WCDMA Wireless Principle and Key Technology

Content
WCDMA System Overview WCDMA Wireless Principle WCDMA Key Technology

Evolution of Cellular Mobile Communication System

First Generation (80s) Analog Second Generation (90s) Digital Third Generation (2000) Wideband Multimedia

AMPS
Analog Technology Digital Technology

GSM
Voice Service

TACS

Market Driven

CDMA IS95

Market Driven

Broadband Service

UMTS WCDMA

NMT Others

TDMA IS-136
PDC

CDMA 2000
TDSCDMA

Background of 3G

Essential impetus: a wider range and higher data rate of services, higher spectrum efficiency Improve the compatibility between different networks The international standardIMT-2000 comes forth as the requirement

3G Technology Evolution
WCDMA CNbased on MAP

CDMA2000 CNbased on ANSI-41

3G

TD-SCDMA CNbased on MAP

Standard

CDMA is the Mainstream Technology of 3G

3G Standard and Beyond 3G Evolution

TD-SCDMA R4 TD-SCDMA Enhanced R5/6 HSUPA Phase2 MBMS

LTE 3GPP 4G FDD/TDD

2005
WCDMA R4

HSDPA Phase1 R5

HSUPA Phase1 HSDPA Phase2 R6

CDMA 1X

EV-DO 0

EV-DO A BCMCS

AIE Phase1 NDO

AIE Phase 2

3GPP2 4G

WiMAX 802.16d

WiMAX 802.16e

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

After 2009

WCDMA Standard Evolution

Introduce IMS Domain Introduce Iu Introduce HSDPA for Interface Control and Radio Interface MAX. Speed: 2Mbps Bearer Commercial Release Separation R5

Study on Interoperability of IMS and PLMN/PSTN/ISDN Circuit Switch Network MBMS Study on Frame Structure

R6

2001.6+ following CR

R4

R99

2000.3

2001.3

2002.6

Time for function frozen

Characteristics of WCDMA

Bidirectional fast closed-loop power control

(High capability to overcome interference, fading, and ensure the service quality and system capacity)

Bidirectional coherent demodulation by pilots bit

3dB Gains

Transmitter and receiver diversity High chip rate(3.84Mcps Channel coding tech with high gain
Add the redundant bit to protect user data

Unnecessary for GPS synchronization among base stations Multiple handover technology
intra-frequency soft handover/ Hard handover, Inter frequency hard handover, Inter-RAT handover

Multiple transport rate Advanced radio resource management algorithm

WCDMA Entire IP Network Evolution

R99 MMS C OMC Billing Server HLR MMS C R4 OMC Billing Server HLR GMLC MSC server GMSC MSC SGSN GGSN CS PS CS GMSC server GMGW MGW SGSN GGSN GMGW MGW SGSN GGSN CS PS CS PS MMS C R5 OMC Billing Server HLR GMLC

SCP

SCP

SCP

GMLC

BSS

RNS BSS

RNS

BSS

RNS

R99 CN smoothly evolves from GSM/GPRS network

R4 CN separate the Control Plane from Bearer Plane in CS Domain

R5 CN Introduces IMS RAN Adopts IP

WCDMA Entire IP Network Evolution coincide with the development tendency of the next generation network

Comparison of the Three 3G Technologies (I)

WCDMA
Carrier spacing Chip rate Spreading way Duplex mode Frame size Channel coding Scrambling Modulation mode Power control Base station synchronization 5M 3.84M DS-CDMA FDD/TDD 10ms Convolutional codesTurbo codes Walsh+Gold sequence QPSK/BPSK Open-loop and fast closedloop 1.5KHz Synchronization/Asynchrono us

CDMA2000
1.25/5/10/15/20 MHz N*1.2288Mcps N=1,3,6,9,12 DS-CDMA & MC-CDMA FDD 20msgeneral data and control channel 5msbasic and designated control channel) Convolutional codesTurbo codes Walsh+M sequence QPSK/BPSK Open-loop and fast closed-loop 800Hz synchronization

Comparison of the Three 3G Technologies (II)

