ABSTRACT

A solar vehicle is a light weight, low power vehicle, which operates by the
collection and conversion of sunlight into electricity using solar cells and mounted
on the vehicle, which is then delivered to the vehicle's batteries or motor with such
small amounts of energy available, efficiency is crucial. Aerodynamic drag,
weight, and rolling resistance all influence the vehicle's design.

The wind is a very powerful natural resource and man has used this energy to
power his crafts across the oceans for thousands of years. There is a lot of wind
energy going to waste every day that we could possibly take advantage of to power
land transport. In order to explore this theory, “SOLAR AND WIND POWERED
HYBRID VEHICLE” project using the wind to propel a land vehicle. By means
of the wind energy, power is generated and it is stored by a battery. The electric
which drives the vehicle gets power from battery.

This project eliminates the use of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel & lpg in the
motorcycles and save us from the high oil price hike.

This “solar and wind powered hybrid vehicle” is an eco-friendly vehicle,

which does not pollute the world. It does not emit anything. Finally the main
reason for creation of this project is to ride a motorcycle without spending any
money.

The objective of this project is to provide a vehicle, which is used to reduce

the usage of fossil fuel and less operating cost.
 LITERATURE SURVEY

The two most notable solar motorcycle races are the world solar
challenge and the north american solar challenge, overland road rally-style
competitions contested by a variety of university and corporate teams.

The world solar challenge features a field of competitors from around the
world who race to cross the australian continent, over a distance of 3000 km.
Speeds of the vehicles have steadily increased. So, for example, the high speeds of
2005 race participants led to the rules being changed for solar motorcycles starting
in the 2007 race.

The north american solar challenge, previously known as the 'american

solar challenge' and 'sunrayce usa', features mostly collegiate teams racing in timed
intervals in the united states and canada. This race also changed rules for the most
recent race due to teams reaching the regulated speed limits. The most recent north
american solar challenge ran from august 13–21, 2008, from dallas, texas to
calgary, alberta. The dell-winston school solar motorcycle challenge is an annual
solar-powered motorcycle race for high school students. The event attracts teams
from around the world, but mostly from american high schools. The race was first
held in 1995. Each event is the end product of a two-year education cycle launched
by the winston solar motorcycle team. In odd-numbered years, the race is a road
course that starts at the dell diamond in round rock, texas; the end of the course
varies from year to year. In even-numbered years, the race is a track race around
the texas motor speedway. Dell has sponsored the event since 2002.

The south african solar challenge is an epic, bi-annual, two-week race of

solar-powered motorcycles through the length and breadth of south africa. Teams
will have to build their own motorcycles, design their own engineering systems
and race those same machines through the most demanding terrain that solar
motorcycles have ever seen. The 2008 race proved that this event can attract the
interest of the public, and that it has the necessary international backing from the
fia. Late in september, all entrants will take off from pretoria and make their way
to cape town via the n1, then drive along the coast to durban, before climbing the
esmotorcyclepment on their way back to the finish line in pretoria 10 days later. In
2008 the event was endorsed by international solarmotorcycle federation (isf),
fédération internationale de l'automobile (fia), world wildlife fund (wwf) making it
the first solar race to receive endorsement from these 3 organizations.

There are other distance races, such as suzuka, phaethon, and the world solar
rally. Suzuka is a yearly track race in japan and phaethon was part of the cultural
olympiad in greece right before the 2004 olympics.

A solar bicycle or tricycle has the advantage of very low weight and can use
the riders foot power to supplement the power generated by the solar panel roof. In
this way, a comparatively simple and inexpensive vehicle can be driven without
the use of any fossil fuels.

Solar photovoltaics helped power india's first quadricycle developed since

1996 in gujarat state's surat city.

The first solar "motorcycles" were actually tricycles or quadricycles built

with bicycle technology. These were called solarmobiles at the first solar race, the
tour de sol in switzerland in 1985 with 72 participants, half using exclusively solar
power and half solar-human-powered hybrids. A few true solar bicycles were built,
either with a large solar roof, a small rear panel, or a trailer with a solar panel.
Later more practical solar bicycles were built with foldable panels to be set up only
during parking. Even later the panels were left at home, feeding into the electric
mains, and the bicycles charged from the mains. Today highly developed electric
bicycles are available and these use so little power that it costs little to buy the
equivalent amount of solar electricity. The "solar" has evolved from actual
hardware to an indirect accounting system. The same system also works for
electric motorcycles, which were also first developed for the tour de sol. This is
rapidly becoming an era of solar production.

Solar powered boats have mainly been limited to rivers and canals, but in
2007 an experimental 14m catamaran, the sun21 sailed the atlantic from seville to
miami, and from there to new york.

Japan's biggest shipping line nippon yusen kk and nippon oil corporation
said solar panels capable of generating 40 kilowatts of electricity would be placed
on top of a 60,213 ton motorcycle motorcyclerier ship to be used by toyota motor
corporation.

