1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Problem and its Background

Vices are known to be health-risk producing habits. These habits affect the society

as a whole and the individual in particular. The mental, physical, academic, moral aspects

of an individual are negatively affected. Students divert their time to these vices instead

of being serious with academic works. There is wastage of time which leads to poor

school performance.

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016), if cigarette

smoking continues at the current rate among youth in this country, 5.6 million of today’s

Americans younger than 18 will die early from smoking-related illness. That is about 1 of

every 13 Americans aged 17 years of younger who are alive today. It was stated by the

American Lung Association (2014) that every day, almost 2,500 children under 18 years

of age try their first cigarette, and more than 400 of them will become new, regular daily

smokers. Half of them will ultimately die from their habit. Based on the given data of

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), (2015), 33.1 percent of 15-

year-olds report that they have had at least 1 drink in their lives.

One in every three Filipino teenagers aged 13 to fifteen were already smokers,

despite the existence of Republic Act 9211 or The Tobacco Regulation act of 2003 (World

Health Organization,2009). The Philippines will continue to be South Asia’s second

largest tobacco consumers if young Filipinos are not stopped from smoking, warns the

New Vois Association of the Philippines (NVAP, 2015). According to a Youth Tobacco

Survey by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), Philippine Chapter,

 2

majority of students surveyed started smoking in their early teens. The survey had 2,932

respondents aged 13, from twelve elementary and secondary private and public schools

in Metro Manila. Department of Health (DOH) found out that exposure in the environment

is very high, with over half (60 percent) of parents of the respondents smoking at home.

The importance of peer influence also came up, as three out of four students (75 percent)

reported that their friends smoke in their presence. ACCP study, identified ‘peer influence’

as the main culprit of youth engagement in smoking. In the survey conducted by the

University of Philippines, 60 percent of Filipino youths are drinking alcoholic beverages.

Even at young age, Filipino teenagers are already drinking.

The researchers also observed that there are senior high school students are

engaging into these vices that are affecting not just their health but also their academic

competency and performance particularly in Nabunturan National Comprehensive High

School. Pumproy, D.K. (1967) have stated that there is a negative relationship between

academic achievement and cigarette smoking. (Aguitan, C. et al, 2014) states that vices

are considered not good for high school students for it causes public problems and may

result a shortcoming to one’s self. Thus, this study will focused on the determining the

significant relationship of engaging in health-risk vices and the student’s school

performance.

Review of Related Literature

This section presents the reviews of the related literature and studies about vices

that are affecting students’ learning. It includes theories and vital information about vices,

health- risk vices with its possible causes, as well as the effects, specifically about its

impact on students’ school performance.

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Smoking Cigarettes. Like most people we already know that smoking is bad for

our health. Tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addictive drug that makes it difficult for

smokers to kick the habit. Tobacco products also contain many poisonous and harmful

substances that cause disease and premature death. Most people don’t know how the

odds of getting sick as a result of smoking are really that bad, but when you calculate the

numbers, that is how they come out (SEABHS, 2019). According to Dr. Chua (2012),

smokers are about 10 times more prone to die than non-smokers. This indicates the

massive impact of possible negative outcomes that smoking has. Smoking is slow-motion

suicide. It is the main cause of lung cancer that kills men and women and hurt the society,

especially children.

Almost half a million die each year from smoking-related illness in the United

States alone. (Chua, 2012). And according to World Health Organization (WHO), 2019,

smoking is currently responsible for more than 5 million deaths worldwide each year. They

predict that by 2020, the worldwide death toll from smoking will reach 10 million each

year, causing nearly 18 percent of all deaths in the developed world. In an article by

Seymour T. (2017), smoking causes damage to nearly every organ in the body and is

directly responsible for a number of diseases. And also smoking can increase the

likelihood of having a stroke by 2 to 4 times. Strokes can cause brain damage and death.

According to Cleveland Clinic (2012) smoking cigarettes “has been identified as

the most important source of preventable morbidity and premature mortality worldwide”.

And also mentioned that smoking is probably worse than we think. In an article by Prahlad

Y. (2017), cigarette smoking gives you false sense of relief and peace and makes you

feel confidently relaxed about your studies temporarily, whereas in reality, you are just
 4

feeding the withdrawal symptoms of staying anxious and deprived for a long time. This

doesn’t start happening with the first cigarette. After tenth or eleventh cigarette, some of

your brain cells will start feeling it. It’s no longer about getting enjoyment now, but there

is as feeling of urgent anxiety and agitation when you don’t smoke for a certain duration.

To get rid of the feeling, you smoke and smoke again as the nicotine goes in the cells,

and you keep getting false sense of relief and peace. Once your brain cells are

programmed this way, the nicotine then starts abusing almost each and every part of your

body.

In an article by Dr. Oz M. (2011), cigarette smoke is a stimulant and will give

you the feelings similar to caffeine. It acts on receptors in the brain to make you feel better

by stimulating the brain to make you feel better by stimulating the pleasure center. Once

a person is addicted, smoking usually suppresses symptoms of withdrawal, which the

smokers then associates with feeling relaxed.

