Optimization Trainning

Radio Dpt
BBU PARTS
BTS/NodeB Parts:

BBU Boards:

PM (Power Module): Provide power (12V, 3.3V) , measurement and protection of
input and overcurrent.
PM


BBU Boards:

SA (Site Alarms): This board perform monitoring, through
alarms of fan, lightning protection, dry contact interfaces,
channel interfaces (E1/T1).
SA


BBU Boards:

FS (Fabric Switch): This board provides baseband optical
interface between BBU and RRU. Also it process the IQ signal.
FS

BBU Boards:

CC (Clock and Control): This board is used for controlling and
managing baseband unit through Ethernet and system clock.
CC


BBU Boards:

UPBG (Universal Processing Board for GMS): It processes the
physical layer protocol and frame protocol specified.
UPBG
BTS/NodeB Parts:

BBU Boards:

UPBG (Universal Processing Board for GMS) functions are:

Achieve rate adaptation, channel coding, interleaving, and
encryption.
Generate TDMA shock burst, GMSK/8PSK modulation, IQ
baseband digital signals output.
Achieve uplink IQ data receiving, receiver diversity combiner,
digital demodulation (GMSK&8PSK, equilibrium), decryption,
deinterleaving, demodulator, and rate adaptation. (GE Ethernet
interface transmits it to CC board for processing.)
Synchronize radio link, process transmission frame.
Measure parameters required in power control and handover.

BPC (Baseband Processing Type C): It is the main subsystem
due that here is where is physical layer processed from 3G. It
has function like: channel mapping, rate adaptation, modulation
and demodulation, etc.
BPC
NOTE: The only different between NodeB and BTS, in this case, is the
processing board, because the structure and architecture is the same.
BPC (Baseband Processing Type C) functions are:

Support 6 CS and 192 Channel Element.
Encryption, rate adaptation, channel mapping, spread
spectrum, code mixing, modulation and demodulation
baseband signal spectrum..
Supports synchronous radio links and signal processing
framework.
Power control.
Transfer control software.
Perform measurements for power control and transfer.

BPC type K = 12CS + 384 Channel Element.
PHYSICAL PARAMS
Azimuth
TILT
Crossfeeder
Crossfeeder on software
CELL IDENTIFIER
MCC
LAC
Cell Global Identity
MNC
3 Digits 2-3 Digits Max 16 Bits
CI
Max 16 bits
LAI
CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
Cell Global Identity (CGI)
It is used for identifying individual cells within an
LA
ROLES OF CGI
The CGI information is sent along the system
broadcasting information in every cell.
When the MS receives the system information,
it will extract the CGI information from it and
determines whether to camp on the cell
according to the MCC and MNC specified by
the CGI.
It judges whether the current location area is
changed, then determines whether to take the
location updating process.
RATs
(Radio Access Technology)

(received signal strength indicator)

(Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number)
2G 3G
RSSI

ARFCN

RSCP

Ec/No

UARFCN

PSC


(received signal code power)

(Energy Chip / Noise)

(UTRA ARFCN)

(Primary Scrambling Code)
3G
RSCP
Power measured
Indication of signal strength
HO criterion
Power Control
Path loss
Measured by UE reported to NodeB
3G
EcNo (Energy per chip/Total Noise power density)
How good is link quality
RSCP = RSSI(in UMTS signal power over 5Mhz) + Ec/No
Ec/No = RSCP RSSI

3G
PSC (Primary Scrambling Code)
UE determines the exactly PSC used by the
found cell.
UE to get PSC:
1st step: Slot synchronization (UE uses SCHs 1st primary
synchronization code to acquire slot synchronisation to a
cell. )
2nd step: Frame synchronisation and code-group
identification (SCH's secondary synchronisation code to
find frame synchronisation and identify the code group
of the cell found in the first step).
3
rd
step: Scrambling-code indentification.
Bitel 3G Spectrum Planning
900MHz
899-915 MHz / 944-960 MHz (Lima y Callao)
902-915 MHz / 947-960 MHz (Lima provincia y provincias)

1900MHz:
1897.5-1910MHz / 1977.5-1990 MHz
3G
UARFCN:
3035
3060
3085
9910
9935

Frecuencia
902 - 947
907 - 952
912 - 957
1902 - 1982
1907 - 1987

GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
Single Frequency Network
Radio Transmission Technology
Requirements
Data
144 kbps High speed and driving
384 kbps Modest speed and walking
2 Mbps Low speed and indoor
Voice
4.75Kb/s -- 12.2Kb/s
64kb/s (Video Phone)
Information transmission at variable rate
according to bandwidth requirements
Delay requirements of different service
3G services
Delay
Bit Error
Different QOS requirements
3G services
Categories Actual Service Delay (One-way) Bearer Speed
conversational
Voice <150ms 12.2kbps
Video Call <150ms 64kbps
VoIP <150ms 15.3~39.6kbps
Interaction
Game
<250ms N/A
Streaming
Real-time Voice
Streaming
<2s 4.7~25kbps
Real-time Video
Streaming
<2s 64kbps~2Mbps
Interaction
Web Browsing <4s N/A
WAP Browsing <4s N/A
E-commerce <4s N/A
Background
FTP No strict N/A
E-mail No strict N/A
Multiple Access Technologies
Why Multiple Access?
Increased capacity: serve more users
Reduced capital requirements since fewer
media can carry the traffic
Decreased per-user expense
Types of Transmission Medium:
Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic cable
Air interface (radio signals)
Three methods are frequently used:
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Each pair of users enjoys
a dedicated, private circuit
through the transmission
medium, unaware that the
other users exist.
Transmission


