Problem Set: Electro Magnetic Theory: VI - Sem

Unit:I Maxwell Equations

1. A wave travelling in free space, with its E field vector is given by

𝐸 = 𝒋 𝑬𝒐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 𝑉/𝑚. Find D, B and H and draw E and H at t = 0. Show that the
wave speed depends only on the properties of medium.

2. In a material for which 𝜎 = 0, 𝜀 = 10𝜀𝑜 and 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 displacement current density is

represented by 𝒊10 cos 2 × 108 𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 𝑚𝐴/𝑚2 . (a) Use the definition of displacement
current density to find D and E. (b) Using faraday law find B and H. (c) Use Ampere’s
circuital law to find out displacement current density. What must β be?

3. The electric (E) and magnetic (H) field vectors in a medium are given by
20
𝑬 = 𝒊 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋𝑦 𝑉/𝑚 , 𝑯= 𝒌 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋𝑦 𝐴/𝑚
𝜂

Use Maxwell’s equations to determine η and ω. Assuming that for the medium 𝜀 = 36𝜀𝑜 ,
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 .

4. For an electromagnetic wave propagating along z direction in free space is given by

𝑬 = 𝒋 𝑬𝒐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡
(𝝎𝒕 − 𝒌𝒛).
Find the magnetic field and verify that these electric and magnetic fields satisfy the
Maxwell’s divergence equations

5. Show that current flowing between capacitor terminals is equal to the displacement current
for an air filled parallel plate capacitor which is made of circular plates each of radius 6 cm.
The spacing between the discs is 0.1 m and a voltage of 10 cos(103 t) Volts has been applied
across the capacitor plates.

6. Assume µ = µo, show that the ratio of the amplitudes of the conduction current density and
displacement current density (a) is 𝜎 𝜔𝜀 for the applied field 𝑬 = 𝐸𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡. (b) What is the
ratio of the amplitudes if the applied field is 𝑬 = 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 , where 𝜏 is real ?

7. Find the ratio of the peak values of conduction and displacement current for an
electromagnetic wave of frequency 1015 Hz which propagates in a conductor of
conductivity 2.9 × 107 mho/m.

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8. There is a travelling wave with 𝑬 = 𝒋 10 sin(𝛽𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡). Sketch the wave at t = 0 and
t = t1, after it has advanced λ/4, if the velocity is 3 × 108 m/s and angular frequency
ω = 106 rad/s.

9. The electric field for a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave propagating in free space
is given by 𝑬 = 𝑛 𝐸𝑜 exp⁡ [𝑖(𝜔𝑡 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 8𝑧)] . Where 𝒏 = [8𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧]
represents the unit vector along E. Find (a) the wavelength and frequency of wave
(b) unit vector along the direction of propagation and (c) Check if the wave is transverse
in nature?

10. The electric field amplitude of a uniform plane wave of frequency 300 MHz is 30 V/m
and propagating in an infinite medium characterized by µ= µo, ε = εo. Determine wave
propagation constant, wavelength, phase velocity, intrinsic impedance and average power
density vector.

11 A wave of frequency 1MHz propagates in free space having electric field vector
𝑬 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝒌100 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑥 𝑉/𝑚. Find out wave propagation constant, intrinsic
impedance, time domain of field vectors and average power density vector. Also
determine the total power crossing through a area of 100 cm2 of a plane 2x+y=5.

13. A radio station radiates power of 106 watts uniformly over a hemisphere. Find the
magnitude of Poynting vector and amplitude of electric and magnetic fields at a point of
20 km from radio station.

14 On the surface of earth we receive about 1.33 kW of energy per square meter from sun.
Calculate the electric field associated with the sun light on the surface of earth.

15 The field vectors of a wave of frequency 200 MHz propagating in free space are given by
4𝜋
𝑬 = 120 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑥 𝑘 V/m
3
120 4𝜋
𝑯= 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑥 𝑗 A/m
120𝜋 3
Determine the direction of power flow and the average power crossing the surface
bounded by y = 2 m, y = 0, z = 2 m, and z = 0.

16. A uniform plane wave in free space is given by 𝑬𝒙 𝑧, 𝑡 = 500 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − 0.2𝑧 𝑉/𝑚.
Calculate the instantaneous value of the Poynting vector at t = 0, when Z = 0, and 30 m.