Drinking Alcoholic Beverages. There are obviously many risks that one takes

when one drinks, underage or not (Cleveland Clinic, 2012). In the study by Lan G. MD et

al (2016), they have said that adolescence is a period filled with immense behavioural,

psychological, and social changes and challenges. This stage of life is characterized by

increased exploration and imitation along with risky behaviours that includes substance

use. According to Dworkin J. (2017), students sometimes drink because they think alcohol

makes it easier to meet people, relaxes their social inhibitions, and helps them have more

fun. In fact according to Dryden-Edwards (2018), Alcoholism or engaging to these in an

excessive way is now diagnostically known as alcohol use disorder, a substance use
 5

disorder in which the sufferer has problems managing how much and how frequently the

drink alcohol and its negative effects on their lives as a result.

Alcohol intake or consumption however has negative trait that can inhibit an

individual’s growth and maturation. According to the international medical journal (Burton

R., 2018), nearly 3 million deaths globally were attributed to alcohol use, including 12

percent of deaths in males between the ages of 15 and 49. Health risks that are

associated with alcohol are massive. Another addition to these by Cleveland Clinic

(2012), drinking can potentially cause many long-term health problems that may not show

up until adulthood. And Dryden-Edwards (2018), added that the younger person when

they begin drinking, the more likely they are to develop a problem with alcohol. He also

added that teenagers as they grow up face different kinds of situations that lead to certain

problems like mental health and teenagers tend to engage on drinking activities. It was

also stated that teenagers developing drinking problems include low levels of parental

supervision or communication. In a related study by Stoppler M.C. (2018), female

teenagers tend to drink due to negative emotions while male teenagers drink to incur

alcohol-related offenses. In addition by her, the internet and advertising, including that

which occurs on social media, promotes drinking behaviours in teenagers.

Underage drinking is the most common form of substance abuse among today’s

teens and raises many serious risks to both health, safety, and the overall well-being

(Alcohol Addiction Center, 2019). Alcohol is also deadly to teens. On average, drinking is

a factor in over 4,300 teen deaths each year from different accidents and unwanted

incidents in one year alone and another 180,000 teens visited emergency room for

alcohol related injuries (Stoppler, 2018). According to Cleveland Clinic (2012), being
 6

underage is reason enough not to drink, and underage drinking is illegal. Also, alcohol is

a highly addictive substance, and over consumption can happen quickly. Most doesn’t

know their limits yet. This can cause alcohol poisoning, which causes vomiting,

unconsciousness, difficulty breathing, dangerously low blood sugar, seizures and

possibly death. In addition, alcohol can lead to fatal car accidents, which puts the teen at

risk as well as those unknowing drivers around him or her. It does not take much alcohol

to impair driving ability. In addition, teens who drink can die from homicide, suicide and

other accidents.

Effects on School Performance. These vices relatively affects performance in

school works due to its negative bringing. The abuse of illicit substances has major impact

on school performance in students. Grades will often suffer due to lack of energy and

focus, poor concentration, and loss of drive. Students using alcohol or smoke often lose

interest in activities and other healthy social interactions (New Beginnings, 2019).

According to Patel R. (2014), even small amount of alcohol can impact your grades.

Alcohol use could conceivably affect a student’s quality of learning and academic

performance regardless of its impact on school completion (Balsa et al, 2015). According

to Alcohol Addiction Center (2019), the brain continues to develop until about age 20 and

drinking can potentially cause permanent damage. As this was stated it only signifies

drinking impact on a student’s decision. According to Anderson C. (2016), young people

are more vulnerable than it appears when drinking to excess. As it can have long-term

effects on brain and educational achievement during development. It was stated by Drug

Rehab (2015) that saying no to peer pressure may not be easy. You may see a friend

drinking and can’t say no to them.

 7

In an article by Smith, O. (2017), many might think drinking activities represent

simple fun with few drawbacks, but drinking can have a serious negative impact on a

student’s health and education. Drinking occasionally might be fine but excessive alcohol

use can result in several undesired consequences. He also added that one of the first

signs that drinking is affecting your life when your grades start to drop. Also drinking

causes lack of sleep which causes missing of classes which can often affect your studies.

Purdue University in the USA reported that 25 percent of all students said that alcohol

has affected their grades (Smith, O. 2017). According to Dryden-Edwards (2018), alcohol

decreases teens’ ability to pay attention. And also mentioned that male teens who drinks

heavily tend to complete fewer years education compared to male teens who do not.

According to the result of the study by Ansari et al (2013), alcohol consumption showed

negative associations with motivation for and subjectively achieved academic

performance.

Growing up, children may view drinking and smoking as privileges of adults and

therefore ‘cool’ activities to engage in (Stanley, C. 2017). The Department of Health

(DOH), revealed that the main culprit of the engagement of youth to vices are due to peer

influence. In an article by The Alcohol Cost Calculator (2015), the linkage between

problem drinking and academic performance is profound. Drinking can affect the

biological development of young people as well as their school-related achievement and

behavior. Serious alcohol use among youth has significant neurological consequences.

