ANOVA

 The times required by three workers to perform an assembly-line task were recorded on five
randomly selected occasions. Here are the times, to the nearest minute. Using the
hypothetical data provided below, test whether the mean of time required by the three
worker is equal for each occasion. Use α = 5%
Hank Joseph Susan
8 8 10
10 9 9
9 9 10
11 8 11
10 10 9
Total 48 44 49
Mean 9.6 8.8 9.8
Solution:

1. State the Hypothesis

Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3

2. Determine the level of significance

α = .05
3. Determine the degrees of freedom and the critical value of F
Dfb= k-1 = 3-1 = 2
Dfw= N-k =15-3 = 12
DfT = N-1 =15-1 = 14
Fcritical = 3.89

4. Compute for the F-test.

Mean 1= 9.6
Mean 2 = 8.8
Mean 3 = 9.8
Grand Mean = 9.4

Compute for the SSB, SSW SST

SSB = 2.8
SSW = 10.8
SST = 13.6

MSB = 1.4
MSW = 0.9
Fcomputed = 1.56

Anova Table
Source of Df SS MS F
Variation
Between 2 2.8 1.4 1.56
Error 12 10.8 0.9
Total 14 13.6

5. Decision Rule:
Since the computed F-value of 1.56 is lesser than critical F-values at .05 level of
significance, accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis.
6. Since the null hypothesis is accepted, we conclude that there is enough evidence that
the three parties are not equal.

 Suppose the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) wants to examine the safety of
compact cars, midsize cars, and full-size cars. It collects a sample of three for each of the
treatments (cars types). Using the hypothetical data provided below, test whether the mean
pressure applied to the driver’s head during a crash test is equal for each types of car. Use
α = 5%.
Compact cars Midsize cars Full-size cars
643 469 484
655 427 456
702 525 402
Total 2000 1421 1342
Mean 666.67 473.67 447.33

Solution:

1. State the Hypothesis

Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3

2. Determine the level of significance

α = .05
3. Determine the degrees of freedom and the critical value of F
Dfb= k-1 = 3-1 = 2
Dfw= N-k = 9-3 = 6
DfT = N-1 =9-1 = 8
Fcritical = 5.14

4. Compute for the F-test.

Mean 1= 666.67
Mean 2 = 473.67
Mean 3 = 447.33
Grand Mean = 529.56
 Compute for the SSB, SSW SST
SSB = 86049.56
SSW = 10254
SST = 96303.56

MSB = 43024.78
MSW = 1709
Fcomputed = 25.18

Anova Table

Source of Df SS MS F
Variation
Between 2 86049.56 43024.78 25.18
Error 6 10254 1709
Total 8 96303.56

5. Decision Rule:
Since the computed F-value of 25.18 is greater than critical F-values at .05 level of
significance, reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.
6. Since the null hypothesis is rejected, we conclude that there is enough evidence that the
three cars are equal.
 Four brands of flashlight batteries are to be compared by testing each brand in five
flashlights. Twenty flashlights are randomly selected and divided randomly into four groups
of five flashlights each. Then each group of flashlights uses a different brand of battery. The
lifetimes of the batteries, to the nearest hour, are as follows.
Brand A Brand B Brand C Brand D
42 28 24 20
30 36 36 32
39 31 28 28
28 32 28 28
29 27 33 25
Total 168 154 149 133
Mean 21 19.25 18.63 16.63
Solution:

1. State the Hypothesis

Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = µ4
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3 ≠ µ4

2. Determine the level of significance

α = .05
3. Determine the degrees of freedom and the critical value of F
Dfb= k-1 = 4-1 = 3
Dfw= N-k = 20-4 = 16
 DfT = N-1 =20-1 = 19
Fcritical 3.24

4. Compute for the F-test.

Mean 1= 168
Mean 2 = 154
Mean 3 = 149
Mean 4 =133
Grand Mean = 151

Compute for the SSB, SSW SST

SSB = 125.2
SSW = 384
SST = 509.2

MSB = 41.73
MSW = 24
Fcomputed = 1.74

Anova Table

Source of Df SS MS F
Variation
Between 2 86049.56 43024.78 25.18
Error 6 10254 1709
Total 8 96303.56

5. Decision Rule:
Since the computed F-value of 1.74 is lesser than critical F-values at .05 level of
significance, reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.
6. Since the null hypothesis is rejected, we conclude that there is enough evidence that the
three brands are not equal.