17 . (a) Find the charge and current distributions that would give rise to the potentials V = 0,
µ𝑜 𝛼
𝐴= (ct-|x|)2 𝑘 for |x|<ct= 0 ,
4𝑐

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 for |x|>ct where α is a constant.
𝑥 𝑤𝑏
(b) Given V= -y(x+ct) and 𝐴 = y(t+ ) 𝑥 , find 𝐸 and 𝐵.
𝑐 𝑚

18. Show that Lorentz force formula in term of electromagnetic potentials is

𝑑𝐴
F = q −𝛻 ф − 𝑣. 𝐴 − , where A and ф are electromagnetic potentials, v is the
𝑑𝑡
velocity of charged particle and q is charge on the particle.

UNIT-II: E.M. Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media

1. The electric field intensity E associated with a plane electromagnetic wave travelling in a
medium characterized by µr = 1, εr = 4, σ = 0 is
𝑬𝒙 𝑧, 𝑡 = 100 𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 × 106 – 𝛽𝑧) V/m.
Compute (a) wave propagation constant, (b) wavelength, (c) phase velocity (d) intrinsic
impedance, (d) Also write the time-domain expression for the field vectors of forward
travelling wave.

2. Find the electric and magnetic field intensities for a 100-V/m plane wave of frequency
150 MHz travelling in the positive z direction in a medium having 𝜖𝑟 = 9, 𝜇𝑟 = 1
and, σ = 0.

3. A 100 MHz plane e.m wave travelling in +z direction in an unbounded lossless dielectric
medium with εr = 4 and µr = 2 has a time-averaged Poynting vector of 5 Wm-2. Find the (a)
phase velocity, (b) intrinsic impedance of the medium (c) root mean square amplitude of
electric field E, and magnetic field H respectively.

4. Suppose that the magnetic field of a plane wave travelling in a non-magnetic medium
(µr=1) is given by

𝑯 𝑥, 𝑡 = 3.0 cos(6𝜋 × 108 𝑡 − 12.2𝑥)𝑘 A/m.

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 Write (i) time domain expression of electric field and find out (ii) time averaged power
density.

5. Consider a medium for which

𝑬 (z, t) = 10 𝑒 −2𝑧 cos (108 t – 0.3z) 𝑖 and 𝑯 (z, t) = 𝐻𝑜 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos (ωt – βz +δ)𝑎.
Given that ζ = 4 S𝑚−1 , µ = 1.5 µ𝑜 , ε = 𝜀𝑜
(i) What is the magnitude 𝐻𝑜 of the magnetic field ?
(ii) Find the phase difference (δ) between 𝑬 and 𝑯 vectors.
(iii) After travelling a distance of 1m, how will the amplitude of 𝐻 reduce?
(iv) What is the direction of propagation of wave and 𝑎 ?

6. Consider a 30 V/m forward travelling wave along +z direction of frequency 300 MHz , while
its electric field is along x-direction, propagates in an infinite medium characterized by
µr = 1, εr = 9, σ = 5.×103 S/m. Find the attenuation and phase constants, velocity and wave
length with in the good conductor. Determine the phase shift between electric and magnetic
field and write the complete time-domain expression for them.

7. For a wave of 5 MHz passing through a certain medium intrinsic impedance and skin depth
was found to be 28 ∠45𝑜 Ω , 2m respectively. Determine the following
i) The conductivity of the material.
ii) The wavelength in the medium.
iii) The phase velocity.

8. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 4.5 GHz propagates in a medium. The electric
field associated with the wave in the medium is 𝑬 = 10𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos(2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧)𝑎𝑥 V/m. If the
medium is characterized by μr= 1, εr = 9, and σ = 6 S/m calculate the following:
(a) attenuation constant , (b) propagation constant (c) intrinsic impedance (d) phase
velocity, (e) skin depth (f) wavelength of the wave and (g) average power density in the
medium at z = 2 cm.