WCDMA-TDD
Carrier spacing Chip rate Spreading way Duplex mode Modulation mode Number of timeslot Capacity channel number each timeslot Channel number each carrier Capacity (rate of one timeslot) Rate of one carrier 5M 3.84M DS-CDMA, SF=1,2,4,8,16 TDD QPSK/BPSK 15 8

TD-SCDMA
1.6M 1.28M DS-CDMA, SF=1,2,4,8,16 TDD QPSK 7 16

56 220.8kbps 3.31Mbps

48 281.6kbps 1.971Mbps

Spectrum Utilization

0.662Mbps/MHz

1.232Mbps

Content
WCDMA System Overview

WCDMA Wireless Principle

WCDMA Key Technology

Characteristic of Radio Propagation

Electromagnetic propagation: direct radiation reflectiondiffraction and scattering Signal attenuation:

Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading Slow fadingLoss because of being blocked by the building and hill in the propagation path Fast fadingElectromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens wavelength ranges Rayleigh distributionnon line-of sight transmission Rician distributionline-of sight transmission

Description of Fast fading distribution

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Interference dithering
2 3

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Sending signal

Accepting signal

delay
0dB 0 +

fading
-25dB

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Frequency off-set caused by the movement of mobile that is Doppler effect

Multi-Path Effects

sending signal

strength

receiving signal
0
time

Multiple Access
Frequency division multiple access technology
Channels in different frequency are allocated to different users, e.g. TACS AMPS

FDMA
Power

Time division multiple access technology

channels in different time are allocated to different users, e.g. GSMDAMPS

TDMA
Power

Code division multiple access technology

Users distinguished by scramble code, e.g. CDMA

CDMA
Power

Principle of Spreading Frequency

SHANON Formula

C = Blog2(1+S/N)
Where, C is capacity of channel, b/s B is signal bandwidth, Hz S is average power for signal, W N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.

Sketch Map of Spreading

Sf
Sf

signal
signal
f0

f0

Before spreading

After spreading

Sf

Sf

White noise signal

f0

signal White noise

f0

Before despreading

After despreading

signal

interference

White noise

Spreading Mode

Direct sequence spreadDSSS Base band data is spreaded by multiplication of pseudonoise sequence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-noise generator BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by power detection accuracy WCDMA uses DS-SS Frequency hopping spreadFH-SS Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency hopping Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband modulation No near-far effect

Characteristics of Spreading Communication

High anti-multi-path- interference capability (Rake receiver, Power control etc) Anti-sudden-pulse High security(OVSF and scrambling code) Lower transmitting power Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access Communication Occupy band wide Complex realization

Purpose of Channel Coding

purpose:

By adding redundant information in the original data stream, receivers can detect and correct the error signal, and improve data transmission rates.
Can not satisfy the communication

No correct coding:

BER<10-1 ~ 10-2

Convolutional codingBER<10-3

Can satisfy the speech communication

Can satisfy the data communication

Turbo coding

BER<10-6

Principle of Channel Coding

Convolution coding

Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the original data Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/21/3 are widely applied. Increase redundancy and transmission time Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors

Principle of Interleave Technology

advantage

Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the unexpected errors Advance the correcting validity Increase the processing delay Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for the unexpected error .
x1 x2 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 x16 x21 x22 x23 x24 x25

disadvantage

e.g. Data output

A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)

Data input
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)

x3 x4 x5

Concept of Diversity Technology

Double meaningsscattered transmission, concentrative process. Achieved by using and finding the independent multi-access signals in the wireless communication environment . If the signals in one path decay seriously, but in other independent path are still strong. advantage

Easy to achieve relatively stable signal Achieve the diversity gain Improve SNR

Diversity Categories

Space diversity Also called antenna diversity, if the distance between the antennae is greater than 10 times of the wavelength, the signals from different antenna are not related.
Time diversity The signal repeats over Channel Coherent time interval, so that the environment is independent. Frequency diversity The signal repeats in the different frequencies. Polarization Diversity Signal reflects in the different direction, since the reflection coefficients of different polarization directions are not the same, the signals in different polarization direction is not related