Alcohol damages areas of the brain responsible for learning and memory, verbal skills

and visual-spatial cognitions. According to Information Parlour (2016), lack of parental

care, supervision and attention can make a child engage in social vices. Children from
 8

the permissive and uninvolved parenting styles fall mostly into these traps. They move

with wrong people, their movements are not queried; their academic progress is not being

followed up. Freedom to do anything without been probe affect children negatively.

Negligence of parents can make the wards turn to their friends for love, emotions, care,

advice who can lure them into deadly acts. According to Bartleby Research (2013), they

turn to smoking and drinking activities because of the feeling it gives them. In times of

stress they may feel like they just want a place for comfort or feeling that makes them feel

good. And for them to feel this way, they engage in these two activities. Underage drinking

is the most common form of substance abuse among today’ teens and raises many

serious risks to both health, safety, and the overall well-being (Alcohol Addiction Center,

2019).

In the study by Rogers K. D. (2014), there is frequency of absence from school in

relation to the smoking practices of the students. According to Austin W. (2010), several

reasons might lead heavy drinking to impair human capital formation. Intoxication could

interfere with school enrollment and attendance, and time spent in activities where

drinking occurs could substitute away from time allocated to studying. This could hurt

academic performance in the short term, which might diminish the ability or incentive to

continue schooling over the long term. According to Connecticut Youth Risk Behavior

Survey (2011), students who smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol are more likely to have

bad grades. And also found that the amount of alcohol consumed is correlated

significantly with students’ GPAs (grade point average).

An article by Baddy T (2019), smoking is dangerous for anyone, but is even more

hazardous for alcoholics. In conclusion to this, those who both smoke and drink are likely
 9

in danger. Drinking doesn’t just affect the school performance but also affects how you

relate to others, including your friends and family members (Smith O. R. 2017). According

to Benitez Z. (2014), student’s friends are one of the strongest influences during this time

of their lives, especially when it comes to risky behaviours like tobacco use. In smoking,

according to Zhao M. et al (2012), smoking can biologically reduce learning productivity.

It can also reduce students’ expected returns to education and lower their motivation to

go to school, where smoking is forbidden. In the study, they conducted a survey in rural

China which resulted to indicating that smoking one cigarette per day can lower students’

scores on mathematics tests by about 0.08 standard deviations.

In the study by Leatherdale S. (2015), it examined how perceptions of student

smoking in the school environment and the actual smoking rate among senior students

at a school are related to smoking onset. And that students are at increased risk for

smoking if they often see students smoking near their school. It was also reported that

students smoke where they are not allowed to. It was stated by Health Promotion

Administration (2016) in a recent survey they have found that among smoking students,

17% junior high students and 33% Senior High students spent more than $27 per month.

And it was pointed out that despite efforts to restrict youth access to tobacco products,

they continued to be able to obtain them at the stores. A recent study by Party (2017),

shows that the average student now spends almost $900 on drinking per year and only

$450 for books.

Conceptual Framework

A concept by Aguitan, C. et al (2014), states that vices are considered not good

for high school students for it causes public problems and may result a shortcoming to
 10

one’s self. Thus, this study will focused on the determining the significant relationship of

engaging in health-risk vices and the student’s school performance. The researchers

conceptualized that students’ school performance can be affected by health-risk vices.

These independent variables are resulting to different outcomes in their behavior.

Students’ visibility as a student and their participation that is to be graded are affected

due to variables that are causing these changes in a student who’s into vices while

currently studying.

This study considers engagement of students in health-risk vices particularly

smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages. As independent variables and

students’ school performance in terms of their written works, punctuality, and

performance tasks will be the dependent variables.

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Independent Variable Dependent Variable

ENGAGING HEALTH - SCHOOL

RISK VICES PERFORMANCE
 Smoking  Attendance
Cigarettes  Written Works
 Drinking Alcoholic  Performance Tasks
Beverages

FIGURE 1: RESEARCH PARADIGM

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the significant relationship between Health-Risk Vices

and the school performance of the students of Nabunturan Comprehensive High School,

this study hoped to answer the following:

1. What is the level of student’s engagement in each health risk vices:

1.1. Smoking Cigarettes

1.2. Drinking Alcoholic Beverages

2. What is the level of students study performance in terms of:

2.1. Written Works

2.2. Attendance

2.3. Performance Tasks

3. Is there a significant relationship between engaging to Health-Risk Vices and student’s

school performances?

Hypothesis

The study will test the null hypothesis:

Ho; There is a significant relationship between students’ engagement with vices and their

school performance.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study is beneficial to the following:

Students. They are the recipients of the study therefore they receive better information

and guidance by this study and give further information about different vices.

Parents. This study is for the parents. By giving information and discipline to their children

to be aware about vices.

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Teacher. They shall give information about the result of this study therefore they will give

awareness to their students and teaching them how to avoid it.