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 9. A material has σ = 5.0×10-2Ω-1/m, µ=µo and εr= 8.0. If a plane wave of frequency 109 Hz with
amplitude Exo =500V/m is propagating along positive z direction. Find (a) Ex at (x = 0 cm,y =
0 cm, z = 3cm. t =0.16ns) (b) Hy at (x = 0 cm,y = 0 cm, z = 3cm. t = 0.16ns).

10. A plane electromagnetic wave is incident normally on the surface of seawater of

characteristics µr = 1, εr = 85, σ = 6 S/m and the amplitude of its electric field is 5 V/m just
inside water. The receiver of a submarine requires a field intensity of 20 µ V/m at 40 kHz.
What should be the depth of the submarine to receive the signal?

11. A uniform plane wave of frequency 1 GHz and its electric field along x-direction propagates
along +z direction in a medium characterized by µr = 1, εr = 5.5 and a loss tangent 10-2.
Calculate the distance over which the amplitude of the wave will be reduced to one-third.

12. A plane wave having frequency 10 GHz is incident normally on air-soil (wet) boundary. The
amplitude of the electric field at the surface of the soil is 20 V/m. Given 𝜇𝑟 = 1, 𝜖𝑟 = 15
and 𝜎 = 15 × 10−4 S/m of the wet soil, determine the depth at which the amplitude will be
reduced to 5 mV/m.

13. Distance between two stations is 2000 km. If one station needs to communicate with the
second station using the ionosphere as a reflector, find the maximum frequency one may use
given the height and plasma frequency of ionosphere at the point of reflection are 300 km and
20 MHz respectively.

14. Given the formula

2 𝜔 𝑝2
𝑛 =1− , where, 𝜔𝑝 = 𝑁𝑞 2 /𝑚 ∈0
𝜔2
determine the wavelength at which a certain ionized medium will become transparent if the
number of free electrons per unit volume in the medium is 5.632 × 1028 m-3.

15. Assuming the plasma frequency of a medium is 3 MHz and a wave of 5 MHz frequency
launched in the medium, calculate the phase and the group velocities of the wave in the
medium.

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 16. Given that the F-layer of the ionosphere has electron density 1011/m3, what is the maximum
frequency which is reflected from the layer if (i) launched vertically, (ii) launched at an angle
of 70° from the horizon?

Unit: III-EM Wave Propagation in Bounded Media

1. The half space Z >0 ia occupied by air with µo= π×10-7H/m and εo=9×10-12F/m . The other
half space Z<0 is occupied by aferfect dielectric whose parameters are given by µ2 = µo and
ε2 = 3εo. A plane electomagnetic wave eith electric field vector E normal to the plane of
incidence in incident normally on the interface from the half space Z>0. If the angle of
incidence is 60o , find (a) angle of refraction ɵt , and (b) the reflection and transmission
coefficients.

2. A electromagnetic wave polarised linearly in the plane of incidence is incident at 40o on air
glass interface . The refractive index of glass plate is 1.5. Find the ratio of (a) amplitude of
reflected and incident wave and, (b) amplitude of transmitted and incident wave.

3. A perpendicularly polarized light propagates from region 1, having parameters εr1= 8.5, μr1 =
1 and σ1 = 0 to region 2, (free space) with an angle of incidence of 20o. Given 𝐸𝑜𝑖 = 1.0 ×
10−6 𝑉/𝑚, find 𝐸𝑜𝑟 , 𝐸𝑜𝑡 ,𝐻𝑜𝑖 𝐻𝑜𝑟 and 𝐻𝑜𝑡 . All symbols have their usual meaning.

4. For a y polarised e.m. wave incident normally at the interface of two media
characteristics by intrinsic impedances η1 and η2. The electric field associated with incident
(Ei), reflected (Er) and transmitted (Et) are given by
𝐸𝑖 = 𝑗𝐸𝑖𝑜 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑡 −𝑘 1 𝑥
, 𝐸𝑟 = 𝑗𝐸𝑟𝑜 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑡 +𝑘 1 𝑥 ,
𝐸𝑡 = 𝑗𝐸𝑡𝑜 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑡 −𝑘 2 𝑥
.
(a) Obtain the corresponding magnetic field. (b) Show that the ratio of amplitude of (i)
incident and reflected (ii) incident and transmitted waves are given by
𝐸𝑜𝑟 𝜂 2 −𝜂 1 𝐸𝑜𝑡 2𝜂 2
𝑟= = ,𝑡 = =
𝐸𝑜𝑖 𝜂 2 +𝜂 1 𝐸𝑜𝑖 𝜂 2 +𝜂 1

