WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA Fundamentals
3GRPESS MODULE 1
NSN Siemens Networks
3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Objectives After this module the participant shall be able to: Understand the main cellular standards and allocated frequency bands Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface including HSPA technology Recognize the main NSN RRM functions and their main tasks
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology
Module Contents
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks IMT-2000 frequency allocations UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
HSPA technology
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations)
IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications 3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
GSM
EDGE UMTS WCDMA - FDD WCDMA - TDD TD-SCDMA
3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
IMT-2000 frequency allocations

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
ITU
UMTS (TDD)
IMT-2000
UMTS (TDD)
GSM 1800
UMTS (FDD)
Mobile Satellite
Europe
UMTS (FDD)
IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
Japan
IMT-2000
PCS unlicensed
Mobile Satellite
PCS
PCS
USA
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
PHS
Mobile Satellite
DECT
Mobile Satellite
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Release 99
I 1920 1980 MHz II 1850 1910 MHz New in Release 5 III 1710-1785 MHz New in Release 6 IV 1710-1755 MHz V 824-849MHz VI 830-840 MHz New in Release 7 VII 2500-2570 MHz VIII 880-915 MHz IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz
2110 2170 MHz 1930 1990 MHz 1805-1880 MHz 2110-2155 MHz 869-894MHz 875-885 MHz 2620-2690 MHz 925-960 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz
UMTS only in Europe, Japan US PCS, GSM1900 GSM1800 US 2.1 GHz band US cellular, GSM850 Japan GSM900 Japan
Not supported by RU10 RAN
Module Contents

UMTS Air interface technologies WCDMA FDD WCDMA vs. GSM CDMA principle Processing gain WCDMA codes and bit rates
UMTS Air Interface technologies

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
WCDMA FDD WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of

networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD
solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies
9 NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
All cells at same carrier frequency Spreading codes used to separate cells and users Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technology

Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
10
WCDMA Technology
Frequency
f 5 MHz
WCDMA Carrier
3.84 MHz
Users share same time and frequency
5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers
11
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800:
3G (WCDMA):
12
Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit rates
WCDMA Carrier spacing Frequency reuse factor Power control frequency Quality control Frequency diversity 5 MHz 1 1500 Hz Radio resource management algorithms 5 MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with Rake receiver Load-based packet scheduling Supported for improving downlink capacity GSM 200 kHz 118 2 Hz or lower Network planning (frequency planning) Frequency hopping
Services with Different quality requirements
Packet data Downlink transmit diversity
Timeslot based scheduling with GPRS Not supported by the standard, but can be applied
Efficient packet data

Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

1 - 10 km
F3 F2 F2 F3
200 - 500 m 50 - 100 m
F1
Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
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CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip
Spreading Code
Chip
+1
-1
Spread Signal
+1 -1
Air Interface
+1 -1 +1
Data
-1
15
Energy Box
Energy per bit = Eb = const
Originating Bit Received Bit
Duration (t = 1/Rb)
Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density BUT Same Energy per Bit
Spreading & Processing Gain

User bit rate
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
W const 3.84 Mchip

Processing gain:
sec
W G p dB R
17
Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Transmission Power
Power density
High bit rate user

Frequency
5MHz
Low bit rate user

Time
19
WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading
operation
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels,
defines physical channel bit rate UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency UL: separates users
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DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

CHANNELISATION codes:
CODE 1
Pilot Radio frame = 15 time slots
P-CPICH Pilot X
CODE 2
BCCH User 1 User 2
BCCH
P-CCPCH
X
CODE 3
User 3 SUM
User 1
X
CODE 4
DPCH1
+
SCRAMBLING CODE X
Time
User 2
X
CODE 5
DPCH2
3.84 MHz RF carrier
User 3
DPCH3
RF
3.84 MHz bandwidth

DL & UL Channelisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF
codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512} SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the
code set equals 0 In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between
users of same cell
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation

between different channels can be guaranteed Downlink channels under one cell Uplink channels from a single user Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous environment Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
Channelisation Code Tree

SF= 1 SF= 2 SF= 4
C4(0)=[1111] C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] C2(0)=[11] C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
SF= 8
C8(0)=[11111111]
SF=1 6 C16(0)=[.........
...
SF=25 SF=51 6 2
C4(1)=[11-1-1] C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C0(0)=[1 ] C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] C4(2)=[1-11-1] C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] C2(1)=[1-1] C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] C4(3)=[1-1-11] C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
...] C16(1)=[......... ...] C16(2)=[......... ...] C16(3)=[......... ...] C16(4)=[......... ...] C16(5)=[......... ...] C16(6)=[......... ...] C16(7)=[......... ...] C16(8)=[......... ...] C16(9)=[......... ...] C16(10)=[......... ..] C16(11)=[........... ] C16(12)=[....... ....] C16(13=[........ ...] C16(14)=[....... ....] C16(15)=[....... ....]
23
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

S preading factor C hannel symbol rate (ksps) 7.5 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 2880 C hannel bit rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5760 DP DC H channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616 Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps Half rate speech 612 kbps Full rate speech 2024 kbps 45 kbps 105 kbps 128 kbps 215 kbps 384 kbps 456 kbps 936 kbps 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 4, with 3 parallel codes
W RSymbol SF
24 NSN Siemens Networks
Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA

3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16) Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak
rate
HSDPA
Coding rate Coding rate 1/4 QPSK 2/4 3/4 2/4 16QAM 3/4 5 codes 600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 10 codes 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 15 codes 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps
4/4
4.8 Mbps
9.6 Mbps
14.4 Mbps
Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA

3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2
4)
Coding rate 1/2 3/4 4/4
1 x SF4 480 kbps 720 kbps 960 kbps
2 x SF4 960 kbps 1.46 Mbps 1.92 Mbps
2 x SF2 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 3.84 Mbps
2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
26
DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated

Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to
get the scrambling code of the frame length Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
27
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation
Scrambling code C1
C1+2
Scrambling code C2
UE has simultaneous connection to two cells (soft handover)

RAKE Receiver
Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-2 Rx t Delay 1 Delay 2 Code used for the connection Delay 3 Finger Finger Finger Output Finger
Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Channelisation code Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) from same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s) Downlink also 512 chips Different bit rates by changing the length of the code Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling code = spreading factor Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2) 66.7 s = 256 chips Option (2) can be used with advanced base station receivers Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips Uplink: 16.8 million Downlink: 512 Long 10 ms code: Gold code Short code: Extended S(2) code family Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission bandwidth Scrambling code Uplink: Separation of mobile Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Code family
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Module Contents

Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)

Load control Admission Control Packet Scheduler Resource Manager Power Control Handover Control
HSPA technology
31
Radio Resource Management

RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
Transmission power and interference Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all

the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more)
Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by

several RRM functionalities
service quality
Optimization and Tailoring
cell coverage
cell capacity
RRM Functionalities
LC Load Control Admission Control Packet Scheduler Resource Manager Power Control HO Control
LC RM
PS AC
For each cell
AC PS RM PC HC
PC
HC
For each connection/user
33
Load Control (LC)

LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and
PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;

Interference levels (UL) BTS power level (DL)
Load change info
AC
LC
Load status
NRT load
PS
34
Load Control Load Status

Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Overload
Overload threshold x Load Target threshold y
Load Margin
Normal load Power
Time
Free capacity
Measured load
35
Admission Control (AC)

Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned
coverage or quality of existing connections
Admission control handles three main tasks

Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new
connection Real-time higher priority than non-real time In overload conditions new connections may be rejected
Connection QoS definition

Bit rate, BER target etc. Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
36
Packet Scheduler (PS)

PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to
non-real time (NRT) connections
Each cell separately Based on QoS priority level of the connection In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA)

PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach
RT higher priority
37
Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC
in co-operation with AC and PS On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL spreading code UL scrambling code
Code Type Scrambling codes
Uplink User separation
Downlink Cell separation
Users within one cell Spreading codes Data & control channels from same UE
38
Power control (PC) in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly
in UL;
UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference
between users Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
Every UE accessing network increases interference

PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each
link while still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required

power for each connection Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions (fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
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Uplink power control target

Minimise required UL received power minimised UL transmit power and interference
Target: min(Prx1) & min(Prx2) About equal when Rb1 = Rb2 Ptx1 Ptx1
UE1
UE2
40
Power Control types

Power control functionality can be divided to three main types
Open loop power control

Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control

Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS
target RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on connection quality
Fast closed loop power control

Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality
target (SIR target) Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation Change of transmit power according to received power control command
Power Control types
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
MS
Closed Loop Power Control
BS
DL Outer Loop Power Control
UL Outer Loop Power Control
RN C
BLER target
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Power control in HSPA

In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept
constant and the signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilises both
Fast closed loop power control Outer loop power control Both work according to similar principles as the R99 power control
43
Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the
network coverage area Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations Softer handover MS handover within one base station but between different sectors Hard handover MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
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Soft/softer handover
UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and
handover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters Radio link performance is improved during soft handover Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources
BS1 Received signal strength
Soft handover
Threshold
BS1
BS2
BS3
BS2
BS3 Distance from BS1
45
Hard handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and between WCDMA and GSM cells
GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
f1
f1
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
f2
f2
f2
f2
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Module Contents

47
Module Contents
HSPA technology
Channel types
Physical Channels Principle of HSPA
48
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R99)