Spreading of WCDMA
Chip after Spreading

Data bit

OVSF Code

Scramble Code

Symbol rate SF = 3.84Mcps WCDMASF of uplink channeliezd code4~256 SF of downlink channelized code:4~512 OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

Spreading, Scrambling and modulation of WCDMA

Downlink physical channel spreading and modulation

I+jQ Cch,SF,m j G1 I+jQ Cch,SF,m j G2 S-SCH Sdl,n

serial DL physical channel 1parallel transfer

Sdl,n

DL physical channel 2 serial parallel transfer

P-SCH Gp Gp

Re(T)
Real part and Imaginary part separate Im(T)

cos(wt)
Pulse shaping

Pulse shaping

-sin(wt)

Spreading, Scrambling and modulation of WCDMA

Uplink physical channel spreading and modulation
DPDCH1 DPDCH3 DPDCH5 DPDCH2 DPDCH4 DPDCH6 DPCCH
cc cc Cd,1 Cd,3 Cd,5 Cd,2 Cd,4 Cd,6 Cc d d d d d d c

I I+jQ Sdpch,n

Q j cos(wt)

Real part Re(S) and Imaginary part separate

Pulse shaping Pulse shaping

Im(S)

-sin(wt)

Despreading of WCDMA

Method of despreading

Input signal Ts (*)dt

0

Output after despreading

When T=Ts, judge integral Local PN code

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading of WCDMA

Symbol
1 -1 Chip Spreading code = 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 ( SF = 8 )

Data = 010010

Spreading
1 -1 1 -1

Spread signal = Data code

Despreading
Spreading code Data = Spread signal code 1 -1 1 -1

Processing Gain

Spreading definition and processing gain

Processing gain: PG=Wc/R

Wc: chip rate R: signal rate

PG=10lg(Wc/R), dB units

Despreading by receiver will be able to resume the original signal

More spreading of multiples, higher the processing gain, stronger anti-jamming

Convolutional Code

Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal channel Coding rate is 1/21/3

Input

D
Output 0 G 0 = 557 (octal) Output 1 G 1 = 663 (octal) Output 2 G 2 = 711 (octal)

Rate 1/3 convolutional coder

Characteristics of Convolutional code

Easy decode Short delay Generally use the Viterbi Algorithm Channel bit error rate is 103 magnitude Suitable to realtime service

e.g. speech and video service.

Turbo Code

Used in Data service channel Code Rate is 1/3 Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long delay services Turbo coding structure is based on two or more weak error control code combinations. The information bits are interleaved in the two Encoder, and generate two information flow. At last, this information can be multiplexed and punctured Decoding needs cycle iterative calculation

input Interleaver

Encoder 1 Encoder 2

Multiplex

output

Characteristics of Turbo Codes

Complex decoding
Use the LOG-MAP arithmetic Channel bit error rate is 106 magnitude Very suitable to non-realtime package service which is BER sensitive & delay insensitive , e.g. WWW, FTP, E_mail , multimedia transmission .

Interleave Technology of WCDMA

Intra-frame interleave

Bits transform in the internal frame

Inter-frame interleave

Data transform among the frames

Intra-Turbo codes interleave

Complex nesting of intra-frame and inter-frame interleave

Diversity Technology of WCDMA

Open-loop transmit diversity

Use space-time coding , fire from two antenna, comprehensively utilize the time and space diversity

Closed-loop transmit diversity

Feedback from the receiver controls the parameters of the transmitting antenna, it is the time diversity with feedback technology. A implied time diversity
A implied time diversity. The multi-access signal used by RAKE is considered the signal sent by transmitter several times.

