CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Paper is a thin material produced by mixing together moist fibers of

cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible

sheets (Singo, 2019). Waste paper contributes to nineteen percent (19%) of the

total municipal solid waste in the Philippines. It is the second most produced solid

waste, next to kitchen waste. Despite the generation of high amount of waste

paper, the Philippine paper industry is still largely a net importer of waste paper

products as its primary raw material. Huxley (2016). According to Darragh (2015)

that shredding paper helps on keeping us in compliance with the law, to protect

forests, to prevent identity theft, and to rid clutter and fire hazards. They provide

a Confidential Waste Disposal service and enable paper shredding, document

shredding, document destruction and Shredders which are reliable and secure.

According to Vinea Distribution Inc. (2017). A paper shredder is a mechanical

device used to cut paper into either strips or fine particles. Government

organizations, businesses, and private individuals use shredders to destroy

private, confidential, or otherwise sensitive documents.

According to Darragh R. (2015). That Paper shredding is critical for safe

keeping confidential and sensitive information. Most of us create and keep files

with sensitive content; examples of which are bills, financial statements,

marketing plans, employee files, and even delivery packages. Government

1
offices, non-commercial organizations, large corporations, small businesses, and

private citizens alike make use of machines called shredders that cut paper into

strips or fine pieces, which are then collected and recycled. We all have the right

about protection of personal information. As a matter of fact, there are laws that

penalize improper disposal of documents with sensitive and confidential content.

Organizations that hold personal data but neglect to protect it face financial and

legal consequences. Employers for example use paper shredding services to get

rid of employee files which are no longer in use. As can be seen from the names

of the Acts, privacy issues can arise in a variety of situations, and under many

different laws. Unfortunately it is not possible to set out all privacy issues for all

schools in all situations. Rather, this paper will focus on the privacy principles

that schools must follow. The publicity about privacy involving social networking

sites definitely supports this position. There are a range of factors (Croot, 2019).

According to Kukreja, (2020) that the local government in the

Philippines often lacks either political will or the budget to construct such

facilities. Irresponsible garbage hauling companies and the presence of open

dump sites near rivers is one of the reasons why the Philippines are among the

world’s top ocean polluters. Even in schools they have a deficiency in solving this

issue, lack of refuse bins, facilities and Irresponsible disposal of waste. And also

most landfills lack proper on-site waste management thereby contributing to

additional threats to the environment. In the long-term, landfills leak and pollute

ground water and other neighboring environmental habitats making waste

management very difficult. They also give off potentially unsafe gases. The

2
researchers became curious in how to solve this problem in our community (Ana,

Benjamin, Elemile, Oloruntuba & Shendell 2011).

The researchers picked this topic because it is not possible to set out all

privacy issues for all schools in all situations. Rather, this paper will focus on the

privacy principles that schools are following in terms of intellectual property and

private documents of human. The publicity about privacy involving social

networking sites definitely supports this position. There are a range of factors

(Croot, 2019). considering that the environment directly affects people’s health.

Papers have been widely adopted as of used for writing and printing. Books,

magazines and newspapers are printed on paper. Paper is often used for money.

Paper used for money is made in special ways, packaging materials for

beverages, detergent and other consumer goods. So that the researchers

created a Bicycle Operated Paper Shredder Machine to crush the paper into

smaller pieces for granulation and additional it can convert paper waste into

reusable raw material for manufacturing.

Conceptual Framework

The basis for conceptualizing the B.O.P.S. (Bicycle Operated Paper

Shredder Machine) is to propose possible solutions to rising problems about

paper waste that causes deforestation and many problems around the world. The

solution for paper waste problem is the B.O.P.S. and the primary focus is to

shred papers.

3
 Figure 1. Conceptual Model
The main concern of this study is to make a bicycle operated shredder

machine to crush papers to reduce its size that will help human in protecting their

privacy and intellectual property. This will show the process on how the

researcher will make a B.O.P.S. (Bicycle Operated Paper Shredder Machine).

The researchers collected all of the materials needed in junkshop, own houses

and hardware shop. The researchers also asked some of their relatives to give

their unused bicycle. That’s why the bicycle use in this study is already used and

just need some repairs. The researchers asked some welding shop to make the

parts of the shredder and then the researcher will assemble it. The researches

will apply and test the B.O.P.S. (Bicycle Operated Paper Shredder Machine at

Buting Senior High School.