The introduction of 3G made use of uplink and downlink dedicated channels to transfer user plane and control plane data in CELL_DCH Applicable to All 3GPP Releases Uplink air-interface capacity defined by maximum planned increase in uplink interference Downlink air-interface capacity defined by downlink transmit power capability
Node B
Cell_DCH CS and PS services
49
Uplink and Downlink Dedicated Channels

In R5 3G evolved to include HSDPA for transferring packet switched user plane data in the downlink direction
Node B
Applicable to
Uplink Dedicated Channels
3GPP Release 05
HSDPA
NSN RAS05, RAS05.1

HSDPA makes use of a downlink transmit power allocation and so has a direct impact upon downlink capacity The resource shared between multiple HSDPA users is the HSDPA downlink transmit power
Cell_DCH
The Node B scheduler assigns timeslots & codes to specific UE to allow access to the HSDPA downlink transmit power
CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels
PS services
50

3G has further evolved to include HSUPA for
transferring packet switched user plane data in the uplink direction
Node B
Applicable to
3GPP Release 06
HSUPA
HSDPA
NSN RAS06, RU10
HSUPA makes use of a uplink interference

allocation and so has a direct impact upon uplink capacity
The resource shared between multiple

HSUPA users is the uplink interference
The Node B scheduler assigns transmit power

Cell_DCH
ratios to specific UE to allow a contribution towards the total increase in uplink interference
CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels
PS services
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Module Contents
HSPA technology Channel types
Physical Channels
Principle of HSPA
52
Physical Channels for R99 UE

UL CHANNELS DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers
Node B
R99 DPCH
DPDCH DPCCH
DPDCH DPCCH
Dedicated
DL CHANNELS DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers
53
Physical Channels for Rel5 / Rel6 HSDPA UE

UL CHANNELS DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers 1-4 x HS-SCCH DL CHANNELS DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers HS-PDSCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers HS-SCCH provides Channelisation code set, modulation scheme,
transport block size, HARQ process, redundancy and constellation version, new data indicator, UE identity
Node B
HSDPA Associated DPCH
Dedicated
Common
1-15 x HS-PDSCH
DPDCH DPCCH HS-DPCCH
DPDCH DPCCH
Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (UL)

UL CHANNELS E-DPCH includes E-DPDCH E-DPCCH E-TFCI, RSN, Happy Bit DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK E-DPDCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers
Node B
1-15 x HS-PDSCH
DPDCH DPCCH HS-DPCCH 1,2,4 x E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
1-4 x HS-SCCH
E-DCH RGCH
Dedicated
Common
55
E-DCH AGCH
E-DCH HICH
F-DPCH
Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (DL)

DL CHANNELS DPCH includes F-DPCH TPC E-DCH RGCH E-DCH HICH E-DCH AGCH encapsulates Absolute grant value, absolute grant scope 1-15 x HS-PDSCH 1-3 x HS-SCCH E-DCH RGCH E-DCH AGCH E-DCH HICH
Node B
DPDCH DPCCH HS-DPCCH 1,2,4 x E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
F-DPCH
HS-PDSCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers

HS-SCCH provides Channelisation code set, modulation
scheme, transport block size, HARQ process, redundancy and constellation version, new data indicator, UE identity
Dedicated
Common
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Module Contents
HSPA technology Channel types Physical Channels
Principle of HSPA
57
HSxPA Motivation and General Principle

Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle:
Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2
Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
Rel. 99 Dedicated pipe for every UE HSUPA (3GPP Rel6) Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL Pipe (codes and grants) changing with time E-DCH scheduling HSDPA (3GPP Rel5) Fast pipe is shared among UEs
HSDPA Overview
15 Code Shared transmission
16QAM Modulation
TTI = 2 ms
Hybrid ARQ with incr. redundancy
Fast Link Adaptation
Advanced Scheduling
Benefit Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps Higher Capacity: +100-200% Reduced Latency: ~75 ms
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HS-PDSCH Transmit power

The Packet Scheduler is responsible for determining the transmission power on the HS-PDSCH channels Dynamic HSDPA power allocation is always used in BTS HSDPA power can be limited with PtxMaxHSDPA HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation feature is activated with RNC parameter HSDPADynamicResourceAllocation Disabled: PtxMaxHSDPA sent to BTS and used to limit the maximum HSDPA power Enabled: No power limitation sent to BTS, all available power allocated to HSDPA
Ptx
Maximum HSDPA power (PtxMaxHSDPA) Cell maximum TX power
Ptx
Cell maximum TX power
HSDPA
HSDPA
NonHSDPA power
Common chs
Non-HSDPA power
Common chs
Time
Time
HSDPA power is limited by the PtxMaxHSDPA parameter

NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
60
HSDPA power is not limited, all available power can be allocated to HSDPA Still PtxMaxHSDPA can be used to limit
Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA
Maximum code allocation for HSDPA
Still commonly 14 or 12 or lower amounts are easily available Note that current terminals support only 10 codes so 15 codes means more than 1 users per TTI 15 codes is available but not commonly for cells where has reasonable high traffic (noticing terminal limitation 10 codes, thus fully utilise 15 codes needs minimum 2 HSDPA users) Case 1: Allocation of 15 is not possible when more than 2 HSDPA users are active (i.e. 3 HSDPA users) Case 2: Allocation of 15 is not possible (with two HSDPA users) when 1 AMR12.2 user exists in the cell
SF=1
SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 SF=32 SF=64 SF=128 SF=256
Codes for associated DCHs and non-HSDPA users Codes for common channels in the cell 15 HS-PDSCH codes Up to three HS-SCCH codes
Case2: Case1:
Used by 2 HSDPA UEs no SF256 available for the 3rd UE for associated DCH
Used by AMR user only one SF128 code remains for associated DCH
Case1+2:
Used by HSDPA UE as associated DCH and HS-SCCH

HSDPA - UE Categories
QPSK and 16QAM modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates 12 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported Minimum inter-TTI interval Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14.4 Mbps for category 10 UE using 15 codes and 16QAM
62
HSDPA Code Multiplexing

With Code Multiplexing, maximum of three UEs
can be scheduled during one TTI from single cell
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH HS-SCCH
Multiple HS-SCCH channels (max 3 in RAS06) One for each simultaneously receiving UE Available HS-PDSCH codes and HS-PDSCH
power of cell are divided between UEs channel conditions of a UE
HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH codes actually used depends on the

Important when cell supports more codes than
UEs do Cell supports 15 HS-PDSCH codes, Cat6 and Cat8 UEs => 3 users can be scheduled on TTI order to dynamically adjust HS-PDSCH codes
BTS must also be capable of 10/15 codes in
cat 8
cat 6
cat 6
cat 6
cat 6
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HSUPA Overview
1-4 Code Multi-Code transmission
TTI = 10 ms
Hybrid ARQ with incr. redundancy
Fast Power Control
NodeB ControlledS cheduling
Benefit Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps Higher Capacity: +50-100% Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms
64
HSUPA - UE Categories
BPSK modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates 6 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported Support of 2ms TTI - 10ms TTI supported by all the HSUPA UEs Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.74 Mbps for category 6 UE using 2 ms TTI No coding and no retransmissions - all bits must be delivered correctly over the air
HSUPA Category Codes x Spreading TTI Transport Block size Data rate
1
2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
1 x SF4
2 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF2
10
10 2 10 10
7110
14484 2798 14484 20000
0.71 Mbps
1.45 Mbps 1.40 Mbps 1.45 Mbps 2 Mbps 2.89 Mbps 2 Mbps 2 Mbps 5.74 Mbps
2 x SF2
2 x SF2 2xSF2 + 2xSF4 2xSF2 + 2xSF4
2
10 10 2
5772
20000 20000 11484
HSPA mobility
HSDPA Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data) Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel Connected only to one cell at a time
Notice that soft/softer handover is not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH Serving HS-DSCH cell HS-PDSCH DPCH DPCH
HSUPA Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power
66
UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts

HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except HSDPA Modulation Soft handover Fast power control Scheduling Non-scheduled transmission QPSK and 16-QAM No No Point to multipoint No HSUPA BPSK and Dual-BPSK Yes Yes Multipoint to point Yes, for minimum/ guaranteed bit rate Efficient UE power amplifier Required for near-far avoidance
Scheduling cannot be as fast as in HSDPA

Similar to R99 DCH but with HARQ
HSUPA could be better described as Enhanced DCH in the uplink than reversed HSDPA HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support Feature Variable spreading factor Multicode transmission Fast power control Soft handover Adaptive modulation BTS based scheduling
DCH Yes Yes

(No in practice)
HSUPA Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
HSDPA No Yes No No
(associated DCH only)
Yes Yes No No No
Yes Yes Yes
Fast L1 HARQ
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Summary
Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD and TDD

versions WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based and Asian/Japanese frequency bands WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading codes Radio Resource Management is responsible of efficient utilisation of radio resources while offering required quality of service to users HSPA technology can provide higher air interface efficiency
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WCDMA Fundamentals

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WCDMA Fundamentals

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WCDMA Fundamentals

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

IMT-2000 frequency allocations

IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Not supported by RU10 RAN

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UMTS Air Interface technologies

WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of

WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Compatibility with GSM technology

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Users share same time and frequency

5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

Services with Different quality requirements

Packet data Downlink transmit diversity

Efficient packet data

Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

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3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Spreading & Processing Gain

Power density (Watts/Hz)

Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

W const 3.84 Mchip

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development