5. A wave of amplitude 200 V/m and frequency 6 GHz, is incident normally from a material
with 𝜇𝑟1 = 1, 𝜖𝑟1 = 4 and 𝜎 = 0 to another perfect dielectric in region 2, z > 0 where
𝜇𝑟2 = 1, 𝜖𝑟2 = 9. Calculate the phase constants, wavelengths, coefficients of reflection
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6. Write complete time –domain expressions for incident, reflected, and transmitted electric and
magnetic fields for a plane wave whose electric field vector is given by
𝑬𝒊 = 𝒊 300cos⁡
(𝜔𝑡 − 3𝜋𝑧) ax passes normally from a material having 𝜇𝑟1 = 1, 𝜖𝑟1 = 4 and
𝜎 = 0 to a material 𝜇𝑟2 = 4, 𝜖𝑟2 = 9 and and 𝜎 = 0.

7. A 20 MHz uniform plane wave in vacuum is incident normally on a copper sheet

(σ = 2.9×107 Ω-1/m). Most of the power is reflected, but a little propagates into copper sheet.
How far from the surface will the wave penetrated into the copper before 99 % of its power is
dissipated?

8. Determine the amplitude of the reflected and transmitted electric field and magnetic field
vectors 𝐸 and 𝐻 at the interface between region 1 and region 2. If 𝐸𝑜𝑖 = 3.0 × 10−3 V/m in
region 1, in which εr1= 8.5, μr1 = 1 and σ1 = 0. Assume normal incidence case and region 2 as
free space.

9. An electromagnetic wave whose electric field is polarized parallel to plane of incidence, is

incident from free space to non-magnetic, non-conducting medium having ε = 3ε0. Here the
wave is not reflected back from the interface. Determine the angle of transmission.

10. Determine μr2, if amplitide of electric field vector of incident wave ( 𝐸𝑜𝑖 ) in free space
(region 1) at the interface with region 2 is 14.0 V/m. If amplitide of magnetic field vector of
reflected wave ( 𝐻𝑜𝑟 ) = −1.41 × 10−3 A/m, εr2= 18.5 and σ2 = 0,. All symbols have their
usual meaning.

11. A uniform plane wave is incident on planar boundary separating regions 1 and 2,
if σ1=σ2 = 0 and µ1=µ2 = 1. Find the ratio of ε2/ε1, if 20 % of energy in the incident wave is
(a) reflected and (b) transmitted into region. ( assume normal incidence)

12. A 2 GHz uniform plane wave travelling along z direction is incident from dielectric medium
1, Z < 0, onto other dielectric medium 2, Z > 0. Here boundary between two perfect

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 nonmagnetic dielectrics is located at z = 0. The wavelengths in the dielectrics are λ1 = 8 cm
and λ2 = 6 cm. What percentage of the incident energy on the boundary is (a) reflected and
(b)transmitted?

13. A uniform plane wave with E ox =10V/m, and frequency =100 MHz propagating through free
space, along + z direction is incident normally on a glass interface having μr,=1, εr = 9 and σ ≈
0. Determine (a) the time domain of incident reflected and transmitted fields (b) the average
power transmitted through 1× 5-m2 surface of glass.

14. For a water - air interface (n1=1.33, n2=1.0) calculate the critical angle. Assuming
λ=6×10-7m, and angle of incidence equal to 45o. Calculate the distance (in rarer medium) in
which the field reduces by a factor of 3.

15. A light source is placed at a depth of d = 2.5m in a liquid tank and used to illuminate the
surface of the tank. Determine the area of brightness, as viewed from above the surface. The
relative permittivity of liquid at optical frequency is εr =2.0.

16. A light of 632.8 nm is focused on a gold sample of damping constant (k) of 3.068. Calculate
the penetration depth and absorbance of the sample.

17. A silver sample has complex refractive index and damping constant equal to 0.135 and 3.985,
respectively, when a light of 632.8 nm is focused on the sample. Calculate the reflectance (R)
for this sample and calculate the conductivity of silver.