 Many businesses have music piped into the work areas to improve the environment. At a
company an experiment is performed to compare different types of music. Three types of
music – country, rock, and classical – are tried, each on four randomly selected days. Each
day the productivity, measured by the number of items produced, is recorded. The results
appear below. Can we conclude from this information that the mean number of items
produced is equal to the type of music? Use a = .05.

Country Rock Classical

857 791 824
801 753 847
795 781 881
Total 2453 2325 2552
Mean 817.6667 775 850.6667

Solution:

1. State the Hypothesis

Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3
H1: Not all of the means are equal

2. Determine the level of significance

α = .05
3. Determine the degrees of freedom and the critical value of F
Dfb= k-1 = 3-1 = 2
Dfw= N-k = 9-3= 6
DfT = N-1 =9-1 = 8
Fcritical 5.14

4. Compute for the F-test.

Mean 1= 816.67
Mean 2 = 775
Mean 3 = 850.67
Grand Mean = 814.44

Compute for the SSB, SSW SST

SSB = 8634.889
SSW = 4759.333
SST = 13394.22

MSB = 4317.44
MSW = 793.22
Fcomputed = 5.44

Anova Table

Source of Df SS MS F
Variation
Between 2 8634.889 4317.44 5.44
Error 6 4759.333 793.22
Total 8 13394.22

5. Decision Rule:
Since the computed F-value of 5.44 is greater than critical F-values at .05 level of
significance, reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.
 6. Since the null hypothesis is rejected, we conclude that there is enough evidence that the
genres are equal.

 Calculate the ANOVA coefficient

Types of Animals Number of animals Average Domestic animals Standard Deviation

Dogs 5 12 2

Cats 5 16 1

Hamsters 5 20 4

Animal name n x S S2

Dogs 5 12 2 4

Cats 5 16 1 1

Hamster 5 20 4 16
p=3
n=5
N = 15
x̄ = 16
SST = ∑n (x−x̄)2
SST= 5(12−16)2+5(16−16)2+11(20−16)2
= 160

MST = SSTp−1
MST = 1603−1
MST = 80

SSE = ∑ (n−1)S2
SSE = 4×4 + 4×1 + 4×16
SSE = 84
MSE= SSEN−p
MSE=841538415−3
MSE = 7
F = MSTMSE
F = 807
F = 11.429
https://byjus.com/anova-formula/

 Manufacturers of golf balls always seem to be claiming that their ball goes the farthest. A
writer for a sports magazine decided to conduct an impartial test. She randomly selected 20
golf professionals and then randomly assigned four golfers to each of five brands. Each
golfer drove the assigned brand of ball. The driving distances, in yards, are displayed in the
following table.
Brand 1 Brand 2 Brand 3 Brand 4 Brand 5
123 321 134 555 122
345 543 342 554 455
567 765 633 333 768
Total 1035 1629 1109 1442 1345
Mean 345 543 369.6667 480.6667 448.3333
Solution:
1. State the Hypothesis
H0 : µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = µ4 = µ5 The mean driving distances are equal.
Ha : Not all of the means are equal.
2. Determine the level of significance
α = .05
3. Determine the degrees of freedom and the critical value of F
Dfb= k-1 = 5-1 = 4
Dfw= N-k = 15-5 = 10
DfT = N-1 = 15-1 = 14
Fcritical = 3.48

4. Compute for the F-test.

Mean 1 = 345
Mean 2 = 543
Mean 3 = 369.67
Mean 4 = 480.67
Grand Mean = 437.33

Compute for the SSB, SSW SST

SSB = 78805.33
SSW = 564218
SST = 643023.3

MSB = 19701.33
MSW = 56421.8
Fcomputed = 0.35

Anova Table

Source of Df SS MS F
Variation
Between 4 78805.33 19701.33 0.35
Error 10 564218 56421.8
Total 14 643023.3

5. Decision Rule:
Since the critical F-value of 3.48 is greater than the computed F-values at .05 level of
significance, accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis.
6. Since the null hypothesis is accepted, we conclude that there is enough evidence that
the five brands are not equal.

 Performing these calculations for the grab delivery example yields the following. Determine
the computed Fvalue. Compare the Fvalue with the critical table Fvalue and decide whether to
reject the null hypothesis using the α = .05.