Statement of the Problem

4
 In the collection of paper, when these waste are put in a container, even

single paper will surely occupy space and having such spaces can cause hard

time to the collectors in collecting these waste. The purpose of this study is to

create a mechanical paper shredder machine that is controlled manually by a

bicycle that can crush the papers into smaller pieces and to test the effectivity of

it in shredding papers; more specifically it will answer the following questions:

1. What is the weighted amount in terms of grams (g) of paper can the

B.O.P.S. Machine shred in different parameters of:

1.1 . Varying amount of time (1, 3, 5, 7 minutes)?

1.2 . Number of pedals?

2. What is the difference in heart rate and weight of the human, before and

after he/she do the shredding process?

3. What is the correlation of the measured time interval to the heart rate and

weight of the human?

Significance of the Study

This study which aiming to create a bicycle operated shredder machine

that will can crush the paper cups into smaller pieces and to give some fun to the

people while they using it; more specifically this will benefit the following:

Buting Senior High School, It can benefit the students and teachers

because, the product of this study will be donated in this school then this study

5
can provide some information for the students and teachers, and also will give

them some fun while they are shredding the paper cups.

Waste collectors in Pasig, this study will help their job because it will

reduce the space and the weight of the waste, especially the paper waste that

they will going to collect from the school and the crushed papers will be easily for

them to lift.

City Government of Pasig, this study will help to catch the attention of

the government about the problems about garbage. It will also help them to

formulate some ideas for them to easily apply the waste management.

Community of Pasig City, It can also help the community of Pasig by

giving them information about the mechanical shredder machine, steps in making

it and also how to properly use it.

Future Researchers, this study can help other researchers if they also

have this kind of topic. The content of this research can be their reference or

base when they do their research that connected to this topic.

Scopes and Limitation/s/Delimitation/s

This research study aims to focus on the effectiveness of using bicycle

operated shredder machine and the capacity of it to shred the papers. It is

important for the people to reduce the paper waste and control the environmental

pollution. The researchers picked this topic because they consider that the

environment directly affects people’s health. And as a people look around in the

stated school, papers have been widely adopted as used for writing, printing,

6
packaging, and a number of industrial and construction processes. The

researchers designed particularly to know how to shred the papers by using

bicycle operated shredder machine to better regulate the number of paper waste

in BSHS. This topic want to know what will happened if the researchers will use

the bicycle operated shredder machine to shred a papers and how this become

effective as a man power type machine.

The researchers choose the study Effectiveness of using bicycle operated

shredder machine as to regulate and minimize the number papers because of

some problems in BSHS is about paper waste, intellectual property, privacy, and

carbon dioxide emissions for the decomposed papers. The research will be

conducted in Buting Senior High School Pasig City on February, 2020.

The limitation of this study, the researchers take a time and funding

because this study needs a lot of time to plan, discuss, and to gather some

materials needed to this study. Also, the students and people must be the one

who will take the beneficiary of this study. It makes them to be aware on what will

happen to this research and the interaction and struggles have to be taken. The

delimitation of this study is just fixed on one purpose and that is making and

testing the bicycle operated shredder machine, if it is effective in crushing

papers. After the production of B.O.P.S., this will be donated in the stated school.

The School will be the one who is in charge on the shredded papers. They are

the one who will be deciding if they want to donate it to CENRO (City

Environment and Natural Resources Office) or to other projects.

7
Definition of Terms

Paper Shredder is a machine or equipment used for shredding. Shredding

systems are used to reduce the size of a given material (Pyle, 2016).

Bicycle is also used for recreational purposes, also called bike, two-

wheeled steerable machine that is pedaled by the rider’s feet. On a standard

bicycle the wheels are mounted in-line in a metal frame, with the front wheel held

in a rotatable for (Berto, 2019).

Metal is the material that mostly used in composing the BOPS Machine and

also will be used in making the parts of the shredder since it is a solid material

that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile (Pyle, 2016).

Efficiency is the researchers need to identify from the ratio of the useful

work performed by the BOPS Machine (Fremont, 2009).

Systematic selection is the selection of materials used to construct the

project considered mechanical properties of materials including resistance to

strength, hardness and impact (Hayes, 2019).

