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 Introduction
 Matter and its states, classification and
properties

 Atomic Theory
 Laws, atom and subatomic particles, atomic
models, quantum Numbers, Periodic Table,
Molecules and Compounds

 Chemical Reactions
 Chemical Bonding
Engr. John Philip Maramag 1  Stoichiometry
 Solutions
Lecturer
 Acids and Bases
 Kinetic Molecular Theory

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 Comes from the Arabic word kimia, which means

alchemy.
 Deals with the study of matter and the processes
and changes it undergoes
 Central science

ADD ENERGY
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1. Which of the following is not a state of 2. The “triple point” of a substance is that point for which
temperature and pressure are such that:
matter?
a. Only solid and liquid are in equilibrium
a. Liquid
b. Only solid and vapor are in equilibrium
b. Plasma c. Only liquid and vapor are in equilibrium
c. Superfluid d. Solid, liquid and vapor are in equilibrium

d. BEC
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deposition

3. Which of the following phase changes represent

sublimation?
a. Solid to gas
b. Gas to solid
c. Solid to liquid
d. Gas to liquid

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MATTER

PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE

4. The amount of energy needed to change a given
mass of ice to water at constant temperature is called
the heat of ELEMENTS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
a. Fusion
b. Formation COMPOUNDS COLLOID
SOLUTION
c. Condensation
d. Crystallization SUSPENSION
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EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

VARIED:depends on the amount FIXED: independent on the

of matter being studied amount of matter being studied

EXAMPLE: Mass, volume, length, EXAMPLE: Boiling point, freezing

weight, area, width, energy point, density, temperature,
pressure, melting point and color

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 Democritus and Leucippus

- Proposed the indivisible nature of particles called atomos.
 John Dalton
- Father of Modern Atomic Theory
- published his theory about atoms in 1808. His findings were
based on experiments and the laws of chemical combination.
1. Atoms make up an element. The atoms of one element are identical while
atoms of different elements are also different.
2. Law of Conservation of Mass. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
During any physical or chemical change, the total mass of the products
remains equal to the total mass of the reactants.
3. Law of Constant Composition or Law of Definite Proportions or Proust’s
Law. A chemical compound always contains the same elements
combined together in the same proportion by mass.
4. Law of Multiple Proportions. When two elements combine with each
other to form two or more compounds, the ratios of the masses of one
element that combines with the fixed mass of the other are simple whole
numbers.

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5. Analysis of 84.2 g of the uranium containing compound Particle Charge Mass (amu) Discoverer
pitchblende shows it is composed of 71.4 g of uranium, with
Electron -1 0.000549 Joseph John
oxygen as the only other element. How many grams of Thomson
uranium can be obtained from 102 kg of pitchblende? (Oct
2017) Uraninite,
Proton +1 1.00782 Ernest
formerly pitchblende, is Rutherford
a. 8.56 x 104 a radioactive, uranium-
rich mineral and ore Neutron 0 1.00867 James
b. 6.85 x 104
Chadwick
c. 5.68 x 104
d. 8.65 x 104
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PLUM-PUDDING MODEL PLANETARY MODEL

-proposed by JJ Thomson -proposed by Niel Bohr.
-electrons are like raisins -further improvement of
that are embedded in a Rutherford model. He
positively charged “plum
6. How many times heavier is a proton than an pudding”
added that the electrons
can only travel around this
electron? nucleus in certain orbits
called energy levels.
a. 1386 times
NUCLEAR MODEL
b. 1836 times -proposed by Ernest
Rutherford. He used the
c. No! e- is heavier p+ gold foil experiment.
-positively charged core
d. No difference where the mass of the
whole atom is
concentrated