Future Researchers. This will help them widen their knowledge and ideas about the

different vices to the health of the participant. Therefore they will able to apply another

topic in related to it.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus to the impact of health-risk vices to the school performance of

the senior high school students of Nabunturan National Comprehensive High School .

This is designed to control their engagement to health risk vices. By the end of this

research, the researchers will conclude that all the answers of different people or

audiences from the survey conducted by the study. The researchers can also determine

the students engaging to health risk vices.

Definition of Terms

Vices. Bad habits which students are getting addicted to.

Health Risk. Produced by health-triggering engagements or lifestyle that can bring risks

to one’s health.

Smoking Cigarettes. The act of inhaling and exhaling the burned substance and

resulting to smoke.

Drinking Alcoholic Beverages. The intake of alcoholic liquor that contains substances

that can affect the health of people who engage to it.

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CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the discussion of the research design, research

respondents, research instruments, data gathering procedure and statistical instrument

used in the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered.

Research Design
In this study, the descriptive-correlational method will be utilized. Since the study

is descriptive in nature. This design is considered to be the most appropriate in studying

the applications and situations that have occurred and or existing. According to Best

(2006), this design considered to be the most appropriate in studying the application and

situations that have occurred and or existing, practices that prevail, processes that are

going on, effects that are being felt or trends that are developing.

The researchers believe that this design would help to discover the significant

relationship of engaging into these Health-Risk Vices and the school performance of

Senior High School Students of Nabunturan National Comprehensive High School.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted at Assumption College of Nabunturan which is

headed and managed by the FMA sisters. Located at P-1, Arellano Street, Poblacion,

Nabunturan, Davao de Oro. The Senior High School Department of Assumption College

is a private school with the total of 847 senior high school students for the school year

2019-20. With the working force of 22 teachers headed by a Senior High School
 15

administrator. The senior high school department offers the Academic Tracks and

Technical-Vocational tracks. The Academic track are ABM, STEM, HUMSS and GAS.
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MAP OF POBLACION NABUNTURAN

LOCATION MAP
(ASSUMPTION COLLEGE OF NABUNTURAN)

Map of Nabunturan, highlighting the location of Assumption College of Nabunturan

FIGURE 2.
 17

Research Respondents
The respondents of this study will be the Senior High School Students of

Asumption College of Nabunturan for the school year 2019-2020. The students who are

currently in Senior High School that will be identified as respondents who engage into

Health-Risk vices are to be used in this study. The researchers will be conducting the

survey on 30 Senior High School Students that will be identified as respondents with the

use of Purposive and Snowball Sampling.

Table 1. Respondents of the Study

Year Level No. of Respondents

Grade 11 25

Grade 12 25

Total 30

Research Instrument

The instrument that will be used in gathering the data will be a set of survey

questionnaire that is researcher made which are to be approved and checked by the

validators. The corresponding ratings will identify the level of student’s engagement to

Health-Risk Vices; 4- Strongly Agree, 3- Agree, 2- Disagree, 1- Strongly Disagree

The first part of the questionnaire will be the effects of Smoking Cigarettes and

Drinking Alcoholic Beverages. The second part will contain the questions of how it affects

their Written Works, Punctuality and Performance Tasks. The last will be containing the
 18

questions of how the engagement of students to health-risk vices affects their school

performance.

Range of Mean Descriptive Equivalent Interpretation

4. 50-5.00 Strongly Agree Very High

3.50-4.49 Agree High

2.50-3.49 Disagree Moderate

1.50-2.49 Strongly Disagree Low

Data Collection Procedure

A letter of permission will be given to the Principal of Assumption College of

Nabunturan to conduct a survey in collecting the data for this study. The research

instrument will be validated by the experts in the field that could be used for the survey

to the target participants. Likewise, the researchers will ask the assistance of the

advisers of both Grade 11 and Grade 12 levels for proper coordination during the

conduct of the study.

The researchers will distribute the validated survey questionnaire to the selected

Senior High School students Assumption College of Nabunturan and collect it after. The

researchers will analyse and interpret the data using the statistical tools to make

conclusions and recommendations.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data obtained will be tallied and tabulated. The statistical tools that will be used

to ensure the accuracy in the analysis and interpretations as the findings are the following:
 19

Mean. This will be utilized to determine the level of students’ engagement in each

of the health risk vices: Smoking Cigarettes, Drinking Alcoholic beverages and the level

of Students’ School Performance in terms of: Written works, Performance Tasks and

Punctuality.

Pearson-r. This tool will be used to test the significant relationship between

Smoking Cigarettes, Drinking Alcoholic beverages and the school performance of

Assumption College of Nabunturan’s Senior High School Students.

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CHAPTER III

RESULTS

Included in this chapter are the presentation, analysis and interpretation of results.

Level of engagement to Health-Risk Vices

Smoking Cigarettes. Table 1 below presents the level of engagement of the

students to smoking cigarettes.

