Name: Kent Ivan Camoro 11-D

Group 1
Camoro, Kent Ivan
Gulpan, Lhalyne
Padal, Cherry Mae
Narsico, John Vincent
Villejo, Ace Josh

This chapter represent the related literature and studies which will
support on this study. The content of this chapter were collected from
different sources. The review of related literature is made to find out the
ways, needs and wants of users. Significant points were presented to support
the proponents’ ideas and to contribute to the study.

Related Literature

Mosquitoes originated in South Africa and eventually spread to the rest

of the world. Because of this insect, many people had died and suffered
globally. The increased human population and improper waste management
has contributed greatly to the increase of mosquito problems. . It can cause
serious consequence that can be the transmission of serious diseases and
viruses such as malaria, dengue virus, Zika and West Nile virus, which can
lead to disabling and potentially deadly effects.

The mosquito goes through four separate and distinct stages of its life
cycle: Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Adult. Each of these stages can be easily
recognized by its special appearance. Eggs are laid one at a time or attached
together to form "rafts." They float on the surface of the water. The larva lives
in the water and comes to the surface to breathe. Larvae shed their skins four
times, growing larger after each molt. Most larvae have siphon tubes for
breathing and hang upside down from the water surface. The pupal stage is
a resting, non-feeding stage of development, but pupae are mobile, responding
to light changes and moving (tumble) with a flip of their tails towards the
bottom or protective areas. This is the time the mosquito changes into an
adult. The newly emerged adult rests on the surface of the water for a short
time to allow itself to dry and all its body parts to harden. The wings have to
spread out and dry properly before it can fly. Blood feeding and mating does
not occur for a couple of days after the adults emerge.This study focuses its
efforts on the adult mosquito because of the theory of mosquito barrier that
it has greater inhibition in adult mosquito than the rest of the stages.

Mosquitoes like to bite people with high concentrations of steroids

or cholesterol on their skin surface attract mosquitoes (Butler tells WebMD).
That doesn't necessarily mean that mosquitoes prey on people with higher
overall levels of cholesterol (Butler tells WebMD). These people simply may be
more efficient at processing cholesterol, the byproducts of which remain on the
skin's surface. Mosquitoes also target people who produce excess amounts of
certain acids, such as uric acid”. These substances can trigger
mosquitoes' sense of smell, luring them to land on unsuspecting victims
(Entomologist John Edman, PhD, spokesman for the Entomological Society of
America).

The creation of pesticides started in 1952 in India. These have been the
productive way to control the insects that spread deadly diseases, each day
by operatively killing these vectors. However, pesticides have been exploited
and there is now enormous evidence that some of these chemicals do cause a
potential danger to humans and other life forms and undesired side effects to
the environment. It became crucial to employ organic materials with the use
of pesticides since the health and environmental concerns have arisen.
Pesticides have extreme effects on non-target species and damage animal and
plant existence. The concentrated pesticides evaporate into the air and may
cause harm to non-target organism. Pesticides also generate resistance. It is
now a serious, and growing, problem. Insects with genes that confer
resistance to a particular insecticide or class of insecticides survive treatment
and are thereby “selected” to pass on this resistance to later generations. It
may develop towards only a single insecticide. However, it is more common
for insects that exhibit resistance to one insecticide to develop resistance more
rapidly to other insecticides with the same mechanism of action.

In controlling the rate of multiplication of adult mosquito, many

researches have been conducted. Different perspective have been made in
order to minimize the population of these vectors. Among the alternative
procedures, the use of plants, appears to be favorable. This research therefore
aims to contribute to the search of various organic insecticidals to decrease
the unfavorable effects of commercial pesticides by studying the effects of the
garlic extract against adult mosquito. This would reduce the burden of
synthetic pesticides.

A study conducted by I. G. Kalu, U. Ofoegbu1, J. Eroegbusi2, C. U.

Nwachukwu and B. Ibeh4(2009), the results of this study showed that ethanol
garlic bulb extract was very effective against C. quinquefasciatus mosquito
larvae. The chemical composition and broad spectrum of biological activity for
the plant extract can vary with plant age, the plant tissues, geographical
origin of plant and the species and age of a targeted pest organism. In the
present study it was concluded that the ethanol extract from garlic bulb
exhibited effective larvicidal properties.

Another study conducted by Gareth M. Prowse, Tamara S. Galloway

and Andrew Foggo, garlic products designed for use in the food industry are
subjected to rigorous batch‐control to ensure organoleptic consistency. The
researcher studied the insecticidal efficacy of a commercially produced food
grade garlic juice using two target dipteran pests, Delia radicum (L.)
and Musca domestica L. Mortality rates caused by the garlic juice were
comparable with those obtained with the organophosphate pesticide Birlane,
indicating parity of effect at various concentrations depending on life stage.
The researcher conclude that this product may provide an effective, naturally‐
derived insecticide for use in agricultural systems against dipteran pests.

From the study conducted by Athanasios C. Kimbaris, Elias Kioulos,

George Koliopoulos, Moschos G Pollissiou, and Antonios Michaelakis(2008),
in addition to diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide, the garlic oils used included
one essential oil and two semi‐synthetic garlic essential oils, which resulted
from the enrichment of essential oil with diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide
standards respectively. The oils were compared with respect to their toxicity.
The chemical composition of the tested oils was evaluated by means of gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry. Experimental data from the tested
samples revealed high toxicity. In detail, diallyl disulfide was the most active,
followed by semi‐synthetic garlic essential oils and essential oil while semi‐
synthetic garlic essential oils and diallyl sulfide were relatively inactive. The
addition of diallyl disulfide to essential oil did not change the toxic effect of
the essential oil, whereas the presence of diallyl sulfide in excess produced an
enriched essential oil with low toxicity.

Reference List:

Kalu, Ofoegbu, Eroegbusi, Nwachukwu and Lbeh, 2010, Larvicidal

activities of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (garlic bulb) against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(6),
pp. 496-498, viewed on February 25, 2020, retrieved from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.919.8053&rep=r
ep1&type=pdf
Kimbaris A, Kioulos E, Koloipoulos G, Polissiou M, Michaelakis A, 2008,
Coactivity of sulfide ingredients: a new perspective of the larvicidal activity of
garlic essential oil against mosquitoes. Viewed on February 25, 2020,
retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ps.1678

Prowse G, Galloway T, and Foggo A, 2008, Insecticidal activity of garlic juice

in two dipteran pests. Viewed on February 25,2020, retrieved from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-
9555.2006.00273.x

AMCA, Life Cycle. Viewed on February 25, 2020, retrieved from

https://www.mosquito.org/page/lifecycle

Heubeck Elizabeth, Are You a Mosquito Magnet? 2012, viewed on February 25,
2020, retrieved from
https://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/are-you-mosquito-magnet#1
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ps.1678

https://mosquitoreviews.com/mosquito-repellents/lemongrass

https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S11
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.919.8053&rep=rep1&type=pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227983066_Insecticidal_activity_of_garlic_juice_
in_two_dipteran_pests