Unit: IV- Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves

1 A crystal is placed in between parallel polarizer and analyzer. The principal section of the
crystal makes an angle of 35o with thewith plane of transmission of the polarizer and analyzer.
Find the ration of the intensities of the E and O waves (i) as the leave the crystal and (ii) after
they leave the analyzer.

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2 A beam of linearly polarized light of wavelength 6 × 10−6 𝑐𝑚, is changed into circularly
polarized light by passing it through crystal of thickness 0.001 cm. Calculate the difference in
the refractive indices of the O and E rays in the crystal assuming this to be the minimum
thickness that will produce the above effect.

3 For a particular wavelength of light, 1mm of quartz cut perpendicular to the optic axis rotates
the plane of polarization by 30o. Find for what thickness will no light of this wavelength be
transmitted when quartz piece is placed in between a pair of parallel Nicols.

4 Distinguish between a left-handed and a right-handed elliptically polarized light. Suggest a

method for converting left-handed into right-handed elliptically polarized light

5. A plane polarized light (λ= 5890A) is incident on a plate of a doubly refracting uniaxial
crystal cut with faces parallel to optic axis. The values of µo and µe for the crystal are 1.6583
and 1.5463 respectively. What type of crystal is this? Calculate the least thickness of the plate
for which the ordinary extraordinary rays , on emergence from the plate, recombine to form
a plane polarize light

6. A plate of 0.10 mm thickness is used as a retardation plate. For what wave length in the
visible region (400nm -800nm) will it act as (i) quarter wave plate and (ii) half wave plate.
For calcite 𝜇𝑜 = 1.5443 and 𝜇𝑒 = 1.5533 .

7. . Determine the state of polarization when the x and y components of electric field are given
1
by the following equations: (a) 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑜 cos⁡
(𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧) , 𝐸𝑦 = Eo cos⁡
(𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧 + 𝜋) (b)
2

𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑜 sin⁡
(𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧) , 𝐸𝑦 = Eo cos⁡
(𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧) (c) 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑜 sin(𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡), 𝐸𝑦 =
𝜋 1
−Eo sin⁡
(𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡) (d) 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑜 sin(𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡 + )𝐸𝑦 = Eo sin⁡
(𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡). Plot the rotation
4 2

of the tip of electric field vector on the plane Z= 0.

8. A left circularly polarized light (λ=5890 Å ) is incident normally on a doubly refracting crystal
with its optic axis cut parallel to the surface. The thickness of the crystal is 0.005141 mm.

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 Values of 𝑛𝑜 and 𝑛𝑒 are 1.66889 and 1.49694 respectively. What will be the state of
polarization of the emergent wave?

9. We have a calcite quarter -wave plate corresponding to λ=4069 Å .For this plate values of 𝑛𝑜 ,
𝑛𝑒 are 1.78138 and 1.59698 respectively and corresponding to λ=7065 Å the values are
1.75209 and 1.58861 respectively. A left-circularly polarized beam of λ=7065 Å is incident
on this quarter wave plate. Obtain the state of polarization of the emergent wave

10. How may a Nicol prism and quarter wave plate be used to distinguish between right-handed
and left-handed circularly polarized light? In Nicol prism O-ray is reflected and E-ray is
transmitted by Canada balsm layer. If an unpolarised sodium light is incident at Nicol prism
(angle of incidence= 37o), show that O-ray will also be transmitted. [Given: µo=1.65836,
µE=1.48641, and refractive index of Canada balsam layer = 1.55].

11. A half wave plate (HWP) is introduced between two crossed Polaroids P1 and P2. The optics
axis makes an angle of 15° with the pass axis of P1 as shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b). If the
unpolarized beam of intensity Io is normally incident on P1 and ifI1, I2 and I3 are the

intensities after P1, after HWP, and after P2, respectively, then calculate I1,/I0, I2,/I0 andI3,/I0.

Q.13 What will be the Brewester angle for a glass slab (n=1.5) immersed in a liquid
(n= 1.2).
Q14 . Consider the two crossed polaroid placed in a path of an unpolarised beam of intensity I o . If a
third polaroid is placed in between the two. (Assume pass axis of third polaroid to be at 45 o to

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 the pass axis of either of the polaroids). Calculate the intensity of the transmitted beam.
Assume all polaroids are perfect.