Table1

Level of engagement of the Students to Smoking Cigarettes

Items N Mean Description

1. I enjoy smoking cigarettes together with my peers. 50 2.14 Disagree
2. It is easy for me to avoid smoking cigarettes. 50 2.84 Agree
3. I seek for cigarette smoking every time I feel lonely. 50 2.12 Disagree
4. I feel satisfied and relieved after I engage to smoking 50 2.02 Disagree
cigarettes.
5. I have friends who engage in smoking cigarettes. 50 2.82 Agree
General Mean 2.38 Disagree

The Table 1 shows that the respondents disagreed that they are engaged to

smoking as reflected with the General Mean 2.38. The highest mean is 2.84 which means

that the respondents agreed that it is easy for them to avoid smoking cigarettes. And the

lowest is 2.02 which means students feel satisfied and relieved after they engage to

smoking cigarettes.

In an article by Prahlad Y. (2017), cigarette smoking gives you false sense of relief

and peace and makes you feel confidently relaxed about your studies temporarily,
 21

whereas in reality, you are just feeding the withdrawal symptoms of staying anxious and

deprived for a long time. According to Benitez Z. (2014), student’s friends are one of the

strongest influences during this time of their lives, especially when it comes to risky

behaviours like tobacco use. In an article by Dr. Oz M. (2011), cigarette smoke is a

stimulant and will give you the feelings similar to caffeine. It acts on receptors in the brain

to make you feel better by stimulating the brain to make you feel better by stimulatuing

the pleasure center. Once a person is addicted, smoking usually suppresses symptoms

of withdrawal, which the smokers then associates with feeling relaxed.

Drinking Alcoholic Beverages. Table 2 below presents the level of engagement of the
students to drinking alcoholic beverages.

Table 2

Level of engagement of the students to Drinking Alcoholic Beverages

Items N Mean Description

1. I enjoy drinking alcoholic beverages together with my 50 2.7 Agree
peers.
2. It is easy for me to avoid drinking alcoholic beverages. 50 2.56 Agree
3. I seek for drinking alcoholic beverages every time I feel 50 2.64 Agree
lonely.
4. I feel satisfied and relieved after I engage to drinking 50 2.68 Agree
alcoholic beverages.
5. I have friends who engage in Drinking Alcoholic 50 3.06 Agree
Beverages
General Mean 2.72 Agree

The table 2 shows that the respondents agreed that they are engaged to drinking

alcoholic beverages as shown in the General Mean 2.72. The highest mean is 3. 06 that
 22

the respondents agreed that they have friends who engage to drinking alcoholic

beverages. And the lowest is 2.56 which means that it is easy for them to avoid drinking

alcoholic beverages.

According to Dworkin J. (2017), students sometimes drink because they think

alcohol makes it easier to meet people, relaxes their social inhibitions, and helps them

have more fun. According to Drug Rehab (2018), individuals are more likely to drink if

those around them are. It was stated by Drug Rehab (2015) that saying no to peer

pressure may not be easy. You may see a friend drinking and can’t say no to them.

.Smoking Cigarettes and Drinking Alcoholic Beverages. Table 3 below

presents the level of engagement of the students.

Table 3

Level of engagement of the students to Smoking Cigarettes and Drinking

Alcoholic Beverages.

Items N Mean Description

1. I am not conscious to let some people know that I 50 2.62 Agree
smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic beverages.
2. I do not hide the fact that I smoke cigarettes and drink 50 2.8 Agree
alcoholic beverages.
3. I have placed smoking cigarettes and drinking 50 2.72 Agree
alcoholic beverages limits on myself (i.e. don’t smoke in
home, school, streets, etc.)
4. I am against smoking cigarettes and drinking 50 2.64 Agree
alcoholic beverages ban.
5. I usually spend my allowance on purchasing 50 2.16 Disagree
cigarettes and alcoholic beverages.
General Mean 2.58 Agree
 23

The table 3 shows that the respondents agreed that they are engaged in smoking

cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages as reflected with the mean 2.58. The highest

mean is 2.72 which means the respondents agreed that they have placed smoking and

drinking alcoholic beverages limits on themselves (i.e. don’t smoke in home, school,

streets, etc.). And the lowest mean is 2.16 which the respondents disagreed that they

usually spend their allowance on purchasing cigarettes and alcoholic beverages.

In the study by Leatherdale S. (2015), it examined how perceptions of student

smoking in the school environment and the actual smoking rate among senior students

at a school are related to smoking onset. And that students are at increased risk for

smoking if they often see students smoking near their school. It was also reported that

students smoke where they are not allowed to. It was stated by Health Promotion

Administration (2016) in a recent survey they have found that among smoking students,

17% junior high students and 33% Senior High students spent more than $27 per month.

And it was pointed out that despite efforts to restrict youth access to tobacco products,

they continued to be able to obtain them at the stores. A recent study by Party (2017),

shows that the average student now spends almost $900 on drinking per year and only

$450 for books.

 24

Level of student’s engagement to Health-Risk Vices

Attendance. Table 4 below presents the level of students’ engagement to health-

risk vices in terms of attendance.