Shredding is the process that the researchers do which is crushing into

smaller pieces the paper cups (Pyle, 2016).

Crank is the shaft, on which the pedals of the bicycle that is connected to

the paper shredder are held, its length is measured from the center of the pedal

spindle to the center of the bottom bracket spindle or axle (Hansen, 2009).

8
 Lab Shear System is a system in a shredder that performed and included

measurement of knife sharpness as well as calibration of the load cell and

transducer of velocity. Edges appeared smooth and defect-free as presented for

both knives (Meissner, 1997).

BPM or Beats per minute, is the term used for measuring the tempo of a

piece of music, but here the researchers used this term to measure the Heart

rate of the human who used the BOPS Machine.

9
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, literature and studies that are related to the study will be

discussed which is significant for understanding and supporting the objective of

the research.

Global Pollution Contributed By Paper

Paper has a critical effect on the earth which has influenced numerous

choices in the business just as practices at individual and business levels.

Because of innovative advances like the print machine and the reaping of wood,

there has been a high accessibility of dispensable paper which has likewise

prompted high utilization and waste levels, because of its moderateness.

Notwithstanding, an ascent in ecological issues, for example, water and air

contamination, flooding landfills and the worldwide environmental change have

prompted numerous administrations expanding guidelines. These have bended a

pattern that is to diminish water use, clear-cutting, non-renewable energy source

utilization, and ozone harming substance emanations among others to decrease

the effects on air contamination and water supplies (Shisia, 2018). Of the

emissions from different industries, pulp and paper industries have a significant

effect on the environment. They produce nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and

carbon dioxide. Nitrogen and sulfur dioxides are all key contributors in acid rain

while carbon dioxide is to blame for climate change being a greenhouse gas.

Pulp and paper mills are sources of nutrients, solids and dissolved matter like

10
lignin in wastewater discharges. There are other agents like alcohol or inorganic

materials such as chlorates. These go ahead to pollute the rivers and lakes that

they are released into.

Pollution in Philippines Contributed By Paper Waste

According to the study of (Parayno, & Busmente , 2017) The paper

industry in the Philippines plays an important role in the industrialization program

of the country, contributing to the growth of the economy and providing

employment opportunities to thousands of workers. Unfortunately, it also

contributes to the waste generation in the country. Most of the paper mills in the

country use waste paper and cardboard products in making pulp. The re-pulping

process generates solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes. A report of the

Development Bank of the Philippines indicates that the local pulp and paper

industry supplies about 61% of the total paper consumption while the rest is

imported. In fact, the annual per capita consumption of paper in the Philippines is

13 kg, which is still much below the per capita paper consumption of developed

countries. Metro Manila and other urbanized areas in the Philippines show the

highest density in paper consumption. This could increase, generating waste

papers that would potentially provide enough raw materials for paper millers.

There is, thus, a great potential for recycling of waste papers. Recycling,

however, in the country is still very minimal. Of the estimated 6,700 tons of

wastes generated per day in Metro Manila, approximately 720 tons per day are

either recycled or composted. For waste paper alone, only 60% of the 100 tons

produced in a year is being recycled and the rest goes to the landfill. Waste

11
paper is the second most produced solid waste in the Philippines, contributing

nineteen percent of the total municipal solid waste production. Waste paper

contributes to nineteen percent (19%) of the total municipal solid waste in the

Philippines. It is the second most produced solid waste, next to kitchen waste.

Despite the generation of high amount of waste paper, the Philippine paper

industry is still largely a net importer of waste paper products as its primary raw

material. The important question then is why does not the local pulp and paper

industry obtain all of its raw materials from local sources? Apparently, the

existing paper recycling activities and infrastructure do not produce as much pulp

as need by local pulp and paper industry. It is now a challenge for the local pulp

and paper industry to provide the requirements for paper production (Tenorio et

al., 2001).

Mechanical Function of Paper Shredder Machine

A Paper Shredder is a device used to cut papers into smaller portions for

granulation. Unlike plastic granulators, shredders are designed especially for

larger plastic Waste, like automobile bumpers, pipes, drums, and other objects

too large for granulators. In the process, massive plastic items are fed into the

shredder. Moving at a slower speed than a granulator, blades wreck the plastic

down into smaller chunks. These portions are then amassed and washed and

dealt with in washing and recycling flowers before being granulated and

dispatched to manufacturers (Pyle, 2016).

