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Introduction
You can perform a transient explicit dynamics analysis in the Mechanical application using a
Explicit Dynamics system. Additionally, the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export)
system is available to export the model in LS-DYNA .k file format for subsequent analysis
with the LS-DYNA solver. Unless specifically mentioned otherwise, this section addresses bo
the Explicit Dynamics and Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) systems. Special conditions f
the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system are noted where pertinent.
An explicit dynamics analysis is used to determine the dynamic response of a structure due
stress wave propagation, impact or rapidly changing time-dependent loads. Momentum
exchange between moving bodies and inertial effects are usually important aspects of the t
of analysis being conducted. This type of analysis can also be used to model mechanical
phenomena that are highly nonlinear. Nonlinearities may stem from the materials, (for
example, hyperelasticity, plastic flows, failure), from contact (for example, high speed collis
and impact) and from the geometric deformation (for example, buckling and collapse). Eve
with time scales of less than 1 second (usually of order 1 millisecond) are efficiently simula
with this type of analysis. For longer time duration events, consider using a Transient
Structural Analysis system.
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Points to Remember
An explicit dynamics analysis typically includes many different types of nonlinearities includ
large deformations, large strains, plasticity, hyperelasticity, material failure etc.
The time step used in an explicit dynamics analysis is constrained to maintain stability and
consistency via the CFL condition, that is, the time increment is proportional to the smallest
element dimension in the model and inversely proportional to the sound speed in the
materials used. Time increments are usually on the order of 1 microsecond and therefore
thousands of time steps (computational cycles) are usually required to obtain the solution.
Explicit dynamics analyses only support the mm, mg, ms solver unit system . This
will be extended to support more unit systems in a future release.
2-D Explicit Dynamics analyses are supported for Plane Strain and Axisymmetric
behaviors.
When attempting to use the Euler capabilities in the Explicit Dynamics analysis syst
the following license restrictions are observed:
Set-up and solve of Euler capabilities in the Explicit Dynamics system are
supported for the full ANSYS AUTODYN (acdi_ad3dfull) license.
Set-up but not solve of Euler capabilities in the Explicit Dynamics system are
supported for the pre-post ANSYS AUTODYN (acdi_prepost) license.
Set-up or solve of Euler capabilities in the Explicit Dynamics system are not
supported for the ANSYS Explicit STR (acdi_explprof) license.
Euler capabilities are not supported for the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export)
system.
(Linux only) In order to run a distributed solution on Linux, you must add the
MPI_ROOT environment variable and set it to the location of the MPI software
installation. It should be of the form:
{ANSYS installation}/commonfiles/MPI/Platform/{version}/{platform}
For example: usr/ansys_inc/v140/commonfiles/MPI/Platform/8.1/linx64
Consideration should be given to the number of elements in the model and the qua
of the mesh to give larger resulting time steps and therefore more efficient
simulations.
A coarse mesh can often be used to gain insight into the basic dynamics of a syste
while a finer mesh is required to investigate nonlinear material effects and failure.
The quality of the solution can be monitored by reviewing momentum and energy
conservation graphs in the solution output. Low energy errors (<10% of initial
energy) are indicative of good quality solutions.
Where more accuracy is required, for example in low velocity impact simulations, th
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energy) are indicative of good quality solutions.
Where more accuracy is required, for example in low velocity impact simulations, th
the double precision option may be used. Real values are stored with 64-bit floating
point precision. This will also result in an increase in memory usage and the size of
restart files. The double precision option is recommended when breakable bonded
connections are used or an implicit pre-stress condition is used as an initial conditio
The Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system allows for an LS-DYNA input file
(otherwise known as a “keyword” file or a “.k” file) to be exported. This keyword fi
contains all the necessary information available in the Mechanical application
environment to carry out the analysis with the LS-DYNA solver.
The exported keyword file follows the same format as the one exported by the
respective Mechanical APDL application. All the LS-DYNA keywords are implemente
according to the “LS_DYNA Keyword Users Manual” version 971.