NUMBER OF GRAB DELIVERY

No. 1 MANILA 2 ALABANG 3MAKATI 4TAGUIG
1 12 2 8 3
2 11 14 3 6
3 4 5 6 3
4 2 22 32 3
5 6 9 2
6 8
Total 29 49 66 17
Mean 7.25 9.8 11 3.4

Solution:
1. State the Hypothesis
Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = µ4
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3 ≠ µ4

2. Determine the level of significance

α = .05
3. Determine the degrees of freedom and the critical value of F
Dfb= k-1 = 4-1 = 3
Dfw= N-k = 20-4 = 16
DfT = N-1 = 20-1 = 19
Fcritical = 3.24

4. Compute for the F-test.

Mean 1 = 7.25
Mean 2 = 9.8
Mean 3 = 11
Mean 4 = 3.4
 Grand Mean = 7.86

Compute for the SSB, SSW SST

SSB = 178.2
SSW = 900.75
SST = 1078.95

MSB = 59.4
MSW = 56.30
Fcomputed = 1.06

Anova Table

Source of Df SS MS F
Variation
Between 3 42.35 14.12 5.12
Error 16 44.20 2.76
Total 19 86.55

5. Decision Rule:
Since the computed F-value of 1.06 is lesser than critical F-values at .05 level of
significance, accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis.
6. Since the null hypothesis is accepted, we conclude that there is enough evidence that
the 4 deliveries are not equal.

 Calcium is an essential mineral that regulates the heart, is important for blood clotting and
for building healthy bones. The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends a daily
calcium intake of 1000-1200 mg/day for adult men and women. While calcium is contained
in some foods, most adults do not get enough calcium in their diets and take supplements.
Unfortunately some of the supplements have side effects such as gastric distress, making
them difficult for some patients to take on a regular basis.

A study is designed to test whether there is a difference in mean daily calcium intake in
adults with normal bone density, adults with osteopenia (a low bone density which may lead
to osteoporosis) and adults with osteoporosis. Adults 60 years of age with normal bone
density, osteopenia and osteoporosis are selected at random from hospital records and
invited to participate in the study. Each participant's daily calcium intake is measured based
on reported food intake and supplements. The data are shown below.

Normal Bone Density Osteopenia Osteoporosis

1200 1000 890

1000 1100 650

980 700 1100

 900 800 900

750 500 400

800 700 350

5630 4800 4290

938.3333 800 715

Solution:
1. State the Hypothesis
Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3
H1: Not all means are equal
2. Determine the level of significance
α = .05
3. Determine the degrees of freedom and the critical value of F
Dfb= k-1 = 3-1 = 2
Dfw= N-k = 18-3 = 15
DfT = N-1 = 18-1 = 17
Fcritical = 3.62

4. Compute for the F-test.

Mean 1 = 938.33
Mean 2 = 800
Mean 3 = 715
Grand Mean = 817.78

Compute for the SSB, SSW SST

SSB = 152477.8
SSW = 819833.3
SST = 927311.1

MSB = 76238.89
MSW = 54655.56
Fcomputed = 1.39

Anova Table

Source of Df SS MS F
Variation
Between 2 152477.8 76238.89 1.39
Error 15 819833.3 54655.56
Total 17 927311.1

5. Decision Rule:
Since the computed F-value of 1.39 is lesser than critical F-values at .05 level of
significance, accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis.
6. Since the null hypothesis is accepted, we conclude that there is enough evidence that
the densities are not equal.
http://www.people.vcu.edu/~wsstreet/courses/314_20033/Examples.ANOVA.pdf
 A research study was conducted to examine the clinical efficacy of a new antidepressant.
Depressed patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a placebo group, a
group that received a low dose of the drug, and a group that received a moderate dose of
the drug. After four weeks of treatment, the patients completed the Beck Depression
Inventory. The higher the score, the more depressed the patient. The data are presented
below. Compute the appropriate test.