In addition since shredder is a machine or equipment used for shredding.

Shredding systems are used to reduce the size of a given material, while most

12
online dictionaries define the shredder as “a device used for shredding

documents as a security measure to prevent identity theft," shredders can be of

many types based on the material being processed. There are shredders

designed to support material reduction across a range of recycling applications,

including plastic recycling, scrap metal, e-waste recycling, wood recycling, and

tire-shredding or recycling. The shredding process produces raw material to be

re-introduced into manufacturing, as well as finished products such as landscape

mulch. Various terminologies are used to describe size reduction equipment,

including grinders, chippers, granulators and hammer mills. Overall, their main

function is to reduce the size of a given material (Leblanc, 2019)

Composition and Description of Mechanical Bicycle

Bicycle, also called bike, two-wheeled steerable machine that is pedaled

by the rider’s feet. On a standard bicycle the wheels are mounted in-line in a

metal frame, with the front wheel held in a rotatable fork. The rider sits on a

saddle and steers by leaning and turning handlebars that are attached to the

fork. The feet turn pedals attached to cranks and a chain wheel. Power is

transmitted by a loop of chain connecting the chain wheel to a sprocket on the

rear wheel. Riding is easily mastered, and bikes can be ridden with little effort at

16–24 km (10–15 miles) per hour—about four to five times the pace of walking.

The bicycle is the most efficient means yet devised to convert human energy into

mobility. Bicycles are widely used for transportation, recreation, and sport.

Throughout the world, bicycles are essential to moving people and goods in

13
areas where there are few automobiles. Globally, there are twice as many

bicycles as automobiles, and they outsell automobiles three to one (Berto, 2019).

In addition, bicycles are used for transportation, bicycle commuting, and

utility cycling. It can be used as a 'work horse', used by mail carriers, paramedics,

police, messengers, and general delivery services. Military uses of bicycles

include communications, reconnaissance, troop movement, supply of provisions,

and patrol. The bicycle is also used for recreational purposes, such as bicycle

touring, mountain biking, physical fitness, and play. Bicycle competition includes

racing, BMX racing, track racing, criterium, roller racing, sportive and time trials.

Major multi-stage professional events are the Girod'Italia, the Tour de France,

the Vuelta España, the Tour de Pologne, and the Volta a Portugal. Bikes can be

used for entertainment and pleasure, such as in organized mass rides, artistic

cycling and freestyle BMX (Staff, 2015).

Description of B.O.P.S. (Bicycle Operated Paper Shredder Machine)

B.O.P.S. or Bicycle Operated Paper Shredder Machine is a Bicycle

Automated mechanical type machine which is a combination of a bicycle and

shredder machine. This shredder machine is use for crushing the parts from the

paper with rotary cutting tool within a specified depth and the speed limit, then

the two parts separately or it will be truncated. This machine is a pedal-based

powered structure meaning that it is operated by a bicycle which is connected on

the shredder machine. This machine will function if you keep pedaling on the

bike. This machine can be implemented on schools and public places as

14
possible. This machine aims to secure the private, and intellectual property of

human, and also to help the garbage collector on their job.

Constructing of Bicycle Operated Paper Shredder Machine

Selecting a product for any project is one of the most critical decisions to

be made by the engineer or planner, poor selection of materials will result in

failure of a component, process, or may lead in excessive costs. Usually, the

selection process of materials involves multiple opposing product attributes as

well as many constraints. Material selection's main objective is to minimize costs

while meeting the required requirements and performance and objectives of the

product. Systematic selection of the best material for a particular application

starts with selected material properties and costs. Product choice and

manufacturing processes are integral parts of a computer element design. The

selection of materials used to construct the project considered mechanical

properties of materials including resistance to strength, hardness and impact.

Weighting measure has also been used to prioritize that materials are more

relevant than others after which all available materials have been identified and

rated for ranking purposes; criteria such as cost and availability of the different

materials have been measured (Tegegne, Tsegaye, Ambaye, & Mebrhatu,

2019).

