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Ofdmforclass
Ofdmforclass
Kari Pietikäinen
kari.pietikainen@hut.fi
• OFDM
– Subchannels
– Pilots
• System overview
– Coding / Interleaving
– Mapping
– IFFT / FFT
– Guard time / Cyclic prefix
• System planning example
• References
• Homework
• Advantages
– Spectral efficiency
– Simple implementation
– Tolerant to ISI
• Disadvantages
– BW loss due guard time
– Prone to frequency and phase offset errors
– Peak to average power - problem
channel
magnitude
carrier
subchannel
frequency
Kari Pietikäinen S-72.333 Postgraduate Course in Radio Communications
Communications Laboratory / HUT
Subchannels
• Subchannels overlap on
each other
– Sinc -shaped spectra
Interleaving
Mapping
Coding
IFFT
S/P
CP
• IEEE 802.11 a/g WLAN • DMT uses bit loading –
• IEEE 802.16 WiMAX algorithms
• DAB – High SNR subchannels carry
more bits
• DVB-T
• ADSL (DMT) • DVB-T can use > 6800
subchannels
• PLC (DMT
• WiMAX can divide
subchannels to different users
Interleaving
Mapping
Coding
IFFT
S/P
CP
Kari Pietikäinen S-72.333 Postgraduate Course in Radio Communications
Communications Laboratory / HUT
Coding / Interleaving
code word
frequency domain
errors
E E E
Interleaving
Mapping
Coding
IFFT
101101011001 110000101111
S/P
CP
Kari Pietikäinen S-72.333 Postgraduate Course in Radio Communications
Communications Laboratory / HUT
Mapping
• Data on OFDM
subcarriers is mapped
(modulated) using
common digital
modulation schemes
– IEEE 802.11a/g WLANs
uses BPSK, QPSK,
16-QAM, 64-QAM
• Serial binary data is
converted into complex
numbers representing
constellation points
– Constellation mappings
usually Gray-coded
Interleaving
Mapping
Coding
IFFT
101101011001 110000101111 1-7j 5+3j
S/P
CP
Pilot insertion
Zero padding
Interleaving
Mapping
Coding
IFFT
S/P
CP
D/A converter
LNA/HPA
Antenna
guard
FFT time
time
delay
No ISI
spread
1.5
LOS
1. mp
2. mp
extension
Sum
1 previous 1. mp
previous 2. mp
0.5
−0.5
– Orthogonality is maintained
−1.5
−2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1.5
LOS
1. mp
up
−0.5
−1
−2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
needed
Kari Pietikäinen S-72.333 Postgraduate Course in Radio Communications
Communications Laboratory / HUT
System planning example
Interleaving
Mapping
Coding
IFFT
S/P
CP
Kari Pietikäinen S-72.333 Postgraduate Course in Radio Communications
Communications Laboratory / HUT
System planning example
• FFT time 4 s
• Guard time 1 s
• OFDM symbol 5 s (Guard time + FFT)
• Subchannel BW 1/T=200kHz
• Nrof subchannels75
– FFT limitation >>>> nrof subch. 64 (2N)
– 11 subchannels unused
• Data rates
– BPSK (1 bit / symbol) 12,8 Mbit/s
– QPSK (2 bits / symbol) 25,6 Mbit/s
– Coding reduces data rates