All the LS-DYNA keywords that can currently be exported are described in detail in
Supported LS-DYNA Keywords. Any parameters that are not shown for a card are n
used and their default values will be assigned for them by the LS-DYNA solver. Som
descriptions of Workbench features that do not relate directly to keywords are give
under ”General Descriptions” located at the end of this appendix.
Since only an input file is generated during solve of an Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA
Export) system, the Background and Remote solve options are not supported.
When using Commands objects with the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export)
system, be aware of the following:
Keyword cards read from Commands object content (renamed to "Keyword"
snippets for the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system) should not have a
trailing empty lines if they are not intentional. This is due to the fact that some
keywords have more than one mandatory card that can be entered as blank lin
in which case the default values for the card will be used. Hence trailing blank
can be significant only if required, otherwise they may cause solver execution
errors.
The first entry in the Commands object content must be a command name
which is preceded by the * symbol.
Refer to LS-DYNA General Descriptions regarding ID numbers entered in
Commands object content.
An explicit dynamics analysis can contain both rigid and flexible bodies. For rigid/flexible bo
dynamic simulations involving mechanisms and joints you may wish to consider using eithe
the Transient Structural Analysis or Rigid Dynamics Analysis options.
For more information about explicit dynamics analyses, please see Appendix F.
Note: The intent of this document is to provide an overview of an explicit
dynamics analysis. Consult our technical support department to obtain a
more thorough treatment of this topic.
Back To T
Preparing the Analysis
For Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) systems, only the following material
models are supported (also see *MAT_ keywords in Supported LS-DYNA
Keywords). Any models that are not mentioned in this list can be entered through
the "Keyword Snippet" facility (see the LS-DYNA General Descriptions section):
Strength models
Linear Elastic
Isotropic
Orthotropic
Plasticity
Bilinear Isotropic Hardening
Multilinear Isotropic Hardening
Bilinear Kinematic Hardening
Johnson Cook
Hyperelastic:
Mooney-Rivlin
Polynomial
Yeoh
Ogden
Rigid (there is no entry for this in the Engineering Data workspace of
Workbench. See *MAT_RIGID in Supported LS-DYNA Keywords for
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Rigid (there is no entry for this in the Engineering Data workspace of
Workbench. See *MAT_RIGID in Supported LS-DYNA Keywords for
more details).
Equation of state (EOS) models
Linear (there is no entry for this in the Engineering Data workspace of
Workbench. See *EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL in Supported LS-DYNA
Keywords for more details).
Shock
Failure models
Plastic Strain
Johnson Cook
Note: For line bodies, the LS-DYNA solver only supports the
following three material properties from the above list:
Isotropic Linear Elastic, Bilinear Kinematic Hardening Plasticity
and Rigid bodies. Additional material models that are
supported by the LS-DYNA solver for line bodies can be added
through the "Keyword Snippet" facility.
Attach Geometry
Solid, Surface, and Line bodies can be present in an Explicit Dynamics analysis.
Springs and dampers are not available.
Only symmetric cross sections are supported for line bodies in Explicit Dynamics
analyses, except for the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) systems. The following
cross sections are not supported: T-Sections, L-Sections, Z-Sections, Hat sections,
Channel Sections. For I-Sections, the two flanges must have the same thickness.
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cross sections are not supported: T-Sections, L-Sections, Z-Sections, Hat sections,
Channel Sections. For I-Sections, the two flanges must have the same thickness.
For rectangular tubes, opposite sides of the rectangle must be of the same
thickness. For LS-DYNA Export systems all available cross sections in DesignModeler
will be exported for analysis with the LS-DYNA solver. However there are some
limitations in the number of dimensions that the LS-DYNA solver supports for the
Z, Hat and Channel cross sections. For more information consult the LS-DYNA
Keywords manual.
To prevent the generation of unnecessarily small elements (and long run times) try
using DesignModeler to remove unwanted “small” features or holes from your
geometry.
Note that 2-D analysis is not supported for Explicit Dynamics but may be used to
set up 2-D simulations to be transferred to the AUTODYN component system to
perform a solve, if a license is available.