The Paper shredding system consists of multiple parts; the upper part is

framed for balance with an angle bar (0.33 mm) millimeter. It is the platform

15
where the shredding chamber feeds paper cups. The shredding chamber is

made of a thick, rigid, mild steel sheet (0.610 mm). All the joints are welded with

arc welding except for the side that is bolted for fast coupling and uncoupling

purposes. For protect the front side of the shredding chamber, a smaller plate

(0.03 mm) plate is used. A flywheel is a heavy material that is connected to a

drive shaft that has concentrated most of its weight at the circumference. The

welded steel plate is placed at the top of the cutting tank. This occupies a third of

the top as a whole (Atadious, & Oyejide, 2018).

Development of components was done after the choice of materials and

the determination of the process. Commonly mechanical behaviors, physical

properties, chemical properties and process flexibility are the main issues to

consider in the choice of materials. The hopper, shredder case, cutting knife,

shafts, spacers, gears, frame, and gear motor are eight major parts to be

assembled. The assembly principle was applied when assembling the

components of the system and subassembly was done following the frame

process, shredder head box, cutting blades with shaft and inlet hopper with

correct joining method. It minimizes all parts construction complexity. Then for

the final step you need to combine all the subassemblies parts into a single fully

assembled shredder unit, making such subassemblies. Specific assembly

devices and equipment were used in the assembly process. The assembly of

parts was made for maintenance and repair as simple as possible. As a result,

the critical parts of the system were assembled using temporary fasteners (bolt

16
and nut) and welding connected the parts needed to be placed (Tegegne,

Tsegaye, Ambaye, & Mebrhatu, 2019).

Application Process of Using Bicycle Operated Shredder Machine

Nowadays, many people are wondering if using a bicycle shredder

machine can be effective to shredding a papers. Recycling provides opportunities

to reduce oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste

requiring disposal. Then the process that breaks down the paper issue and

makes to shred using bicycle shredder machine to minimize the amount of

papers. This process needed a man power type to fast gearing and rpm of speed

of shredding papers, because it is difficult to master injection and shrinking

process accurately of the shredder machine, resulting in the low accuracy of the

gear itself. And running at high speed, the noise is large. In addition to that

plastic shredder is a machine used to cut plastic into smaller pieces for

granulation (Pyle, 2016).

Analysis of Related Literature

Papers make life so much easier. They’re lightweight and east to hold,

and they’re also strong and hard to break. A paper is the best way to as writing,

printing, packaging, cleaning, decorating, and a number of industrial and

construction processes. The paper cup is a great invention, but what happens to

it when it was done to use and throw in some streets. To solve these problems,

people have worked together to develop a process to recycle paper cups and

convert them into other useful items (Berk, 2016). According to Ningbo only a

17
grinding process will help best in recycling the Paper. The advantages of paper

grinder are it helps in saving the time and effort taken to ground the waste. They

are easy to use and even easier to clean. More effective and efficient than any

other process, they come with the size adjustment, which will make it easier for

getting the best result product. The sharp blades inside machine make the wear

and tear process saving the manual work. The process is more economical than

any other processes and one can also earn money from the paper grinder. Paper

shredders are important it helps recover waste during different industrial

processes like molding, trimming and casting. Shredder waste is easier to handle

or re-use. Shredding is also an efficient waste disposal method, and this greatly

reduces the cost of recycling for several industries (Fremont, 2009).

Synthesis of Review of Related Literature

These studies presents significant parts were it really gives the relevant of

each topic and also contrast. The Paper shredder machine is an equipment use

to cut paper cups in smaller pieces that can easily be molded in other form, some

of this machines are powered by electrical and also by fuel. This were the bicycle

show up as a substitute from an expensive source of energy to cheaper and

available as mechanical energy that is seem to have the same purpose for a

shredder to function. The Paper Shredder Machine where build according to the

concept of a bicycle that performs movement without emitting air harmful is a

good to replace a motor powered that can be uncontrollable if there is a

malfunction within the system. The result would be lessening the paper waste

quickly. The dissimilarity is on the machine use on crushing paper cups, a motor

18
machine has a high rotates per minute, in a mechanical it has a low rotates per

minute that makes it in smooth crushing, easy to control, and prevents for further

damage on the workplace.

Some of the main advantages of the Paper Shredder System with Bicycle

Operated Shredder Machine in crushing paper are waste recovery aids,

providing excellent mechanical tools for easy use and helping to shred tons of

papers disposed of from the corporate and business world (Ningbo, 2018).