Interleave

RAKE receive technology

Content

WCDMA System Overview

WCDMA Wireless Principle

WCDMA Key Technology

Capacity of WCDMA

Power Rise

Power rising occurs because of the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) resulting from the non-orthogonal code channels.
WCDMA network

Meeting Room talk with dialects voice tone listen clearly voice tone rise voice climb can not listen for each other Noise outside the room

Code channel transmit Channel power Promised channel quality Channel power rise Power climb Collapse over the range Interference outside the cell

Power Rise
Quantity of Subscriber-- The Total Bandwidth Received by Node B

The Total Bandwidth Power Received by Node B (dBm)

Quantity of Subscriber

WCDMA Capacity Feature

WCDMA capacity feature

WCDMA capacity is Soft Capacity

The Concept of Soft Capacity

Inter-convertibility between system capacity and communication quality Different service has different capacity Different proportion of services has different capacity for mixed services

Soft Capacity

Different service combination and proportion has different capacity

Trade off between System capacity and service quality

Crucial Factors for WCDMA Capacity

Capacity

All the WCDMA technologies adopted is try to achieve the most optimal balance of the three factors

Factors Affecting WCDMA Capacity

Factors
Power Control Handover Control

Impact on WCDMA capacity

Reducing interference, saving power and Increasing capacity Impacting the capacity through applying different proportion and algorithm of soft handover Admitting a connection base on the load and the admission threshold of planned capacity Monitoring system load and adjusting the ongoing services to avoid overload The Allocation of codes impacts the maximum number of simultaneous connections. The advanced receiving and baseband processing technology is introduced to overcome the fast fading Reducing interference, saving power and expanding coverage through tracking the user with beam forming antenna array. Reducing the Multi-Access Interference (MAI). The class and combination of services impact the capacity directly Wireless environment such as interferences, UE position and mobility etc. can influent the cell capacity

Category

Admission Control
Load Control OVSF Code RAKE Receiver Smart Antenna MUD Service Class and Combination Wireless Environment

Radio Resource Management RRM

Key Technology

Service Attribute Wireless Propagation Environment

Power Control

CDMA is not a new technology Power control is a key technology of CDMA system Power control is the key method for launching the large scale CDMA commercial network

CDMA is a typical self-interference system, thus the chief principle is that any potential surplus transmitted power for service must be controlled.

Near-Far Effect

Power

Power

Each terminal is an interference source to the others. The Near-far effect will impact the capacity tremendously

Power control will reduce the cross interference significantly and improve the total capacity

Multi-Access Interference

WCDMA is a self-interference system

Cause: Spectrum sharing; lacking of idealized selfcorrelated and cross-correlated spread codes, accuracy of the circuit Phenomenon: Power Rising
Output Frequency

Time

Codes
S yn c h r o n i z a t i o n Time Multi-Access Interference Sketch Map

Purpose of Power Control

Downlink Power Control
Cell transmitted power

Uplink Power Control

UE transmitted signal

Report power control bit (TPC)

Power control command (TPC)

Overcome near-far effect and compensate signal fading

Reduce multi-access interference and guarantee cell capacity
Extend battery life

Category of Power Control

Open Loop Measure the channel interference condition and adjust the initial transmitted power Close LoopInner Loop Measure the SIR (Signaling to Interference Ratio), compare with the target SIR value, and then send power control instruction to UE. The frequency of CDMA close loop power control is 1500Hz. If measured SIR>target SIR, decrease the UE transmitted power. If measured SIR <target SIR, increase the UE transmitted power. Close LoopOuter Loop Measure the BLER (Block Error Rate), and adjust the target SIR.

Open Loop Power Control

General principals of open loop power control

Open loop power control is applied to estimate the initial transmitted code power (TCP) for a new radio link. The downlink Open Loop Power Control is using PCPICH signal which is measured by UE to estimate the initial TCP and the following factors will also be considered, such as service QoS and data rate, Eb/No requirements of establishing service, current downlink total Transmitted Power and interference from neighbor cell etc..

P-CPICH,SCH, PCCPCH,AICH,FACH,DPDCH,DPCCH,PRACH

Close Loop Inner Loop Power Control

Measure receiving SIR and compare to target SIR

1500Hz

Inner loop

TPC instruction Set SIRtar

NodeB
Try to get the equal receiving Eb (Energy per bit) of each UE at Node B

UE
Each radio link has its own control circle

Close Loop Inner Loop Power Control

General principals of inner loop power control The receiver compares the SIR value of received signal with target SIR, and then sends back TPC instruction. According to the instruction, the sender will decide to increase/decrease the transmitted power, The adjusted rang=TPC_cmdTPC_STEP_SIZE
Inner loop power control is required for the following channels DPCH, PDSCH, PCPCH Inner loop power control is not required for the following channels P-CPICH(S-CPICH), P-CCPCH(S-CCPCH), PRACH etc..

Close Loop Outer Loop Power Control

Measure BLER of TRCH
Measure receiving BLER and compare to target BLER Measure receiving SIR and compare to target SIR

Get data flow with stable BLER

Outer Loop
Set BLERtar
Set SIRtar
10-100Hz

Inner loop
TPC instruction

RNC

NodeB

UE

Close Loop Open Loop Power Control

General principals of open loop power control

The algorithm is implemented as following: Employ the inner loop power control to keep SIR close to target SIR; Measure the quality of service, e.g. through CRCI report, and tune the target SIR with pre-defined step; Therefore keep the call in good quality event in changing wireless propagation environment. Input parameters include target BLER, CRC indicator and SIR Error, output parameter is SIR Target. Open loop power control algorithm is implemented in two ways: FER period report triggered; FER event report triggered. The uplink open loop power control algorithm is executed in the RNC while the downlink one is executed in the UE.

Purpose of Handover Control

Purpose:

Keep service continuity. Balance the traffic Improve call quality

Handover Types

Soft Handover

Intra-Node B soft handover (Softer Handover) Inter-Node B soft handover Inter-RNC soft handover (involving Iur interface)

Hard Handover

Inter-frequency hard handover Intra-frequency hard handover (forced hard handover) Inter-RAT hard handover (between different Radio Access Technology, e.g. WCDMA and GSM) Inter-mode handover (e.g. between FDD and TDD)

Handover Demonstration

Hard Handover

Soft
Handover

Soft Handover/Softer Handover

C A B C A B A B A B C C

C A B A

WCDMA General Handover Procedures

Measurement Control

Measured objectNeighbor cell list Measured quantityRSCP/Ec/Io etc Measurement report method Event report Periodical report UTRAN makes the decision based on the measurement reports from UE. The implementation of handover decision is various for different vendors. It impacts on the system performance critically.

Handover decision

Handover execution

UTRAN and UE execute different handover procedure according to the handover command .

Handover Flows
(A) RNC sends measurement control message to UE (Measurement Control) (B) UE starts measurement task with the parameters included in the message, and reports measurement resultsMeasurement Report Current carrier has good quality (E) Quality Decision Other carrier has good quality Other system has good quality

(C) RNC stores the measurement results according to frequencies and cells
(D) RNC Estimates the quality of each carrier (including intra-frequency and inter-frequency)

(F) maintain the active set and monitored set

(G) Allocate resource in target cell of the virtual active set, prepare to execute handover

(H) Allocate resource in target cell, prepare to execute handover

IIf handover is required, RNC sends handover command with target cell to UE

General Procedure of Handover Control (I)

Measuring The measurement quantity are decided by RNC. Usually, either Ec/N0 or RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) of P-CPICH channel is used for handover decision. ZTE RNC adopts Ec/N0 measurement, because Ec/N0 embodies both the received signal strength and the interference. The relation of Ec/N0 and RSCP is shown as follows: Ec/N0 RSCP/RSSI In the above equationRSSIReceived Signal Strength Indicatoris measured within the bandwidth of associated channels

General Procedure of Handover Control (II)

Filtering

The measurement results should be filtered before being reported. Measurement filtering can be regarded as a low pass filtering procedure. The following equation is applied for filtering

Fn=(1-a)Fn-1a*Mn
Variants definition
Fnfiltered measurement result
Fn-1last filtered measurement result Mn latest Ec/I0 or RSCP measurement result received from physical layer; a = 1/2(k/2), k means the Filter coefficient, which is included in the Measurement Control message. It is decided by the UTRAN. F0 is initialized by the first measurement result M1.