Stiffness Behavior
Coordinate System
Local Cartesian coordinate systems can be assigned to bodies. These will be used
to define the material directions when using the Orthotropic Elasticity property in a
material definition. The material directions 1, 2, 3 will be aligned with the local x, y
and z axes of the local coordinate system.
Note: Cylindrical coordinate systems are not supported for Explicit
Dynamics systems.
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Dynamics systems.
Reference Temperature
Reference Frame
Available for solid bodies when an Explicit Dynamics system is part of the
solution; the user has the option of setting the Reference Frame to Lagrangian
(default) or Eulerian (Virtual). If Stiffness Behavior is defined as Rigid, Eulerian is
not a valid setting.
Rigid Materials
For bodies defined to have rigid stiffness, only the Density property of the material
associated with the body will be used. For Explicit Dynamics systems all rigid bodies
must be discretized with a Full Mesh. This will be specified by default for the Explicit
meshing physics preference.
The mass and inertia of the rigid body will be derived from the elements and
material density for each body.
By default, a kinematic rigid body is defined and its motion will depend on the
resultant forces and moments applied to it through interaction with other Parts of
the model. Elements filled with rigid materials can interact with other regions via
contact.
Constraints can only be applied to an entire rigid body. For example, a fixed
displacement cannot be applied to one edge of a rigid body, it must be applied to
the whole body.
Note:
Only symmetric cross-sections are supported for line
bodies
Flexible and rigid bodies cannot be combined in Multi-
body Parts. Bonded connections can be applied to
connect rigid and flexible bodies
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body Parts. Bonded connections can be applied to
connect rigid and flexible bodies
The Thickness Mode and Offset Type fields for
surface bodies are not supported for Explicit Dynamics
systems
Initial over-penetrations of nodes/elements of
different bodies should be avoided or minimized if
sliding contact is to be used. There are several
methods available in Workbench to remove initial
penetration
Parts may be defined as rigid or flexible. In the solver, rigid parts are represented
by a single point that carries the inertial properties together with a discretized
exterior surface that represents the geometry. Rigid bodies should be meshed
using similar Method mesh controls as those used for flexible bodies. The inertial
properties used in the solver will be derived from the discretized representation of
the body and the material density and hence may differ slightly from the values
presented in the properties of the body in the Mechanical application GUI.
At least one flexible body must be specified when using the ANSYS AUTODYN
solver. The solver requires this in order to calculate the time-step increments. In
the absence of a flexible body, the time-step becomes underdefined. The boundary
conditions allowed for the rigid bodies with explicit dynamics are:
Connections
Contact Regions: Frictionless, Frictional and Bonded.
BodyContains
Interactions: Frictionless, Frictional and Bonded. Bonded body
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Contact Regions: Frictionless, Frictional and Bonded.
Body Interactions: Frictionless, Frictional and Bonded. Bonded body
interactions are not supported for LS-DYNA Export.
For ANSYS AUTODYN, rigid bodies may not be bonded to other rigid
bodies.
Initial Conditions: Velocity, Angular Velocity
Supports: Displacement, Fixed Support and Velocity.
Loads: Pressure and Force. Force is not supported for ANSYS AUTODYN.
If a multibody part consists only of rigid bodies, all of which share the same
material assignment, the part will act as a single rigid body, even if the individual
bodies are not physically connected.
Define Connections
Reinforcement body interaction should be supported in the case when only line
bodies are scoped to a Body Interaction of Type = Reinforcement. The line
bodies will then be tied to any solid body that they intersect. Reinforcement body
interactions are not supported for LS-DYNA Export systems or for 2D Explicit
Dynamics analyses. However utilizing Keyword Snippets under Contact Region
objects should provide a suitable alternative.
Body Interactions, Contact and Spot Welds are all valid in explicit dynamics
analyses. Frictional, Frictionless and Bonded body interactions and contact options
are available. Conditionally bonded contact can be simulated using the breakable
property of each bonded region. Spot Welds can also be made to fail using the
breakable property.