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this page you will see the research methods, approaches and designs

in detail highlighting those used throughout the study, justifying the choice

through describing advantages and disadvantages of each approach and design

taking into account their practical applicability to the research (Brown, 2015).

Research Design

The researchers used an experimental research design because they

conducted experimentation on the research. The researchers want to know the

productivity of B.O.P.S. Machine in crushing papers. The researchers also want

to know the durability of this B.O.P.S. Machine. The researchers used

experimental research design because the researchers manipulated one

variable, and control the rest of the variables. The researchers use the type of

experimental research design called Quasi-experimental design because our

19
research involves the manipulation of the shredder machine. They interviewed

some engineering experts and mechanic to get the information needed in our

research (Ojmarrh, 2015).

Sampling Site

The study will be conducted at Buting Senior High School situated at A.

Santos St. Buting; Pasig City. This School has 2 building spans six stories each.

This school also has a wide park and garden located at the front and back of the

school. The shredder was welded and make in one of the welding shop in San

Lorenzo Ruiz, Taytay Rizal. This place was selected for knowing the efficiency of

the study of B.O.P.S. (Bicycle Operated Paper Shredder Machine). The shredder

was welded and make in one of the welding shop in San Lorenzo Ruiz, Taytay

Rizal. The research study was implemented at the Park of Buting Senior High

School.

Description of (B.O.P.S.) Bicycle Operated Paper Shredder Machine

The B.O.P.S. Machine is a mechanical type of machine which is a

combination of a bicycle and shredder machine. This shredder machine is use for

crushing the parts from the papers with rotary cutting tool within a specified depth

and the speed limit. This machine is powered by a bicycle which is connected on

the shredder machine. This machine will function if you keep pedaling on the

bike. The B.O.P.S. Machine is consisting of multiple parts; the upper part is

framed for balance with an angle bar 0.33 millimeter (mm). It is the platform

where the shredding chamber feeds plastics. The shredding chamber is made of

20
a thick, rigid, mild steel sheet (0.610 mm). All the joints are welded with arc

welding except for the side that is bolted for fast coupling and uncoupling

purposes. To protect the front side of the shredding chamber, a smaller plate

(0.03 mm) plate is used. A flywheel is a heavy material that is connected to a

drive shaft that has concentrated most of its weight at the circumference. The

welded steel plate is placed at the top of the cutting tank. This occupies a third of

the top as a whole. This machine can be implemented on schools and public

places the researchers reduce the paper wastes and also to help the garbage

collectors on their job (Atadious, & Oyejide, 2018).

Research Instruments & Materials Used

Weighting Scale, in this section the researchers have to use a weighting

scale for identifying the weight of the participants before and after they use our

B.O.P.S. machine. The researchers will compare it to see the difference. The

data obtained will be used to see the difference the mass of the participants

before and after they the paper shredder machine.

Digital Automatic Blood Pressure Monitor, this instruments can be

used in identifying the heart rate of the participants before and after they used

the B.O.P.S. machine.

Tape measure, this instrument can be used to represent the length and

width of different parts of the shredder, and another is to measure the diameter of

the circular objects inside the machine. The data obtained at measuring that

proceed on writing the measurements to a piece of paper. To have a smaller

21
scale of measurements it needs to decrease the unit from meter to centimeter or

millimeter, scale from 1 meter for the length and 3 millimeter for the thickness of

the machine cover.

Ruler, In this section the researchers have to use a ruler for identifying

and converting for other parts of the machine that is too small and need to be fit

inside on it, especially for the bolts, nuts, screws and other tiny objects that are

responsible for the function and rotation of the shafts inside the machine. The

basic geometry formulas are use here, for finding the perimeter of our machine

by the given formula of Perimeter is equal to (2) (l) + (2) (w) and for the shafts

circumference formula is 2(π) (r) or (π) (d).

Calculator, the components of the shredder are must to calculate, for

area of the shredder machine it is equal to (l) (w), and for the shaft also area is

equal to (π) (r²). The measurement is done and another instrument to be used to

have a standard and accurate measurements so that the researchers used the

calculator, this tool is essential for manipulating and calculating the data to

interpret the machine finest structure.