Medium
Multiple access technologies enable various users access public
communication line but without interference.
Freq. 1
Freq. 1
BS1
BS2
Code D
CDMA Application
Users are distinguished by scrambling codes and OVSF codes
Self-interference system
CDMA system is restricted to interference (GSM system is
restricted to frequency resources)
radio channel
Receiver Transmitter
Spreading
Despreading
Noise
Spread Spectrum Principles
User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth
by multiplying high speed spread code(chip)
Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal
bandwidth Rb
f
Sf
f0
Before spreading
signal
Sf
f
f0
After spreading
signal
Sf
f
f0
After despreading
signal
White noise
f
Sf
f0
Before despreading
signal
White noise
signal interference White noise
Spread Spectrum Principles
Spread Spectrum Principles
Many code channels are individually
spread and then added together to
create a composite signal
Characteristics of Spreading
Communication
High anti-multi-path- interference capability
Anti-sudden-pulse
High security
Lower transmitting power
Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple
Access Communication
Occupy band wide
Complex realization
Purpose of Channel Coding
By adding redundant information in the
original data stream, receivers can detect and
correct the error signal, and improve data
transmission rates.
No correct coding: BER<10
-1
~

10
-2
Can not satisfy
the communication
Convolutional codingBER<10-3
Can satisfy the
speech communication
Turbo coding BER<10
-6

Can satisfy the
data communication
Principle of Channel Coding
Channel coding
Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the
original data
Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/21/3 are
widely applied.
Increase noneffective load and transmission time
Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors
W C D M A
T U R B O
S P E A K
W W C C D D M M A A
T T U U R R B B O O
S S P P E E A A K K
W ? C C D D M M A A
T T ? U R R B B O O
S S P P E E A ? K K
Decoding
Encoding
Encoding and Interleaving
W C D M A
T U R B O
S P E A K
W W C C D D M M A A
T T U U R R B B O O
S S P P E E A A K K
W T S W T S
C U P C U P
D R E D R E
M B A M B A
A O K A O K
W ? ? C D D M M A ?
T ? ? U R ? ? B O O
S ? ? P ? E A A K K
Encoding
Interleaving
W T S ? ? ?
? ? ? C U P
D R ? D ? E
M ? A M B A
A O K ? O K
Deinterleaving Decoding
Encoding + Interleaving can correct both
continuous and non-continuous errors
Principle of Modulation
Definition
Modulation is the process where the amplitude,
frequency, or phase of an electronic or optical
signal carrier is changed in order to transmit
information.
Using symbol stand for one or more bits to
improve communication effectiveness
Classification
Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation
Symbol bit
Modulation
Analog Modulation
The purpose of analog modulation is to impress an information-
bearing analog waveform onto a carrier for transmission.
Common analog modulation methods include:
Amplitude modulation (AM)
Frequency modulation (FM)
Phase modulation (PM)

The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an information-
bearing discrete-time symbol sequence into a continuous-time
waveform (perhaps impressed on a carrier).
Basic analog modulation methods include
Amplitude shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency shift Keying (FSK)
Phase shift Keying (PSK)

Digital Modulation
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
RF Receiving
Demodulation Despreading
Decoding &
De-inteleaving
UE Data
UE Data
Spreading
RF Transmitting
Modulation
Baseband
demodulation
Baseband
modulation
Encoding &
Interleaving
Symbol rate SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps
For UMTSSF of uplink channelization code4~256
SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
OVSF Code Scrambling Code
Data
Spread Data
Spreading Process of UMTS
Symbol
Chip
3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps
Channelization Code
Adopt OVSF code
Definition: Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where
SF : spread factor k : code number, 0 < k<SF-1

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C
ch,1,0
= (1)
C
ch,2,0
= (1,1)
C
ch,2,1
= (1,-1)

C
ch,4,0
=(1,1,1,1)
C
ch,4,1
= (1,1, - 1, - 1)
C
ch,4,2
= (1, - 1 ,1, - 1)
C
ch,4,3
= (1, - 1, - 1, 1)
Scrambling Code
UMTS Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence
It has similar noise array character, seemingly
random but with regularity.
Can make the user data further random ,
strengthened by scrambling a code to keep secret
the user data, at the same time easy to carry out
multiple access communication.
UMTS scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence
Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation.
Cross-correlation is very weak between two codes.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.
Characteristic of Scrambling code
There are 2
24
Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are
used to distinguish different users in one cell.
There are 2
18
-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes,
used to distinguish different cells
Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes,
which are code 018191. They are divided
into 512 aggregationseach aggregation has 1
primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary
scrambling codes (SSC).
The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further
into 64 primary scrambling code groups , with 8
primary scrambling codes in each group.
Numbering rule for Downlink
Scrambling Codes


2
18
-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all
(0..262142)
No. 511 Scrambling Code
Group
8176
8177

8191
8176PSC
8177SSC

8191SSC
No. 510 Scrambling Code
Group
8160
8161

8175
8160
8161

8175
No. 504 Scrambling Code
Group
8064
8065

8079
8064
8065

8079


No. 7 Scrambling Code
Group
112
113

127
8176PSC
8177

8191
No. 1 Scrambling Code
Group
16
17

31
16PSC
17SSC

31SSC
No. 0 Scrambling Code
Group
0
1

15
0PSC
1SSC

15SSC
No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group

No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group
Code Functions
Channelization code
Uplink: for separation of physical channels
Downlink: separation of users

Scrambling code
Uplink: for separation of users/terminals
Downlink: separation of cells/sectors in the
downlink.

Modulation Methods in UMTS
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA