Cellular Communication Systems

Graduate course in Computer Science

Integrated Communication Systems (ICS) Group
http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics
-> Teaching -> Master studies -> Cellular Communication Systems

Winter Semester

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim (lecturers)

Mehdi Harounabadi (seminars)
Course Motivation – Why is this important?

 Still dramatic increase in mobile communications

 Domination of Internet traffic
 Transition from voice to data services
 Transition towards pseudo flat rates
 Convergence of the Telecommunication world and the Internet world
 Transition from circuit-switched to packet-switching technology
 Mobile/Wireless Internet
 New applications and services
 New services and challenges
 streaming: broadcast vs. unicast
 machine-to-machine communications: scalability and overhead
 car-to-car and (cooperative) multihop communications
 low latency, high reliability

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 2

Course Contents

• Review of the basics of mobile communications

• Overview on GSM, GPRS and EDGE
• UMTS (3G) networks, including
- network architecture,
- network elements,
- protocols and
- service aspects
• Architecture, protocols and services of UMTS networks especially
- the radio access network and
- the core network
• Evolution towards LTE and LTE-Advanced
- High-speed Packet Data (HSPA),
- Long-term Evolution (LTE) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
- Self-organization in LTE and LTE-Advanced
Focus on network aspects rather than radio details
Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 3
Course Objectives

 Understand how mobile networks work

 Be able to navigate and understand UMTS and LTE standards

 Understand why UMTS and LTE has been defined the way it is

 Understand the evolution path from 2G to 4G

=> Acquire a reasonable deep understanding of a highly complex

system

=> Understanding of the system from the system architect´s view

or: abstract from the details and understand the story as a whole

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 4

Working Method

 Study of real Telco systems with their specific problems

 Identify and solve the identified problems instead of a general study
of abstract problems
 Lots of discussion (hopefully)
 Individual studies
 Assignment of a paper to each student
 Deep understanding of the paper
 Preparation of a presentation
 Final presentations: December 18 & 20, 2017
 Exam
 Oral exam (20 min, please register at ICS office in Z1031)
 Grading scheme: 80% oral exam, 20% individual studies
 50% correct answers required to pass oral exam

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 5

Organisational Stuff
Lecture: first half of semester (4 hrs per week)
Individual studies: second half of semester (term paper and presentations)

Course prerequisites:
 Basics of Communication Systems and Protocols (mandatory)
 Basics of Mobile Communication Networks, e.g. Advanced Mobile
Communication Networks course (recommended)

Slides and additional information are provided at

http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics
-> Teaching -> Master Studies -> Cellular Communication Systems

Instructor contact:
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel Jens Mückenheim
Email: mitsch@tu-ilmenau.de Email: jens.mueckenheim@hs-merseburg.de
Phone: 03677-69 2819/2829 Phone: 03461-46 2925

Course budget: appr. 30 hours of classes

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 6

Course Schedule

1 Introduction 12-Oct-17
2 Basics of Wireless Transmissions
3 2G: GSM and GSM Evolution 19-Oct-17
4 UMTS Architecture
5 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 26-Oct-17
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
9 Wideband CDMA Principles 2-Nov-17
10 Radio Resource Management
11 High-Speed Packet-Access (HSPA) 9-Nov-17
12 High-Speed Packet-Access (EDCH)
6 UTRAN Procedures 16-Nov-17
7 Numbering, Addressing and Location Identities
8 UE Modes, Mobility and Comm. Management (Overview)
13 UMTS-Evolution (HSPA+) 23-Nov-17
14 LTE/SAE (Arch., Radio, Res. Mgmt., LTE-A)
15 Self-organization in LTE (Architecture and Use Cases) 30-Nov-17
16 Advanced Concepts/5G
Red topics are provided by Jens Mückenheim
Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 7
Introduction

 Mobile Business and Services

 Market Expectations

 UMTS Services and Applications

 Technical Trends
 From 2G to 4G
First Mobile Radio (1924) – How it began...

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 9

Business: Revenue for Mobile Operators (total) in Germany
Average
German Mobile Operators‘ Revenues, Total revenue per
estimates for 2007: revenue user (ARPU)
more than 27 B$ = 21 B€
[US$m] [US$] [%]
Total Mobile Revenues $27,559 $25.33 100.0%
Voice Revenue $21,417 $19.68 77.7%
Data Revenue $6,142 $5.64 22.3%
Messaging Revenue $4,704 $4.32 17.1%
SMS $4,026 $3.70 14.6%
MMS $260 $0.24 0.9%
Email $399 $0.37 1.4%
Other Messaging $19 $0.02 0.1%
Non-Messaging Revenue $1,438 $1.32 5.2%
Ringtones $332 $0.31 1.2%
Graphics/Images $162 $0.15 0.6%
Games $263 $0.24 1.0%
Information Services $163 $0.15 0.6%
Music $59 $0.05 0.2%
Video $88 $0.08 0.3%
Mobile Data/Remote Access $371 $0.34 1.3%
Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 10 o
Growth in Mobile Data

See http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-
520862.html for details

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 11

Growth in Mobile Data by Devices

See http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-
520862.html for details