A solar-powered aircraft in switzerland completed a 26-hour test flight

starting at 7 a.m. On 8 july, 2010 which ended at 9 a.m. The next day. The plane
was flown to a height of nearly 28,000 feet (8,500 meters) by andre borschberg.
During the evening, the plane slowly descended to an altitude of 4,500 feet (1,500
meters), where it remained for the rest of the night using battery power. An hour
before dawn, the plane still had six hours of flying time left in its solar-fueled
batteries.

A few spacecraft that have been employed within the orbit of mars have
used solar power as an energy source for their propulsion system.
 All current solar powered spacecraft use solar panels in conjunction with
electric propulsion, typically ion drives as this gives a very high exhaust velocity,
and reduces the propellant over that of a rocket by more than a factor of ten. Since
propellant is usually the biggest mass on many spacecraft, this reduces launch
costs.

Other proposals for solar spacecraft include solar thermal heating of

propellant, typically hydrogen or sometimes water is proposed. Another concept
for solar propulsion in space is the light sail.windmills are typically installed in
favourable windy locations

Humans have been using wind power for at least 5,500 years to propel
sailboats and sailing ships. Windmills have been used for irrigation pumping and
for milling grain since the 7th century ad in what is now afghanistan, india, iran
and pakistan.

In the united states, the development of the "water-pumping windmill" was

the major factor in allowing the farming and ranching of vast areas otherwise
devoid of readily accessible water. Wind pumps contributed to the expansion of
rail transport systems throughout the world, by pumping water from water wells
for the steam locomotives. The multi-bladed wind turbine atop a lattice tower made
of wood or steel was, for many years, a fixture of the landscape throughout rural
america. When fitted with generators and battery banks, small wind machines
provided electricity to isolated farms.

In july 1887, a scottish academic, professor james blyth, undertook wind

power experiments that culminated in a uk patent in 1891. In the united states,
charles f. Brush produced electricity using a wind powered machine, starting in the
winter of 1887-1888, which powered his home and laboratory until about 1900. In
the 1890s, the danish scientist and inventor poul la cour constructed wind turbines
to generate electricity, which was then used to produce hydrogen. These were the
first of what was to become the modern form of wind turbine.

Small wind turbines for lighting of isolated rural buildings were widespread
in the first part of the 20th century. Larger units intended for connection to a
distribution network were tried at several locations including balaklava ussr in
1931 and in a 1.25 megawatt (mw) experimental unit in vermont in 1941.

The modern wind power industry began in 1979 with the serial production
of wind turbines by danish manufacturers kuriant, vestas, nordtank, and bonus.
These early turbines were small by today's standards, with capacities of 20–30 kw
each. Since then, they have increased greatly in size, with the enercon e-126
capable of delivering up to 7 mw, while wind turbine production has expanded to
many countries.

There are now many thousands of wind turbines operating, with a total
nameplate capacity of 157,899 mw of which wind power in europe accounts for
48% (2009). World wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 2000
and 2006, doubling about every three years. 81% of wind power installations are in
the us and europe. The share of the top five countries in terms of new installations
fell from 71% in 2004 to 62% in 2006, but climbed to 73% by 2008 as those
countries — the united states, germany, spain, china, and india — have seen
substantial capacity growth in the past two years

The world wind energy association forecast that, by 2010, over 200 gw of
capacity would have been installed worldwide, up from 73.9 gw at the end of 2006,
implying an anticipated net growth rate of more than 28% per year. Wind power
accounts for approximately 19% of electricity use in denmark, 9% in spain and
portugal, and 6% in germany and the republic of ireland.
 Top 10 wind power countries
Total capacity Total
Country end 2009 june
(mw) (mw)
nited states 35,159 36,300
China 26,010 33,800
Germany 25,777 26,400
Spain 19,149 19,500
India 10,925 12,100
Italy 4,850 5,300
France 4,521 5,000
United
4,092 4,600
kingdom
Portugal 3,535 3,800
Denmark 3,497 3,700
Rest of world 21,698 24,500
Total 159,213 175,000

Worldwide installed capacity 1997–2020 [mw], developments and

prognosis. Global wind energy council (gwec) figures show that 2007 recorded an
increase of installed capacity of 20 gw, taking the total installed wind energy
capacity to 94 gw, up from 74 gw in 2006. Despite constraints facing supply chains
for wind turbines, the annual market for wind continued to increase at an estimated
rate of 37%, following 32% growth in 2006. In terms of economic value, the wind
energy sector has become one of the important players in the energy markets, with
the total value of new generating equipment installed in 2007 reaching €25 billion,
or us$36 billion.

Although the wind power industry was impacted by the global financial
crisis in 2009 and 2010, a btm consult five year forecast up to 2013 projects
substantial growth. Over the past five years the average growth in new installations
has been 27.6 percent each year. In the forecast to 2013 the expected average
annual growth rate is 15.7 percent. More than 200 gw of new wind power capacity
could come on line before the end of 2013. Wind power market penetration is
expected to reach 3.35 percent by 2013 and 8 percent by 2018.