Joints, Springs and Beam connections are not supported for explicit dynamics
analyses. The Contact Tool is also not applicable to explicit dynamics analyses.
For Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) systems, bonded body interactions are not
supported. Also, Contact Region objects with Auto Asymmetric Behavior or
just Asymmetric Behavior are treated the same. Symmetric Behavior will
create a _SURFACE_TO_SURFACE keyword for the contact and an Asymmetric
Behavior will create a _NODES_TO_SURFACE keyword.
For Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) systems, contacts between line bodies and
solids can be implemented using the Keyword Snippets facility available under the
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For Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) systems, contacts between line bodies and
solids can be implemented using the Keyword Snippets facility available under the
Manual Contact Region objects.
Bonded contact is not supported in an explicit dynamics analysis for bodies that
have their Reference Frame set to Eulerian (Virtual). A solver warning is shown to
let the user know that such bodies will be ignored for bonds. Bonded contact is not
support in a 2D explicit dynamics analysis.
Setting Up Symmetry
There are general considerations when using Symmetry for an Explicit Dynamics
Analysis.
In the case where symmetry is valid for use with Euler Domains, if the boundary of
the Euler Domain which is parallel to the symmetry plane is bellow the symmetry
plane, then that boundary will be moved to lie on the symmetry plane if the
following conditions are true:
the Euler Domain Size Definition option in the Analysis settings is set to
Program Controlled.
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the Euler Domain Size Definition option in the Analysis settings is set to
Program Controlled.
the Euler body is on the positive side of the global coordinate axis.
The following rules apply when applying constraints and Remote Points to Flexible
and Rigid Bodies in an Explicit Dynamics analysis. If incompatible conditions are
applied, the pre-solve checks will identify the problem and inform the user prior to
starting the Solve.
FLEXIBLE BODY
Example Conditions Allowed? +
Notes
Remote Yes
Point applied
to one face.
Remote Yes
Point and
Remote
Displacement
applied to
one face.
Remote No
Point applied The 2 faces
to two share
adjacent common
faces. nodes along
one edge.
Remote Yes
Point applied
to two faces
that do not
share any
nodes.
Remote Yes
Point applied
to two faces
that do not
share any
nodes, with
Remote
Displacement
applied to
one of the
Remote
Points.
Remote No
Point on one The
face with boundary
Remote condition
Displacement scope shares
applied. nodes with
Constraining the scope of
boundary the Remote
condition Displacement.
applied to
adjacent face.
Remote No
Point on one The
face. boundary
Constraining condition
boundary scope shares
condition nodes with
applied to the scope of
adjacent face. the Remote
Point.
Remote Yes
Point on one
face.
Constraining
boundary
condition on
another but
with no
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another but
with no
common
scoped
nodes.
Remote Yes
Point on one
face with
Remote
Displacement
applied.
Constraining
boundary
condition on
another but
with no
common
scoped
nodes.
RIGID BODY
Example Conditions Allowed?
+ Notes
Remote Yes
Point applied This is
to one face. largely
superfluous
as the body
is rigid
already so
making the
face rigid
does not
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face rigid
does not
make any
difference.
Remote Yes
Point and
Remote
Displacement
applied to
one face.
Remote Yes
Point applied
to two
adjacent
faces.
Remote Yes
Point applied This is
to two faces largely
that do not superfluous
share any as the body
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that do not superfluous
share any as the body
nodes. is rigid
already so
making the
face rigid
does not
make any
difference.
Remote Yes
Point applied
to two faces
that do not
share any
nodes, with
Remote
Displacement
applied to
one of the
Remote
Points.
Remote Yes
Point on one
face.
Constraining
boundary
condition on
body.
Remote No
Point on one Two
face with constraining
Remote boundary
Displacement conditions
applied. on a Rigid
Constraining body are
boundary not allowed.
condition on
body.
All mesh methods available in the Workbench meshing application can be utilized in
Explicit Dynamics systems.