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𝐴
𝑍𝐸 Where:
Nuclear Family Same
E=element symbol
Z=Atomic number
Z= #𝑝 + A= Mass number Isotopes Proton
#p+ = no. of protons
#e- = no. of electrons
Isobars Mass Number
#𝑝+ = #𝑒 − (neutral atom) #n0 = no. of neutrons Isotones Neutron
Isoelectric species Electrons arrangement
𝐴 = #𝑝+ + #𝑛0
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REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
ERIOD ( AHALANG) G
GROUP NUMBER NROUP NAME R
1A Alkali Metals O
7. How many protons and neutrons are there in Na U
2A Alkaline Earth
nucleus of atomic mass of 23? Metals
P
/
a. 11, 12 3A Boron Group F
A
b. 12, 11 4A Carbon Group
M
c. 13, 10 5A Nitrogen Group I
6A Chalcogens L
d. Lack of data I
7A Halogens E
8A Noble/Inert Gases S
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 MOLECULE  ALLOTROPE
TRANSITION ELEMENTS - At least 2 atoms in a definite - 2 or more forms of one element.
arrangement Example:
7 DIATOMIC MOLECULES - O2 -> oxygen gas
H2, N2, F2,,O2, I2 , Cl2, Br2 - O3 -> ozone
Note: Element that ends with “gen”
LANTHANIDES and “ine”

ACTINIDES Have No Fear On Ice Cold Beer!

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 ION
- Electrons are lost and gained by
atoms that are electrically
neutral.
Cation- positively charged ion
Anion- negatively charged ion
 COMPOUND
- Combination of 2 or more
elements
Ionic- compounds made up
of ions. Ex: NaCl
Molecular-compounds made
up of molecules formed from
different elements.
Ex: H2O
1. MOLECULAR FORMULA
 Shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the
smallest unit of a substance,
2. EMPIRICAL FORMULA
 Elements are present in simplest
whole number ratio of their
atoms

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COMBINATION REACTION
OR SYNTHESIS 8. A compound with an empirical formula of CH2 has
a molecular mass of 70. What is the molecular
DECOMPOSITION REACTION
OR ANALYSIS
formula?
a. C2H4
SUBSTITUTION REACTION
OR SINGLE REPLACEMENT b. C3H6
DOUBLE REPLACEMENT
c. C4H8
OR METATHESIS
d. C5H10
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 Dealing with quantitative  One of the 7 basic units in SI

relationship between system
constituents in a chemical
substance.  Amount of substance that contains
as many elementary entities as
 Refers to measurements based there are exactly 12 grams of the
on quantitative laws of Carbon-12 isotope.
chemical combinations.
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
(CONST 24)

1 mole= 6.022 X 1023 particles

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 The mass of one mole of a pure substance. 9. How many mole is 1.5 kg of H3AsO3?
(As=75g/mol)?
1u (CONST 17) = 1amu= 1 g/mol = 1.66 X10-27 kg
a. 7.9 moles
b. 11.9 moles
𝑚 (𝑔) c. 9.9 moles
𝑛(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒) =
𝑀𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 (𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙) d. 13.9 moles
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10. Calculate the number of C atoms present in 84.5

g of isopropanol (rubbing alcohol), C3H8O?
a. 2.88 x 1024 C atoms
b. 3.72 x 1024 C atoms
c. 2.54 x 1024 C atoms
d. 2.00 x 1024 C atoms

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NORMALITY
PERCENTAGE BY MASS MOLARITY

𝑒𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙 N=𝐿 = M ∙ (no. of replaceable H+ /OH-)
% by mass = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑋 100 M= ( 𝑜𝑟 𝑀) 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿

𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑒𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑒𝑞𝑤𝑡
MOLE FRACTION MOLALITY
DILUTION

𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = m = 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ( 𝑜𝑟 𝑚) 𝑀𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑛1 = 𝑛2
𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑔𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑤𝑡 = no. of replaceable H+ /OH− 𝑀1 𝐿1 = 𝑀2 𝐿2

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11. A bottle of certain ceramic tile cleanser, which 12. If atomic masses of Al and O are 26.98 amu and
essentially a solution of hydrogen chloride, contains 16.00 amu, respectively, how many grams of Al are
130g of HCl and 750g of water. What is the percent there in 431g of Al2O3?
by mass of HCl in this cleanser? a. 228 g
a. 15.7% b. 215 g
b. 16.3% c. 237 g
c. 13.8% d. 114 g
d. 14.8%
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13. What is the molarity of 2.0 mole of NaCl in 0.872 L 14. Calculate the mass of water required to prepare a
solution? 4.00 m aqueous solution of NH3 using 25.0 g of NH3 .
a. 0.436 m a. 0.368kg
b. 0.436 M b. 0.638 kg
c. 2.3 m c. 0.836 kg
d. 2.3 M d. 0.668 kg