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 12

Worldwide Number of Subscribers by Technology
Q2 2007
Region
Q2 2006 Q2 2007
(%)
Total 2,431,732,781 2,948,357,080 100.0%
GSM 2G 1,934,109,924 2,377,790,703 80.6%
UMTS (WCDMA) 3G 70,242,769 131,240,644 4.5%
UMTS/HSPA 3G 259,396 4,987,178 0.2%
TDMA 2G 31,491,377 12,126,883 0.4%
PDC 2G 39,319,525 23,481,602 0.8%
World
iDEN 2G 25,321,560 27,078,771 0.9%
Analog 1G 4,467,113 2,021,415 0.1%
cdmaOne 2G 29,466,577 15,551,230 0.5%
CDMA2000 1X 3G 260,661,808 288,503,817 9.8%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 3G 36,394,017 65,405,731 2.2%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A 3G - 171,311 0.0%

The Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) states that, as of November 2006,
GSM/UMTS services are available in 134 networks in 59 countries,
with 85% of mobile subscriptions worldwide = more than 2.5 billion
(source: www.gsacom.com).
Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 13 o
 UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
 Services:
- Traditional Voice
- Teleservices like and Fax, SMS, MMS messaging
- Wide-band Data for Multimedia and Wireless Internet:
via dedicated access (Basic Release99)
up to 144 kb/s for high speed mobiles
up to 384 kb/s for low speed mobiles
up to 2 Mb/s for portable/fixed users
via high-speed packet access (HSPA, Release5, 6&7)
up to 7.2-14.4/28.8 Mbit/s download
up to 5.7/11.5 Mbit/s upload
 Spectral Efficiency: High
 Mobility & Roaming: Worldwide
 Compatibility: with 2G systems, especially GSM
 Physical characteristics:
 Wideband (W-)CDMA system with 5MHz bandwidth, 3.84 Mchps

 around 2000 MHz (EU), 1900 MHz (US), 1700 MHz (Japan)

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 14

Drivers for UMTS

GSM (2nd generation): UMTS (3rd generation):

 Optimized for circuit-switched voice  Focus on packet-switched data

 High delay (180 ms round-trip)  Lower latency

 Small band, inflexible assignment of  Flexible assignment of spectrum

data rates with variable data rates
 Low data rates  Higher data rates for multimedia
services
 Suboptimal use of radio resources  Higher capacity of radio system

(spectral efficiency)

 Complicated RF planning  Simplified RF engineering (no

(layout of frequency usage) frequency planning)

 Standard set by Europe  Worldwide agreed standard

 Globally available,  Worldwide roaming by design

but not planned as such

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 15

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

ATM based
transport
Base station Base station ISDN
Base station MSC GMSC
controller
GSM Core
GSM (Circuit
RAN switched)
Base station

HLR
GSM AuC
EIR

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 16

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

ATM based
transport
Base station Base station ISDN
Base station MSC GMSC
controller
GSM Core
GSM (Circuit
RAN switched)
Base station

HLR
AuC
EIR
GSM+GPRS
SGSN Inter-
net
GPRS Core
(Packet GGSN
Switched)

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 17

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

ATM based
transport
Base station Base station ISDN
Base station MSC GMSC
controller
GSM Core
GSM (Circuit
RAN switched)
Base station

GSM+GPRS+UMTS R99 HLR

AuC
EIR

Base station
Base station SGSN Inter-
Radio network
controller net
GPRS Core
(Packet GGSN
Base station UTRAN
Switched)

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 18

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

Base station Base station

Base station GERAN+UMTS R5 + IMS
controller
GERAN
GSM
RAN
Base station

HSS IMS

IP based
Base station transport
Base station SGSN Inter-
Radio network
controller net
3G Core
GPRS Core GGSN
Base station UTRAN (Packet
Switched)

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 19

 IP-based Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

Service and Core Architecture is “Access Agnostic”

Services
MSC/ Common
BTS BSC/RNC IP
UE SGSN/GGSN Common
Core Multimedia
GSM/GPRS RAN Network Service Network (IMS)
(GERAN)
Session MGW
Control Control PSTN

SGSN/ Access Media

NodeB RNC IP Router
UE GGSN Proxy Gateway

UMTS/HSPA RAN

AG Access Gateway
AG FW Firewall
UE PDN GGSN Gateway GPRS Serving
Node
802.11 WiFi PDN Packet Data Network
RAN Radio Access Network
802.16 WiMax SGSN Serving GPRS Serving
FW Node
UE
SIP phone
Cable, ethernet, DSL, etc

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 20 o

4G: LTE, LTE-Advanced

HSS IMS

eNB
eNB X RNC
Internet

S-GW PDN-GW
eNB
Evolved Packet
Evolved-UTRAN Core (EPC)
(E-UTRAN)