Placebo Low Dose Moderate Dose

38 22 14
47 19 26
39 8 11
25 23 18
42 31 5

Source SS df MS
Between 1484.9333333 2 742.4666666
Within 790.8 12 65.9
Total 2275.733333 14 Total

1. What is your computed answer? F = 11.26 (2,12) p < .01

2. What would be the null hypothesis in this study? There will be no difference in
depression levels between the three groups. The groups taking the drug will not be
different than the groups taking the placebo.
3. What would be the alternate hypothesis? There will be a difference somewhere in
depression levels between the three levels of drug groups.
4. What probability level did you choose and why? p = .01. There is a risk involved with a
Type I error. I do not want to erroneously say the drug works and then later find out that
it doesn't.
 5. What is your Fcrit? Fcrit = 6.93
6. Is there a significant difference between the groups? Yes - a significant difference exists
somewhere between the three groups.
7. If there is a significant difference, where specifically are the differences? There is a
significant difference between the placebo group and the low dose group (Fcomp = 11.75
and qobs= 4.84, p < .05). There is a significant difference between the placebo group and
the moderate dose group (Fcomp = 20.77 and qobs= 6.44, p < .01). There is no significant
difference between the low dose and the moderate dose groups (Fcomp = 1.27 and qobs=
1.59, n.s.).

 A researcher is concerned about the level of knowledge possessed by university students

regarding United States history. Students completed a high school senior level standardized
U.S. history exam. Major for students was also recorded. Data in terms of percent correct is
recorded below for 32 students. Compute the appropriate test for the data provided below.

Education Business/Management Behavioral/Social Science Fine Arts

62 72 42 80
81 49 52 57
75 63 31 87
58 68 80 64
67 39 22 28
48 79 71 29
26 40 68 62
36 15 76 45

Solution:

Source SS df MS
Between 63.25 3 21.0833333333
Within 12298.25 28 439.2232143
Total 12361.5 31 Total

1. What is your computed answer? F = .04 (3,28), not significant

2. What would be the null hypothesis in this study? There will be no difference in history
test scores between students with different academic major.
3. What would be the alternate hypothesis? There will be a difference somewhere in history
scores between the four groups with different academic major.
4. What probability level did you choose and why? p = .05 There is little risk involved if
either a Type I or a Type II major is made.
5. What were your degrees of freedom? 3, 28
6. Is there a significant difference between the four testing conditions? No significant
differences were found between the four groups in terms of performance on a U.S.
history exam.

 Neuroscience researchers examined the impact of environment on rat development. Rats

were randomly assigned to be raised in one of the four following test conditions:
Impoverished (wire mesh cage - housed alone), standard (cage with other rats), enriched
(cage with other rats and toys), super enriched (cage with rats and toys changes on a
periodic basis). After two months, the rats were tested on a variety of learning measures
(including the number of trials to learn a maze to a three perfect trial criteria), and several
neurological measure (overall cortical weight, degree of dendritic branching, etc.). The data
for the maze task is below. Compute the appropriate test for the data provided below.

Impoverished Standard Enriched Super Enriched

22 17 12 8
19 21 14 7
15 15 11 10
24 12 9 9
18 19 15 12

Solution:

Source SS df MS
Between 323.35 3 107.7833
Within 135.6 16 8.475
Total 458.95 19 Total

1. What is your computed answer? F = 12.71 (3,16) p < .01

2. What would be the null hypothesis in this study? Environment will have no impact on
learning ability as operationalized by maze performance in rats.
3. What would be the alternate hypothesis? Environment will have an impact on learning
ability as operationalized by maze performance in rats.
4. What is your Fcrit? Fcrit = 5.29
5. Are there any significant differences between the four testing conditions? Yes - There is
no significant difference between the impoverished group and the standard group
(Fcomp = 2.32 and qobs= 2.15, n.s.). There is a significant difference between the
impoverished group and both the enriched and supenriched group (Fcomp = 16.15 and
qobs= 5.68, p < .01) and Fcomp = 31.90 and qobs= 7.98, p < .01), respectively). There is no
significant difference between the standard group and the enriched group (Fcomp = 6.24
and qobs= 3.53, n.s.). There is a significant difference between the standard group and
the supenriched group (Fcomp = 17.03 and qobs= 5.83, p < .05). There is no significant
difference between the enriched group and the superenriched group (Fcomp = 2.65 and
qobs= 2.30, p < .05)).
6. Interpret your answer. Environment may have an impact on ability to learn. Differences
were found between groups when each group is compared to a group at least two levels
above the one under study. Thus for example, there is a difference between the
impoverished and the enriched and superenriched but not between the impoverished
and the standard groups.