General Procedure of Handover Control (III)

Reporting
Period report triggered handover Base on the filtered measurement result
Event report triggered handover Base on the event Measurement result filtered in UE

Soft Handover Hard Handover

Period

Event decided in RNC Handover decided in RNC Measurement result filtered in UE Event decided in UE Handover decided in RNC

Event

General Procedure of Handover Control (IV)

Handover algorithm

All the handover algorithms including soft handover, hard handover and so on are implemented on the event decision made from measurement report.

Events defined in 3GPP specifications

Intra-frequency events1A~1F Inter-frequency events2A~2F Inter-RAT events3A~3D

Handover event
Event
1A

Description
Quality of target cell improves, entering a report range of relatively activating set quality Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a report range of relatively activating set quality The quality of a non-activated set cell is better than that of a certain activated set cell Best cell generates change Quality of target cell improves, better than an absolute threshold Quality of target cell decreases, worse than an absolute threshold

1B

1C 1D 1E 1F

Handover event
Event
2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F

Description
Best serving frequency (same system) has been changed Quality of Working frequency is lower than a threshold and quality of Nonworking frequency is higher than a threshold. Quality of Non-working frequency is higher than a threshold. Quality of Working frequency is lower than a threshold Quality of Non-working frequency is lower than a threshold. Quality of Working frequency is higher than a threshold

Event
3A

Description
Quality of UTRAN frequency is lower than a threshold and quality of other system is higher than a threshold.

3B
3C 3D

Quality of other system is lower than a threshold.

Quality of other system is higher than a threshold. Better cell of other system has been changed.

Concepts Related to Handover

Active Set: A set of cells that have established radio links with a certain mobile station. User information is sent from all these cells. Monitored Set: Have configured neighbor cell relation with the cell in active set ;Signal is not strong enough to enter AS or AS already full Detected Set: A set of cells that are neither in the active set nor in the monitor set Signal is weak; Monitor set is full; Cell has not configured neighbor cell relation with the cell in active set.

An Example of Handover Procedure

Pilot Ec/Io t t t

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 1

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 2

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 3 Connect to cell1

time Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B add cell2replace cell1 with cell 3remove cell3

RNS Relocation
Core Network Iu Service RNS Iur Target RNS Service RNS Core Network

Iu Target RNS

RNS Radio Network Sub-system

RNS relocation can :

Reduce the Iur traffic significantly Enhance the system adaptability

Hard Handover

Hard handover measurement is much more complex for UE than soft handover measurement.
Inter-frequency hard handover requires UE to measure the signal of other frequency. WCDMA employs compressed mode technology to support inter-frequency measurement.

Purpose of Compressed Mode

In order to support inter-frequency and inter-RAT handover, UE is required to perform inter-frequency and Inter-RAT measurement periodically. The UE with one transceiver does not have the opportunity to perform inter-frequency measurement during the service period (especially the voice call) , because the transceiver is busy in transmitting and receiving the signals all the time.
Compressed mode can provide idle slot based transmission time window, which can be used for inter-frequency measurement, for the UEs in connected state, e.g. CELL_DCH.

Compressed Mode

10ms

1 frame10ms

Transmit gapsMaximum 7 slots = 4.7ms

Compressed Mode Transmission Diagram

Generation of Compressed Mode Frame

Puncturing

Lower the symbol rate of physical channel when processing the rate matching procedure

SF halving

Employ half SF, e.g. employ SF64 to replace SF128

High layer scheduling

Decrease the bit rate from up layer

Disadvantage: Power control will be not accurate Channel anti-interference capability will be degrade

Admission Control

The admission control is employed to admit the access of incoming call. Its general principal is based on the availability and utilization of the system resources.
If the system has enough resources such as load margin, code, and channel element etc. the admission control will accept the call and allocate resources to it.

Purpose of Admission Control

The admission control should implement admission or rejection for the new users, new RAB and new RL (for example handover) according to the current resource situation. The admission control will sustain the system stability firstly and try the best to satisfy the new calling service QoS request, such as service rate, quality (SIR or BER), and delay etc., basing on the radio measurement.

Admission Control in Uplink

Itotal_old+I >Ithreshold
Access Threshold
Interference capacity Service priority Reserved capacity for handover

The forecasted interference including the delta interference brought by the incoming service is calculated by the admission algorithm, and its result depends on the QoS and transmission propagation environment

Iowncell

The current RTWP (Received Total Wide Power) value of cell, which is reported by Node B

Iothercell ~ N0

Admission Control in Uplink

The Total Bandwidth Power Received by Node B (dBm)

Different ultimate user numbers Different interference threshold under different ultimate user number conditions Different ultimate throughputs
Throughput -- The Total Bandwidth Received by Node B
The Total Bandwidth Power Received by Node B (dBm)

Quantity of Subscriber-- The Total Bandwidth Received by Node B

Throughput

Quantity of Subscriber

Ultimate Situation for different service rate

Admission Control in Downlink

Ptotal_old+P>=Pthreshold
Access Threshold

Max TCP of cell Service priority Reserved capacity for handover

The forecasted TCP value including delta power required for the incoming service is calculated by the admission algorithm, and its result depends on the QoS and transmission propagation environment. The current TCP value of cell, which is reported by Node B Transmitted Carrier Power*Pmax

Admission Control in Downlink

Redlow speed service Bluehigh speed service

The Total Transmission Power (dBm)

Quantity of Subscriber

The above figure illustrates the relation between ultimate user number corresponds to different service rate and distance under equidistant distribution condition

Admission Control Analysis

The service can be either one-direction or bidirection type. For bi-direction service, it is admitted only after both uplink and downlink are admitted. Admission control is the only access entry for the incoming services, its strategy will directly effect the cell capacity and stability, e.g. call loss rate, call drop rate.

Purpose of Load Control

The speed and position changing of UE may worsen the wireless environment.

Increasing of transmitted power will increase the system load

The purpose of load control is to keep the system load under a pre-planned threshold through decreasing the load in several ways, therefore to improve the system stability.

Load control

Load Control Flows

Start

Light load

Over load Decision

Normal load 1. Handover in and access are allowed 2. Transmitted code power (TCP) increasing is allowed 3. RAB service rate upgrade is allowed

1. Handover in and access are allowed 2. TCP increasing is allowed

1. Handover in and access are forbidden 2. TCP increasing is forbidden 3. RAB service rate degrade 4. Handover out 5. Release call

Load Control in Uplink

Triggers RTWP (Received Total Wind-band Power) value from measurement report exceeds the uplink overload threshold; Admission control triggers when rejecting the high priority services access due to insufficient load capacity in uplink.
Methods for decreasing load Decrease the target Eb/N0 of service in uplink; Decrease the rate of none real time data service; Handover to GSM system; Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call; Release calls. Methods for increasing load Increase the service rate.

Load Control in Downlink

Triggers TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power) value from measurement report exceeds the downlink overload threshold; Admission control triggers when denying the high priority services access due to insufficient load capacity in downlink.
Methods for decreasing load Decrease the downlink target Eb/N0 of service in downlink; Decrease the rate of none real time data service; Handover out to coverage-shared light loaded carrier; Handover out to GSM system; Decrease the rage of real time service, e.g. voice call; Release calls. Methods for increasing load Increase the service rate.

Cell Breathing

Cell breathing is one of the means for load control

The purpose of cell breathing is to share the load of hotspot cell with the light loaded neighbor cells, therefore to improve the utilization of system capacity.

Purpose of Code Resource Planning

WCDMA system adopts primary scrambling code to distinguish the cells and channel code to distinguish physical channels in downlink, and adopts scrambling code to distinguish users in uplink. The OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) code tree is a sparse resource and only one tree can be used in each cell. In order to make full use of the capacity, and support as many connections as possible, it is important to plan and control the usage of channel code resource.
Although the uplink scrambling codes are sufficient, the RNC should plan to use the codes for avoiding allocating same code to different users in inter-RNC handover scenario.