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 21

4G: Integration of GERAN, UMTS and LTE

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 22

Summary of the Evolution Path (3GPP)
1G: Analog systems
2G (GSM): global digital personal communication system
 FDMA, TDMA, FDD
 circuit-switched voice (voice service)
 SMS
 global roaming
2G+ (GSM+GPRS+EDGE): introduction of packet-switched data
 IP to the terminal; ATM transport in the network
 multiplexing of packet-switched data on traffic channels of radio link
 IP tunneling in the packet-switched core network
 SS7 signaling, AAA, mobility management
 best effort data only (no QoS)
 EDGE: enhanced radio efficiency (adaptive modulation)
 GERAN: generalized access network, to connect to 3G core networks

3G (UMTS): packet-switched data

...
Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 23
Summary of the Evolution Path (cont’d)
2G (GSM): global digital personal communication system

2G+ (GSM+GPRS+EDGE): introduction of packet-switched data

3G (UMTS): packet-switched data

 CDMA-FDD/TDD
 predominantly data communication
 focus on services and content
 all IP transport (3GPP R4): mobile, radio access network, core network
 SS7 signaling: AAA, mobility management, etc.
 QoS support
 seamless service (global roaming)
 Enhanced packet data performance: HSDPA+HSUPA  HSPA
 Common IP-based service architecture (IMS)

4G: Integration of various radio technologies (satellite, broadcast, cellular, WLAN,

BAN)
 use of the ‘optimal’ radio link (w.r.t. spectral efficiency, delay, throughput,
error rate, emission)
 IETF protocols for everything (all IP for transport and control)

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 24

3GPP Standards Releases (summary from/links to Wikipedia, 2017)

Version Released Info

Release 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a CDMA air
interface
Release 4 2001 Q2 Originally called the Release 2000 - added features including an all-IP
Core Network
Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA
Release 6 2004 Q4 Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds HSUPA,
MBMS, enhancements to IMS such as Push to Talk over Cellular
(PoC), GAN (UMA)
Release 7 2007 Q4 Focuses on decreasing latency, QoS and improvements to real-time
applications like VoIP. This specification also focuses on HSPA+
(High Speed Packet Access Evolution), SIM high-speed protocol and
contactless front-end interface (Near Field Communication enabling
operators to deliver contactless services like Mobile Payments), EDGE
Evolution.
Release 8 2008 Q4 LTE (E-UTRA), All-IP Network (SAE). Release 8 constitutes a
refactoring of UMTS as an entirely IP based fourth-generation network.
Release 9 2009 Q4 SAES Enhancements, WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Interoperability. Dual-
Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual-Cell HSUPA.
Release 10 2011 Q1 LTE Advanced fulfilling IMT Advanced 4G requirements. Backwards
compatible with release 8 (LTE). Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers).
Release 11 2012 Q3 Advanced IP Interconnection of Services. Service layer interconnection
between national operators/carriers as well as third party application
providers.

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3GPP Standards Releases (summary from/links to Wikipedia, 2017)

Release 12 2015 Q1 Enhanced Small Cells (higher order modulation, dual

connectivity, cell discovery, self configuration), Carrier
Aggregation (2 uplink carriers, 3 downlink carriers, FDD/TDD
carrier aggregation), MIMO (3D channel modeling, elevation
beamforming, massive MIMO), New and Enhanced Services
(cost and range of MTC, D2D communication, eMBMS
enhancements)

Release 13 2016 Q1 LTE in unlicensed, LTE enhancements for Machine-Type

Communication. Elevation Beamforming / Full-Dimension
MIMO, Indoor positioning. LTE-Advanced Pro.

Release 14 Planned for Energy Efficiency, Location Services (LCS), Mission Critical
June 2017 Data over LTE, Mission Critical Video over LTE, Flexible Mobile
Service Steering (FMSS), Multimedia Broadcast Supplement
for Public Warning System (MBSP), enhancement for TV
service, massive Internet of Things, Cell Broadcast Service
(CBS)

Release 15 Planned for Support for 5G Vehicle-to-x service, IP Multimedia Core

Sept 2018 Network Subsystem (IMS), Future Railway Mobile
Communication System

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Important Readings
Books:
 Kaaranen, Ahtiainen, Laitinen, Naghian, Niemi: UMTS Networks – Architecture, Mobility and
Services. 2nd edition, Wiley, 2005
 Holma, Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS. 4th edition, Wiley, 2007

 Holma, Toskala: LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, 2011

 Dahlman, Parkval, Sköld: 4G: LTE-Advanced Pro and the Road to 5G, Third Edition,
Elsevier, 2016
Important Documents for UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA:
 21.101 to 21.104: List of standards for Release 3 (R99), 4, 5 and 6, respectively
 21.905: vocabulary for 3GPP specifications
 23.002: UMTS network architecture (core network and access network entities)
 23.060: GPRS architecture
 25.401: UTRAN overview
 25.301: Radio link protocols (UTRA)
 25.931: UTRAN procedures
Important Documents for LTE:
 21.201: List of standards for EPS based 3GPP system (different versions for different releases)
 23.401: GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN
 36.401: E-UTRAN Architecture description
 36.300: E-UTRA & E-UTRAN
 36.201: PHY general description
 36.321: MAC
 36.322: RLC
 36.323: PDCP
 36.331: RRC
(all documents are available at www.3gpp.org)

Cellular Communication Systems Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017 27