Table 4

Level of engagement to Health-Risk Vices in terms of Attendance

Items N Mean Description

1. I am always present even though I engage in smoking 50 2.48 Disagree
cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.
2. I usually arrive late at school because of smoking 50 2.24 Disagree
cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.
3. I don’t skip classes just to smoke cigarettes and drink 50 2.72 Agree
alcoholic beverages.
4. I have spent more time in school even I smoke 50 2.58 Agree
cigarettes and drink alcoholic beverages.
5. I find smoking and drinking fun and it motivates me to 50 2.36 Disagree
go early in the school.
General Mean 2.47 Disagree

The table 4 shows that students’ engagement to health-Risk Vices in terms of

attendance has garnered the General Mean of 2.47 which the students disagreed on the

statements above. The highest mean is 2.72 which means the respondents agreed that

they don’t skip classes just to smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic beverages. And the

Lowest mean is 2.24 which means that the respondents usually arrive late at school

because of smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.

According to Zhao M. et al (2012), smoking can biologically reduce learning

productivity. It can also reduce students’ expected returns to education and lower their
 25

motivation to go to school, where smoking is forbidden. In the study, they conducted a

survey in rural China which resulted to indicating that smoking one cigarette per day can

lower students’ scores on mathematics tests by about 0.08 standard deviations. In the

study by Rogers K. D. (2014), there is frequency of absence from school in relation to the

smoking practices of the students. According to Austin W. (2010), several reasons might

lead heavy drinking to impair human capital formation. Intoxication could interfere with

school enrollment and attendance, and time spent in activities where drinking occurs

could substitute away from time allocated to studying. This could hurt academic

performance in the short term, which might diminish the ability or incentive to continue

schooling over the long term.

Written Works. Table 5 below presents the level of students’ engagement to

health-risk vices in terms of Written Works.

Table 5

Level of engagement to Health-Risk Vices in terms of Written Works

Items N Mean Description
1. I'm usually able to participate in our quizzes although 50 2.88 Agree
I am engaged to smoking cigarettes and drinking
alcoholic beverages.
2. I'm usually able to participate on our exams although 50 2.72 Agree
I smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic beverages.
3. I had observed high scores on my quizzes and exams 50 2.36 Disagree
after I learned to smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic
beverages.
4. I am motivated to study for my quizzes and exams 50 2.42 Disagree
after engaging to smoking cigarettes and drinking
alcoholic beverages.
5. I have high scores on my quizzes and exams before 50 2.54 Agree
I learned to smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic
beverages.
General Mean 2.58 Agree
 26

The Table 5 shows that student’s engagement to Health-Risk Vices in terms of

Written Work has garnered 2.58 which the students agreed to the statements above. The

Highest mean is 2.88 which means that the respondents Agreed they usually able to

participate in their quizzes although they are engaged to smoking cigarettes and drinking

alcoholic beverages. And the Lowest mean is 2.36 which means that the respondents

disagreed that they had observed high scores on their quizzes and exams after they

learned to smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic beverages.

According to Patel R. (2014), even small amount of alcohol can impact your

grades. Alcohol use could conceivably affect a student’s quality of learning and academic

performance regardless of its impact on school completion. In the study by Zhao M. et al

(2012), they conducted a survey in rural China which resulted to indicating that smoking

one cigarette per day can lower students’ scores on mathematics tests by about 0.08

standard deviations. According to Connecticut Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2011),

students who smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol are more likely to have bad grades. And

also found that the amount of alcohol consumed is correlated significantly with students’

GPAs (grade point average).

 27

Performance Task. Table 6 below presents the level of students’ engagement to

health-risk vices in terms of Performance Task.

Table 6

Level of engagement to Health-Risk Vices in terms of Performance Task

Items N Mean Description

1. I usually comply my performance tasks on time 50 2.7 Agree
although I engage to smoking cigarettes and drinking
alcoholic beverages.
2. I never forget to comply my performance tasks 50 2.88 Agree
although I smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic
beverages.
3. I have not skip practices for our group performance 50 2.8 Agree
just to engage in smoking cigarettes and drinking
alcoholic beverages.
4. I have spent more time in complying to performance 50 2.72 Agree
tasks even I have spent time on smoking cigarettes and
drinking alcoholic beverages.
5. I used to have higher grades in terms of my 50 2.78 Agree
performance tasks before I have learned to engage in
smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.
General Mean 2.77 Agree

The Table 6 shows that the respondents’ engagement to Health-Risk Vices in

terms of Performance Task has garnered 2.77 which the students agreed to the

statements above. The highest mean is 2.88 which means that the students agreed that

they never forget to comply their performance tasks although their smoke cigarettes and

drink alcoholic beverages. And the lowest mean is 2.7 which means that the students
 28

agreed that they usually comply their performance tasks on time although their engage

to smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.

According to the result of the study by Ansari et al (2013), alcohol consumption

showed negative associations with motivation for and subjectively achieved academic

performance. In an article by The Alcohol Cost Calculator (2015), the linkage between

problem drinking and academic performance is profound. Drinking can affect the

biological development of young people as well as their school-related achievement and

behavior. Serious alcohol use among youth has significant neurological consequences.

Alcohol damages areas of the brain responsible for learning and memory, verbal skills

and visual-spatial cognitions. According to Austin W. (2010), drinking could hurt academic

performance in the short term, which might diminish the ability or incentive to continue

schooling over the long term. These vices relatively affects performance in school works

due to its negative bringing. The abuse of illicit substances has major impact on school

performance in students. Grades will often suffer due to lack of energy and focus, poor

concentration, and loss of drive. Students using alcohol or smoke often lose interest in

activities and other healthy social interactions (New Beginnings, 2019).

Table 7
Significant relationship between the Engagement to Health-Risk Vices and the
student’s school performance.
Variables Mean Degree of Computed Tabular Decision Conclusion
Relationship Value Value
@ α =0.5
Health-Risk 2.56 0.66 6.093 2.009 CV>TV, There is a
Vices Moderate Reject significant
School 2.60 Positive Ho Relationship
Performance Correlation
 29

These vices relatively affects performance in school works due to its negative

bringing. The abuse of illicit substances has major impact on school performance in

students. Grades will often suffer due to lack of energy and focus, poor concentration,

and loss of drive. Students using alcohol or smoke often lose interest in activities and

other healthy social interactions (New Beginnings, 2019). According to Connecticut Youth

Risk Behavior Survey (2011), students who smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol are more

likely to have bad grades. And also found that the amount of alcohol consumed is

correlated significantly with students’ GPAs (grade point average).

In an article by The Alcohol Cost Calculator (2015), the linkage between problem

drinking and academic performance is profound. Drinking can affect the biological

development of young people as well as their school-related achievement and behavior.

Serious alcohol use among youth has significant neurological consequences. Alcohol

damages areas of the brain responsible for learning and memory, verbal skills and visual-

spatial cognitions. According to Patel R. (2014), even small amount of alcohol can impact

your grades. Alcohol use could conceivably affect a student’s quality of learning and

academic performance regardless of its impact on school completion (Balsa et al, 2015).

According to Alcohol Addiction Center (2019), the brain continues to develop until about

age 20 and drinking can potentially cause permanent damage. As this was stated it only

signifies drinking impact on a student’s decision. According to Anderson C. (2016), young

people are more vulnerable than it appears when drinking to excess. As it can have long-

term effects on brain and educational achievement during development.

Growing up, children may view drinking and smoking as privileges of adults and

therefore ‘cool’ activities to engage in (Stanley, C. 2017). The Department of Health

 30

(DOH), revealed that the main culprit of the engagement of youth to vices are due to peer

influence. According to Information Parlour (2016), lack of parental care, supervision and

attention can make a child engage in social vices. Children from the permissive and

uninvolved parenting styles fall mostly into these traps. They move with wrong people,

their movements are not queried; their academic progress is not being followed up. In

smoking, according to Zhao M. et al (2012), smoking can biologically reduce learning

productivity. It can also reduce students’ expected returns to education and lower their

motivation to go to school, where smoking is forbidden. In the study, they conducted a

survey in rural China which resulted to indicating that smoking one cigarette per day can

lower students’ scores on mathematics tests by about 0.08 standard deviations.

 31

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

Summary of Findings

After the data were analysed and interpreted, the following findings are formulated:

1. Table 1 had the general mean of 2.38 (Disagree) in the level of engagement of the

students Smoking Cigarettes section. The table 2 which contained the Drinking Alcoholic

Beverages questions had a General Mean of 2.72 (Agree). Meanwhile, the Table 3,

Smoking Cigarettes and Drinking Alcoholic Beverages had 2.58 (agree).

2. Table 4 had the General Mean of 2.47 (Disagree) in the level of engagement to health-

risk Vices in terms of attendance. The table 5 shows the mean of 2.58 (Agree) in terms

of the Written Works section set of question. Meanwhile, the Table 6, revealed the overall

mean of 2.77 (Agree) in terms of Performance task.

3. There is a significant Relationship between Engagement to the Health-Risk Vices and

school performance of the students.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that in terms of the respondents engagement to health-risk

vices and their school performance, there is a significant relationship but with just a

moderate positive correlation. Through this moderate positive correlation, it is apparent

that engaging into smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages relatively impact

the aspects of school performance and results would definitely manifest upon

engagement.
 32

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendation

are offered.

1. With the proper guidance of the teachers and parents, the students will realize their

responsibilities as students, their obligations and good school performance.

2. Parents should develop monitoring their children and by giving advices and discipline

to their children to not engage to health-risk vices. Also, knowing who they their friends

are inside and outside the school.

3. Teacher and school officials must plan programs and activities for the students to

develop their mind, body and spirit. They must encourage their students to be faithful and

set priorities and favour of their studies.