Swept Volume Meshing
Patch Dependant Volume Meshing
Hex Dominant Meshing
Patch Independent Tetrahedral Meshing
Multizone Volume Meshing
Patch dependant shell meshing
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Multizone Volume Meshing
Patch dependant shell meshing
Patch independent shell meshing
A smooth uniform mesh should be sought in the regions of interest for the
analysis. Elsewhere, coarsening of the mesh may help to reduce the overall size of
the problem to be solved. Use the Explicit meshing preference (set by default) to
auto-assign the default mesh controls that will provide a mesh well suited for
Explicit Dynamics analyses. This preference automatically sets the Rigid Body
Behavior mesh control to Full Mesh. The Full Mesh setting is only applicable to
Explicit Dynamics analyses. Other physics preferences can be used if better
consistency is desired between implicit and explicit models.
Define the element size manually to produce more uniform element size
distributions especially on surface bodies.
Midside nodes should be dropped from the mesh for all elements types (solids,
surface and line bodies). Error/warning messages are provided if unsupported
(higher order) elements are present in the mesh.
Pyramid elements are not supported in Explicit Dynamics analyses. Any elements of
this type are converted into two tetrahedral elements, and will warrant a warning in
the message window of the Mechanical application.
For Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) systems, only the element types listed
below are supported (partly due to LS-DYNA limitations). Any parts with a mesh
containing unsupported elements will be excluded from the exported mesh. A
warning is displayed specifying excluded parts.
Shells
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Shells
1st Order: triangles, quadrilaterals
2nd Order: none
Solids
1st Order: tetrahedrons, pyramids, wedges, hexahedrons, beams
2nd Order: tetrahedrons
where
lx, ly, lz are the lengths of the unscaled domain in the x, y, and z directions
respectively. These parameters are obtained automatically from the mesh.
l'x, l'y, l'z are the lengths of the scaled domain in the x, y, and z directions
respectively.
Fx, Fy, Fz are the scale factors for the x, y, and z directions respectively.
For the Manual option of the Domain Size Definition, specify the origin of
the Euler Domain (Minimum X Coordinate, Minimum Y Coordinate
Minimum Z Coordinate) and the dimension in each direction (X
Dimension, Y Dimension, Z Dimension).
The domain resolution specifies how many cells should be created in the X,
Y, and Z directions of the domain. Use the Domain Resolution
Definition field to specify how to determine the resolution: either the cell
size (Cell Size), the number of cells in each of the X, Y, and Z directions
(Cells per Component), or the total number of cells to be created
(Total Cells).
For the Cell Size option, specify the size of the cell in the Cell Size
parameter. The value specified is the dimension of the cell in each of
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For the Cell Size option, specify the size of the cell in the Cell Size
parameter. The value specified is the dimension of the cell in each of
the X, Y, and Z directions. The units used for the cell size follow the
ones specified in the Mechanical application window and are displayed
in the text box.
The number of the cells in each direction of the domain are then
determined from this cell size and the size of the domain with the
following equations:
where
Nx, Ny, Nz are the number of cells in the X, Y, and Z directions
respectively.
D is the dimension of the cell in each direction (this is the same in all
directions).
For the Cells per Component option, enter the number of cells required
in each of the X, Y, and Z directions (Number of Cells in X,
Number of Cells in Y, Number of Cells in Z).
For the Total Cells option, specify Total Cells (the default is
250,000). The size of the cells will depend on the size of the Euler
Domain.
The size of the cell is calculated from the following equation:
where
Ntot is the total number of cells in the domain.
You can apply the following loads and supports in an explicit dynamics
analysis:
Acceleration
Standard Earth Gravity
Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
Force
Line Pressure
Fixed Face
Fixed Edge
Fixed Vertex
Displacements
Displacements
Displacements
Detonation Point
Velocity
Impedance Boundary
Simply Supported Edge
Simply Supported Vertex
Fixed Rotation
Remote Displacement
Cylindrical coordinate systems are supported to define a single rotational
displacement or velocity constraint on a rigid or flexible body. These
coordinate systems are fixed, that is, they do not move with the body.