Data Gathering Procedure/s

An observation is a data collection method, by which you gather

knowledge of the researched phenomenon through making observations of the

phenomenon, as and when it occurs. You should aim to focus your observations

on human behavior, the use of the phenomenon. You can also make

observations on verbal and nonverbal expressions (Kirjaudu,2012). The

22
researchers gathered the data needed by observing the productivity of B.O.P.S.

Machine in crushing papers and the satisfaction of the participants while using

the B.O.P.S. Machine. The researchers will also know the effectiveness of

B.O.P.S. Machine by calculating how many papers can be crushed in a given

time and by measuring the heart rate of the human who will use it. By doing this

the researchers will know if the B.O.P.S. Machine is helpful in crushing papers

into pieces and helpful to the health of human.

Collection of Materials

Welding of parts of B.O.P.S.

Constructing of B.O.P.S.

Application and Testing

Observation

Figure 2. Process in production of BOPS Machine

Collection of Materials, the researchers gathered all the materials

needed in the study by buying the metals in the junkshop. These metals used in

making the parts of the shredder. The researchers also asked some of their

relatives to give their unused bicycle or parts of bicycle for their research. In case

23
of lacking of materials needed for the research, the researchers also provided the

missing materials.

Application and Testing, this process needs to man power type to fast

gearing and rpm of speed of crushing Papers, because it is difficult to master

injection and shrinking process accurately of the shredder machine, resulting in

the low accuracy of the gear itself. And running at high speed, the noise is large.

The bicycle operated paper shredder machine is tested by identifying how it is

effective, by calculating how many papers can be crushed in a given time and by

measuring the heart rate of the human who will use it. The researchers will apply

and test the shredder machine at the Buting Senior High School (Pyle, 2016).

Observation, the researchers will observe the result of the study by the

method of repeating the test. The researchers will observe how many papers

B.O.P.S. Machine can shred in varying amount of minute. The researchers will

also compare the weight and heart rate of the participants before and after they

use the B.O.P.S. machine. The researchers will compare all of the result to come

up for the possible correction of the study.

Statistical Treatment

Descriptive research designs typically only require descriptive statistics.

Since it is important for the reader to have a good understanding of the sample

that the study was conducted on, the first statistics for all research designs

should include descriptive statistics of the personal information for the sample

(Korb, 2013). Spearman's Rho is a non-parametric test used to measure the

24
strength of association between two variables, where the value r = 1 means a

perfect positive correlation and the value r = -1 means a perfect negative

correlation. So, for example, you could use this test to find out whether people's

height and shoe size are correlated (they will be - the taller people are, the bigger

their feet are likely to be). Test statistic is a random variable that is calculated

from sample data and used in a hypothesis test. You can use test statistics to

determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.

Formula of t test;

Formula of Spearman rho correlation:

Where: d= Difference between the two

variables

n= Number of observations

25
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents an analysis and interpretation of the data gathered.

The data were arranged comprehensively to answer the statement of the

problems sought. It aims to strengthen the study through the data gathered.

1. Weighted Amount in Terms of Grams (g) of Paper that BOPS

Machine Can Shred in Different Parameters of Varying Amount of

Time (s), and Number of Pedals

1.1. Weighted amount in terms of grams (g) of Paper that BOPS

Machine can shred in different parameters of varying amount of time

in seconds

26
 In these figures it shows the weighted amount of paper that BOPS

Machine can shred in varying amount of time; 60 seconds, 180 s, 300 s, 420 s.

Figure 3. Mass of paper in varying amount of time

The data above shows the relationship between the given accumulated

time of the B.O.P.S. Machine to shred the papers and the weighted amount of

the shredded paper in grams. Based on the data above that in 60 seconds or 1

minute there is accumulated 216 grams of the paper that can be shredded, while

in 180 seconds or 3 minutes there is 717.5 g of papers, in 300 seconds or 5

minutes there is accumulated 1,231 grams of paper that is shredded, and lastly

in 420 seconds or 7 minutes, the paper shredded was approximately in 1600 g.

1.2. Weighted amount in terms of grams (g) of Paper that BOPS

Machine can shred in different parameters of number of pedals

In these figures it shows the weighted amount of paper that BOPS

Machine can shred in varying number of pedals; 10, 30, 50, 70 pedals.

