr prayers to be led by
Supreme Leader" . IRNA. Archived
from the original on 5 July 2016.
Retrieved 6 July 2016.
21. Mamouri, Ali. "Eid al-Fitr: religious
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22. "Kutlu" . TDK Sözlük. Archived from
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23. "Egypt's Eid: Celebration for the Young
and Old" . Tour Egypt.
24. "Cairo street crowds target women" .
BBC News. 1 November 2006.
Archived from the original on 5
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2013.
25. "The Widespread Plague of Sexual
Harassment in Egypt" . Al Akhbar
English. 20 September 2012. Archived
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Retrieved 11 August 2013.
26. Ali, Mohammed (21 October 2008).
"Taking on Sexual Harassment, a
Social Phenomenon in Egypt" . Al
 Jadid Magazine. Archived from the
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27. "Sexual Harassment Takes Center
Stage Again in Egypt" . Ikhwanweb.
Muslim Brotherhood. 5 July 2007.
Archived from the original on 5
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28. "Unsafe streets" . Al-Ahram Weekly
Online. 15 October 2008. Archived
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Retrieved 11 August 2013.
29. "The latest developments of the case
of sexual harassment in Cairo" . World
 Pulse. 29 October 2012. Archived from
the original on 5 August 2013.
Retrieved 11 August 2013.
30. "Sexual assaults in Egypt mar Eid
holiday" . Al Arabiya. 5 October 2008.
Archived from the original on 13
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2013.
31. "Movement plans patrols to counter
sexual harassment during Eid" . Egypt
Independent. 17 September 2012.
Archived from the original on 13
August 2013. Retrieved 13 August
2013.
32. "Egypt is starting to take sexual
harassment seriously" . The Guardian.
5 September 2012. Archived from the
original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved
13 August 2013.
33. "Several arrested as sexual
harassment surges in Cairo" . Egypt
Independent. 21 August 2012.
Archived from the original on 13
August 2013. Retrieved 13 August
2013.
34. " 'I witnessed harassment' volunteers
catch 8–10 yr olds in the act" . Ahram
Online. 9 August 2013. Archived from
 the original on 10 August 2013.
Retrieved 11 August 2013.
35. "Egypt activists try to stop holiday sex
harassment" . USA Today. 26 October
2013. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
36. "Victim of harassment killed in Tanta:
Shoft Taharosh group continues
monitoring sexual harassment during
Eid" . Daily News Egypt. 10 August
2013. Archived from the original on
13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August
2013.
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Sources
Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim
World. Edited by Martin, Richard C.
Macmillan Reference, 2004. Vol. 1.
 The Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi
Arabia (with computed and announced
dates for Eid al-Fitr)

External links
Media related to Eid al-Fitr at
Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Eid al-Fitr at
Wiktionary
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