For Explicit Dynamics analyses, the y component (that is, Θ direction) of a
velocity constraint defined with a cylindrical coordinate system has units of
angular velocity.
For Explicit Dynamics analyses, the y component (that is, Θ direction) of a
displacement constraint defined with a cylindrical coordinate system has
units of rotation.
Step or time varying tabular loads can be applied in an explicit dynamics
analysis. However, explicit dynamics does not support tabular data to
specify the magnitude or components of Accelerations or Line Pressures.
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analysis. However, explicit dynamics does not support tabular data to
specify the magnitude or components of Accelerations or Line Pressures.
For Explicit Dynamics analyses, functionally defined loads are supported for
Pressure and Velocity but only when defined as varying in time. See
Applying Boundary Conditions.
For Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA) analyses, functionally defined loads are
not supported.
Loads must be applied in a single step.
Loads and supports are not valid when applied to bodies having a
Reference Frame of Eulerian (Virtual).
Detonation Points are only available for 3D Explicit Dynamics analyses, not
for Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) or 2D Explicit Dynamics analyses.
For Explicit Dynamics analyses, if multiple constraints (for example,
displacements) are applied to a node then they must use the same
coordinate system. This restriction is especially applicable at nodes on a
shared topology such as an edge, where two adjacent faces, each with
different constraints, may come together. These constraints must use the
same coordinate system in their specification.
In the LS-DYNA solver, a Velocity or Displacement boundary condition
(implemented with the *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION keyword) will
override a Fixed Support or a Simple Support or a Fixed Rotation
boundary condition (implemented with the *BOUNDARY_SPC keyword).
Hence if a body has a Velocity constraint and a Fixed Support applied to it,
the whole body will move in the direction of the applied velocity.
The default unconstrained body is valid. It is not a requirement to
constrain any DOF of a body In Explicit Dynamics systems.
An Explicit Dynamics solve can be performed if the model contains at least
one Initial Condition (Translational or Rotational velocity) or a non-zero
constraint (displacement or velocity) or a valid load.
The Remote Displacement boundary condition only works with the Explicit
Dynamics system for 3D analyses, not the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA
Export) system or 2D Explicit Dynamics analyses.
A Remote Displacement boundary condition must have the Behavior field
set to Rigid for an Explicit Dynamics analysis. An error will be reported if it
is set to Deformable. If the Remote Displacement object is scoped to a
Remote Point that has its Behavior set to Rigid, the Remote Displacement
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is set to Deformable. If the Remote Displacement object is scoped to a
Remote Point that has its Behavior set to Rigid, the Remote Displacement
Behavior will automatically be set to Rigid also.
Solve
Solution output
The Solution Information object provides a summary of the
solution time increments and progress is continuously updated in the
solution output. For distributed analyses, the parallel load balancing is
also displayed. This is calculated for each slave as the CPU time taken
on the slave divided by the average CPU time taken on all the slaves.
For a perfectly balanced solution, all slaves will have a load balancing of
one.
Histograms of time step, energy and momentum are also available for
real time monitoring of solution progress.
Note: In Explicit Dynamics analyses, Trajectory Contact
Detection is not supported for a distributed solve.
If you would like to use Trajectory Contact
Detection for a distributed solve, please contact
ANSYS Technical Support.
Choose Tools> Solve Process Settings to solve in the background
either locally or remotely. Retrieve results while the analysis is running
to get immediate feedback on progress and accuracy of the solution.
Result Tracker
Full transient time history data can be viewed after the insertion of
Result Tracker objects. Body averaged data such as momentum and
energy can be selected for display. Data at a specific location (position,
velocity, stress etc.) can also be displayed.
The frequency at which Result Tracker information is provided is
defined in the Save Result Tracker Data On option of the analysis
settings.
Solve an Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system to produce the LS-
DYNA keyword file. This can be used to directly solve with the LS-DYNA
solver, outside of the Workbench environment.
Review Results