Small-scale wind power is the name given to wind generation systems with
the capacity to produce up to 50 kw of electrical power. Isolated communities, that
may otherwise rely on diesel generators may use wind turbines to displace diesel
fuel consumption. Individuals may purchase these systems to reduce or eliminate
their dependence on grid electricity for economic or other reasons, or to reduce
their motorcyclebon footprint. Wind turbines have been used for household
electricity generation in conjunction with battery storage over many decades in
remote areas.

Grid-connected wind turbines may use grid energy storage, displacing

purchased energy with local production when available. Off-grid system users can
either adapt to intermittent power or use batteries, photovoltaic or diesel systems to
supplement the wind turbine. Equipment such as parking meters or wireless
internet gateways may be powered by a wind turbine that charges a small battery,
replacing the need for a connection to the power grid.

In locations near or around a group of high-rise buildings, wind shear

generates areas of intense turbulence, especially at street-level. The risks
associated with mechanical or catastrophic failure have thus plagued urban wind
development in densely populated areas rendering the costs of insuring urban wind
systems prohibitive. Moreover, quantifying the amount of wind in urban areas has
been difficult, as little is known about the actual wind resources of towns and
cities.

Not only is the sun a source of heat and light, it’s a source of electricity too!

A table top on two wheels still isn’t a common sight on roads around the
world. But if you ever catch one, be sure that it must be a solar motorcycle. The
prototypes mostly took the form of flat solar collectors on four wheels with the
driver just managing to squeeze himself in. As in anything experimental, interest in
solar motorcycles germinated in the fertile minds that occupy the portals of our
universities. A quixotic zeal against the motorcyclebon belching ‘environmental
hazards’ we commonly call motorcycles set off development of its solar cousin.
The solar motorcycle owes its existence to the photovoltaic cell. A tiny piece of
silicon which transfers the power of the sun to the batteries. The photovoltaic cell
made its appearance in the united states in 1954. Pioneering work by daryl chapin,
calvin fuller, and gerald pearson at the bell labs allowed us to harness the power of
the sun for the first time. Thereon development progressed.

In the early years of automobiles, the races were the laboratories where
motorcycle development often took place. And so has been the case with solar
motorcycles throughout its short history. Hans tholstrup and larry perkins opened
up solar motorcycle racing when they went on an epic solar trek from perth to
sydney (australia) in 1983. The vehicle practically resembled a 16 foot open boat.
But it did 4052 km in 20 days, at an average speed 23 km/hour. This vehicle was
the world’s first solar powered motorcycle. And its name fit the exploit – ‘quiet
achiever’. The danish adventurer’s exuberance helped. The solar motorcycle races
soon started capturing eyeballs and helped to propagate solar energy as an
alternative.

The success of his first venture across the australian outback led hans
tholstrup to start the world solar challenge in 1987. The leapfrog over the first
effort showed in 1987 when gm’s sunraycer won the event with an average speed
of 67 km/hour. Today, the event is a biannual jamboree and also a barometer for
the developments in the field of solar motorcycles. For instance, 2005 witnessed
motorcycles touching speeds in excess of 100 km/hour. This lead to some major
regulation changes concerning safety.

The world solar challenge started it and soon others followed the lead. The
north american solar challenge brings to the fore numerous university teams pitting
their brains as well as their skills against each other. This year’s one ran from
dallas, texas to calgary, alberta. General motors had followed up its success in the
world solar challenge by starting this american/canadian version. This was an
inspirational effort to promote auto engineering and solar energy among college
students. It may not have intruded into the popular firmament of formula one, but
with races around the world – the suzuki circuit (japan), world solar rally (in
taiwan), phaethon (greece) amongst others, the enthusiast can expect action to flare
up.
Solar motorcycles have entered the realm of popular mechanics. Practical on road
applications are looking to use solar energy in hybrid configurations. France’s
venturi astrolab is being anticipated as the world’s first electro-solar hybrid
motorcycle. With a top speed of 120 km/hour and a continuous run of 110 km, we
just might see it kerbing up next to us. The 2008 paris motor show featured there
venturi’s line of electric vehicles.

There’s the solar taxi or ‘solartx’ for you. An example of swiss vision, the
motorcycle attempts to be a trendsetter for a dependable, everyday automobile.
Powered by a 6 m² sized solar array, the vehicle goes 400 km without recharging.
It includes a trailer and its maximum speed hovers around 90 km/hour. Toyota is
looking to add solar panels on its prius. Innovatively, the optional attachments can
deliver 300 watts of energy and also act as sunshades. 2009 might see its launch.
The ‘history of solar motorcycles’ is almost an anachronism because it seems
rather contemporary. But as technology develops and shapes with time, we might
be looking at motorcycles like the prius as artifacts. Let’s hope that solar
motorcycles find their place in the sun.