4. To the Future Researchers, this will help them to widen their knowledge and ideas

about the effects upon participants’ engagement. Therefore they will able to apply another

topic in related to it.

 33

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598.html
 37

Appendices A

Letter of Permission

ASSUMPTION COLLEGE OF NABUNTURAN

Poblacion, Nabunturan, Davao de Oro
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

December 7, 2019
Mr. Delfin J. Enargan
Senior High School Principal
Assumption College of Nabunturan

Dear Sir,
Praised be Jesus and Mary!
We, the grade 12 of Humanities and Social Sciences Strand, are currently working on our
research entitled “Engagement to the Health-Risk Vices and School Performance of the
Students: A Correlational Study” in partial fulfilment of the As 2 ( Practical Research 2).
In line with this, the undersign would like to ask permission from you to allow us to
conduct our research to your senior high school students of Assumption College of
Nabunturan that may help us make our work possilble.
Your favourable response will come a long way in making this study a success. Thank
you!
Very truly yours,
Researchers

Rhea Kristine Ambrad, Vickham Claire Rasonabe, Harris Mhets Asis, Jonna Mae
Madijanon, Ejy Arambala

Noted by:

Ms. Jodelyn Nituda

Research Adviser

Approved by:
Mr. Delfin J. Enargan, M.A.
Senior High School Principal
 38

Appendix A
A Survey Questionnaire on
Assumption College of Nabunturn Senior High School Students
Name(Optional):________________________________Respondents No:_________

General Instruction: Kindly check the following assessment of the column below from
4 to 1.
4- Strongly Agree 3- Agree 2-Disagree 1-Strongly Disagree

Part I: Level of Engagement to Health-Risk Vices

A.
Smoking Cigarretes 4 3 2 1
I enjoy smoking cigarettes together with my peers.
It is easy for me to avoid smoking cigarettes.
I seek for cigarette smoking everytime I feel lonely.
I feel satisfied and relieved after I engage to smoking cigarettes
.
I have friends who engage in smoking cigarettes.
B.

Drinking Alcoholic Beverages 4 3 2 1

I enjoy drinking alcoholic beverages together with my peers.
It is easy for me to avoid drinking alcoholic beverages.
I seek for drinking alcoholic beverages everytime I feel lonely.
I feel satisfied and relieved after I engage to drinking alcoholic
beverages.
I have friends who engage in drinking alcoholic beverages.
C.

Smoking Cigarettes and Drinking Alcoholic Beverages 4 3 2 1

I am not conscious to let some people know that I smoke cigarettes
and drink alcoholic beverages.
I do not hide the fact that I smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic
beverages.
I have placed smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages
limits on myself (i. e. don't smoke in home, school, streets, etc.)
I am against smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic ban.
I usually spend my allowance on purchasing cigarettes and
alcoholic beverages.
 39

Part II
A.

Attendance 4 3 2 1
I am always present even though I engage in smoking cigarettes
and drinking alcoholic beverages.
I usually arrive late at school because of smoking cigarettes and
drinking alcoholic beverages.
I dont skip classes just to smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic
beverages.
I have spent more time in school even I smoke cigarettes and drink
alcoholic beverages.
I find smoking and drinking fun and it motivates me to go early in the
school.
B.

Written Works 4 3 2 1
I'm usually able to participate in our quizzes although I am engaged
to smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.
I'm usually able to participate on our exams although I smoke
cigarettes and drink alcoholic beverages.
I had observed high scores on my quizzes and exams after I learned
to smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic beverages.
I am motivated to study for my quizzes and exams after engaging to
smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.
I have high scores on my quizzes and exams before I learned to
smoke cigarettes and drink alcoholic beverages.
C.
Performance Tasks 4 3 2 1
I usually comply my performance tasks on time although I engage to
smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.
I never forget to comply my performance tasks although I smoke
cigarettes and drink alcoholic beverages.
I have not skip practices for our group performance just to engage in
smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.
I have spent more time in complying to performance tasks even I have
spent time on smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages.
I used to have higher grades in terms of my performance tasks before
I have learned to engage in smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic
beverages.
40
41
42
43
 44

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: RHEA KRISTINE R. AMBRAD

Address: P-5, Camanlangan, New Bataan, Davao de Oro
Contact Number: 09071835117
Email Address: tinambrade@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: August 22, 2002

Place of Birth: Camanlangan, New Bataan, Davao de Oro
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Age: 17
Father’s Name: Zacarias G. Ambrad
Occupation: Barangay Official
Mother’s Name: Elsa R. Ambrad
Occupation: Teacher
OBJECTIVE:
Strive harder for success and learn from the past and future mistakes.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY Camanlangan Elementary School

Camanlangan, New Bataan, Davao de Oro Graduate
S.Y. 2008-2014

SECONDARY Camanlangan National High School

Camanlanagan, New Bataan, Davao de Oro Graduate
S.Y. 2014-2018
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Assumption College of Nabunturan 2018-Present

N Nabunturan, Davao de Oro

45