Unit-V: Rotatory polarization

1. A tube of 20 cm long, containing sugar solution at room temperature is placed between

crossed nicols and illuminated by light of wavelength 5890 Å If the specific rotation of sugar
solution at room temperature is 66o and optical rotation produced is 12o, what is the
percentage of sugar in solution? Also calculate the specific rotation at 40o C.

2. A solution of camphor in alcohol in a tube of 25 cm in length containing 50 cm3 of solution ,is

found to rotate the plane of vibration of light 10o . What is the mass of camphor in unit
volume of solution? The specific rotation of camphor is 66o per decimeter for unit
concentration. Calculate the quantity of camphor in the tube contains solution.

3. A length of 15 cm of 5% solution causes an optical rotation of 20o. How much length of a

10% solution of the same substance will cause a rotation of 35o.

4. A 20 cm length of a solution produces right handed rotation of 38o and 30 cm length of another
solution causes left-handed rotation of 24o. What optical rotation will be caused by 30 cm
length of mixture of the above solutions in volumes 1:3 . The solutions are not chemically
active.

5. A 20 cm column of cane sugar solution of concentration of 100gm/litre produces rotation of

10.60. Find the purity of cane sugar. Given : Specific rotation of pure sugar is 66 dm-1 g-1
cm-3.

6. The refractive index for quartz for right handed and left handed circularly polarized light of
wavelength 7000 Å the values are 1.65207 and 1.65201 respectively. Calculate the rotation of
plane of polarization of light in degrees produced by a plate of thickness 0.9mm.

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7. (a) The refractive indices for quartz ( wave length 396.8nm), for left-and right-circularly polarize
light, are nL=1.55821 and nR=1.55810, respectively? What is the specific rotation of quartz for
this wave length?
(b) What thickness of quartz is required to give an optical rotation of 10o for light of 396.8 nm ?

Unit-VI: Wave guide, Optical Fibre

1. Determine (a) the length and (b) transit time for the longest and shortest trajectories in a step-
index fiber of length 1km having a core index of 1.46 and a cladding index of 1.45
.
2. For an optical fibre core having diameter of 100µm and refractive index 156. Find the axial
distance travelled by the ray incident at 60o between two successive internal reflections.

3. An optical fiber core diameter and refractive index are 50µm, 1.6 respectively. Calculate the
number of total internal reflections that a ray incident at 60o will suffer in moving through
1m of fiber.

4. A light ray enters a glass fiber from air. The refractive index of air ia1. The refractive indices
of core and cladding are 1.5 and 1.47 respectively. Calculate the value of (a) critical angle, (b)
fractional refractive index, (c) numerical aperture and (iv) the acceptance angle.

5. Calculate the refractive of core and cladding of an optical fiber whose numerical aperture is
0.22 and the fractional refractive index is 0.012.

6. An optical fiber has a core of refractive index1.55 and is surrounded by a cladding material
having refractive index1.53. Show that all the rays making an angle less than 14o with the
fiber axis will be guided through the fiber.

7. A dielectric waveguide of 15 µm film thickness has a refractive index 1.53 and cover of
refractive index 1.50. Calculate the maximum number of modes in the guide, given free space
wavelength 𝜆𝑜 = 2 𝜇𝑚.

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8. Consider a symmetric step index wave guide with refractive index n1 = 1.54 , n2 = 1.46,
d = 4µm operating at λo=0.6328µm. Calculate the maximum number of TE and TM modes.

9. A symmetrical dielectric waveguide is to guide light at wave length 𝜆𝑜 = 1.3 𝜇𝑚. the slab
is of 2.5 𝜇𝑚 thickness, and refractive index of the surrounding material 1.450. Calculate the
maximum allowed refractive index of the slab material that will allow single TE and TM
mode operation.

10. For an optical fiber with refractive index of core equal to 1.47 and refractive index of cladding
1.46, calculate the pulse dispersion per km.

o  4 107 Henry / m   o  120 ,  377

 o  8.85. 1012 Farad / m c  3  108 m / sec

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