Code Resource Planning

Code types in WCDMA system Uplink Scrambling Code Uplink Channelization Code Downlink Scrambling Code Downlink Channelization Code
The uplink scrambling code and downlink scrambling code can be planned easily, and uplink channel code does not need planning, therefore, only the downlink channel code is planned with certain algorithm in RNC. Each cell has one primary scrambling code, which correlates with a channel code tree. The downlink channel code tree is a typical binary tree with each layer corresponds to a certain SF ranging from SF4 to SF512.

Generation of Channel Code

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

OVSF Code Tree

Channel Code Characters

Code allocation restriction

The code to be allocated must fulfill the condition that its ancestor nodes including from father node to root node and offspring nodes in the sub tree are not allocated; The allocated node will block its ancestor nodes and offspring nodes, thus the blocked nodes will not be available for allocation until being unblocked .
SF=8 SF=16

Code allocation side effect

SF=32

Strategy of Channel Code Allocation

Full utilization

The fewer the blocked codes, the higher the code tree utilization rate.

Low Complexity

Short code first.

Allocate codes for common channels and physical shared channels prior to dedicated channels.

Guarantee the code allocation for common physical channels.

Apply certain optimized strategy to allocate codes for downlink dedicated physical channels.

An Example of Code Allocation

SF = 4 SF = 8 SF = 16

SF = 32
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

SF = 4 SF = 8

Choose one code from three candidates

SF = 16
SF = 32
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Red circles represent the codes that have been allocated Green circles represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated offspring codes Blue circles represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated ancestor codes; Black circles represent the codes that are to be allocated;

RAKE Receiver

The multi-path signals contain some useful energy , therefore the CDMA receiver can combine these energy of multi-path signals to improve the received signal to noise ratio. RAKE receiver adopts several correlation detectors to receive the multi-path signals, and then combines the received signal energy.

d1

d2 d3

RAKE Receiver can effectively overcome the multi-path interference, consequently improve the receiving performance.

RAKE Receiver
Single path receiving circuit Single path receiving circuit

Combiner

Combined Signal

Receiver

Single path receiving circuit Multi-path search engine

s(t)

s(t)

Calculate signal strength and delay

Multi-User Detection

WCDMA telecommunication system can provide communication environment for simultaneous multiuser access. The research result indicates that multi-access interference and channel noise have different statistical characters. Multi-access interference has the estimable and reproducible features. The purpose of MUD is to reduce the multi-access interference till 0 through collecting the useful information of all users and adopting certain signal processing method.

Multi-User Detection Technology

The CDMA receiver is based on the principal of RAKE receiving, and the interference from other users is treated as noise.
The capacity of RAKE receiving based CDMA system is interference limited. The true optimal receiver adopts join-detection technology to detect all the received signals, and removes the interference from other users. Multi-User Detection (MUD), also named as Join-detection or Interference-eliminationcan reduce the multi-access interference, thereby improve the capacity. MUD can eliminate the near-far effect. The near optimal MUD receiver and interference eliminated receiver are actually applied instead of the true optimal MUD receiver because of the implementation complexity.

True Optimal Multi-User Detection

The true optimal detection consists of K matched filters and one Viterbi algorithm implementation. The complexity has an exponents relation to the user number.
Synchronize

Matched Filter 1
Synchronize

Z1i

b1i

r(t)

Matched Filter 2
Synchronize

Z2i

Viterbi Algorithm Implementation

b2i

Matched Filter k

Zki

bki

Linear De-correlation Detection

De-correlation detection transforms the multi-access interference, which is generated in multi-user environment, into an equivalent transmission response matrixi.e. the channel codes correlation matrix R The complexity has an exponents relation to the user number.
Matched Filter 1
Bit Decision
b1

r(t)

Matched Filter 2

Linear Transform ation R1

Bit Decision

b2

Matched Filter k

Bit Decision

bk

Summary

WCDMA Wireless Technology Spreading Channel Coding (Convolutional Coding, Turbo coding) Interleaving Diversity

WCDMA Radio Resource ManagementRRM) Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Allocation WCDMA Key Technology RAKE Receiver MUD