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15. A sulfuric acid solution is prepared by dissolving ACIDS BASES

3.75g of H2SO4 in enough water to make 26.8mL of Sour Bitter
solution. Calculate its normality. Blue litmus to red Red litmus to blue
a. 2.86 N pH<7 pH>7
b. 6.82 N
c. 8.62 N
d. 3.76 N
pH = - log [H+] pH + pOH = 14 pH = 7 (neutral)
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16. If the H+ concentration is 0.00001 M, what is the 1. The volume of the particles are negligible.
OH- concentration? 2. Collisions of the particles with the walls of the
a. 6 container causes pressure.
b. 7 3. Do not exert forces to each other
c. 8 4. Temperature is directly proportional to the kinetic
d. 9 force.

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17. When temperature of an ideal gas in a rigid container  An ideal gas is one, when kept at a constant
increases, the pressure increases because (April 2017) temperature, would obey the gas laws exactly.
a. The molecules collide with the walls of the container more However, there is known gas that is considered to
frequently. be an ideal gas.
b. The molecules collide with each other more frequently. 𝑅𝑜 = 8.314 J/mol-K
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑜 𝑇 𝑅𝑜 = 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K
c. The molecules collide with the walls of the container less
frequently.
d. The molecules collide with each other less frequently. 𝑅𝑜
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑅=
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Boyle’s Law Gay-Lussac’s Law/ Amonton's Law

𝑃1 𝑃
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1
= 𝑇2
T= 0°C = 273 K 2

P=1 atm Charles' Law Combined Gas Law

1 mole = 22.4 L 𝑉1 𝑉 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2 =
2 𝑇1 𝑇2

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18. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very

unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in atm) exerted by
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 + ⋯ + 𝑃𝑁 1.82 moles of the gas in a steel vessel of volume 5.43 L at
69.5°C.
a. 6.42 atm
𝑃1 =𝑥1 𝑃𝑇 b. 0.642 atm
c. 9.42 atm
d. 0.942 atm

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19. How many moles are there in 44.8 L of 20. Calculate the final pressure if a sample of a
oxygen gas at STP? certain gas is cooled from 34oC to -73oC, with
an initial pressure of 1.45 atm.
a. 1.2 moles
a. 0.49 atm
b. 1.4 moles b. 0.58 atm
c. 2.0 moles c. -3.11 atm
d. 2.8 moles d. 0.94 atm
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 According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, gaseous particles are in a  DIFFUSION

state of constant random motion; individual particles move at - the gradual mixing of gases due to
different speeds, constantly colliding and changing directions. the motion of their component
particles even in the absence of
 The root-mean-square speed takes into account both molecular mechanical agitation such as stirring.
weight and temperature, two factors that directly affect the kinetic  EFFUSION
energy of a material. -escape of gaseous molecules through
a small (usually microscopic) hole,
such as a hole in a balloon, into an
3𝑅𝑇 evacuated space.
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑀𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 -The rate of
𝑟1effusion𝑀of2a gaseous
𝑡1 𝜌2
= = =
substance is inversely proportional to
the square𝑟root
2 of its𝑀molar
1 𝑡mass.
2 𝜌1
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21. What is the root-mean-square of molecular 22. Calculate the rate of diffusion of hydrogen to the rate
oxygen in m/s at 31oC? of diffusion of oxygen. How fast does the hydrogen
diffuse than the oxygen? Given: Density of hydrogen is
a. 15. 4 m/s 0.0899g/L and the density of oxygen is 1.43g/L.
b. 4. 91 m/s a. 1
c. 486.79 m/s b. 2
c. 3
d. 155. 45 m/s
d. 4
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22. Calculate the rate of diffusion of hydrogen to the rate QUESTIONS??

of diffusion of oxygen. How fast does the hydrogen
diffuse than the oxygen? Given: Density of hydrogen is
0.0899g/L and the density of oxygen is 1.43g/L.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
 Next Meeting
d. 4  Lecture 2: Thermodynamics

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