27
 Figure 4. Mass of paper in varying number of pedals

The data shows in figure 4 presents the relationship between the given

number of pedals to shred the papers and the weighted amount of the shredded

paper in grams. Based on the data above that in 10 pedals there are 33 grams of

papers was shredded, in 30 times of pedals there is 81.65 g of paper was

measured, while in 50 pedals there is 161.2g of papers that is shredded, and in

70 pedals there is 220 g of papers was shredded by the BOPS Machine.

2. Heart rate (bpm) and weight (kg) of the human, before and after the

shredding process.

In this table it shows the heart rate of the human before and after he\she

used the BOPS Machine.

Table 1: Heart rate of human before and after 7 minutes of using BOPS

Machine

28
 The data above shows the measured heart rate and weight of the human

before and after 7 minutes of shredding papers. Before shredding the human had

a mass of 57 kg and heart rate of 98 beats per minute. After 420 seconds or 7

minutes of shredding, the measured heart rate was 145 bpm and the measured

weight was 56 kg.

In this table it shows the heart rate of the human before and after he\she

used the BOPS Machine.

Table 2: Heart rate of human before and after 70 pedals of using BOPS

Machine

The data above shows the measured heart rate and weight of the human

before and after 70 pedals of shredding papers. Before shredding the human had

a mass of 57 kg and heart rate of 90 beats per minute. After doing 70 pedals of

shredding, the measured heart rate was 120bpm and the measured weight was

57 kg.

3. Correlation of the measured time interval to the heart rate and weight of the

human.

29
 In this table it shows the correlation of the heart rate of human before and

after using BOPS machine

Table 3: Correlation of Human Heart Rate Before and After 7 mins

In this table it shows the correlation of the weight of human before and

after using BOPS machine.

Table 4: Correlation of Human Weight Before and After 7 mins

In

identifying the correlation of the measured time interval to the heart rate of the

human, based on the data presented above. The t-value is -10.84346. The p-

value is .00041. The result is significant at p < .05. And on the weight of the

human the results is it has a t-value of 0.02248, and the p-value is .983142. The

result is not significant at p < .05. it means the relationship of the time interval to

the heart rate and weight of the human is the longer the time in shredding, the

more the heart rate of the human gets higher, while on the weight the higher the

time, the lesser the weight of the human will be (See also Figure 3 & Table 1 ).

30
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter looks at the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations for further research. The main results obtained for the different

treatments BOPS Machine.

Summary

The study was conducted for the purpose of utilizing the mechanical

bicycle to make a pedal-based structure paper shredder machine. The

researchers called it BOPS or Bicycle Operated Paper Shredder Machine. To

determine effectiveness of this machine the researchers conducted testing by

determining the relationship of the mass of the shredded paper to the given

amount of time and given number of pedals. And also identifying the help of this

31
machine to the health of human by determining the difference in their heart rate

(bpm) and weight (kg), before and after the shredding process.

1. As seen from Figure 3,based from the given time which is 60 seconds or 1

minute where had a 33 g of paper that is shredded, and followed by the

next given time which is 3 minutes and up to the last given time which is 7

minutes or 420 seconds which shred 220 g of paper. In Figure 4, the

results of weighing the amount of the shredded paper that BOPS machine

can shred in varying number of pedals. Based on the data in figure 4, in

10 pedals there are 33 grams of papers was shredded, in 30 times of

pedals there is 81.65 g of paper was measured, while in 50 pedals there is

161.2g of papers that is shredded, and in 70 pedals there is 220 g of

papers was shredded by the BOPS Machine.

2. In Table 1, it shows the measured heart rate and weight of the human

before and after 7 minutes of shredding papers. Before shredding the

human had a mass of 57 kg and heart rate of 98 beats per minute. After

420 seconds or 7 minutes of shredding, the measured heart rate was 145

bpm and the measured weight was 56 kg. In table number 2, it shows the

measured heart rate and weight of the human before and after 70 pedals

of shredding papers. Before shredding the human had a mass of 57 kg

and heart rate of 90 beats per minute. After doing 70 pedals of shredding,

the measured heart rate was 120bpm and the measured weight was 57

kg.

32
 3. Overall, it is clearly stated that BOPS is capable in shredding papers. As

seen from table 1, the results state that the longer the time accumulated in

shredding and as the number of pedal gets higher, the higher the heart

rate of the human gets and the lesser the weight of the human gets but it

depend on the intensity of the biking. It shows that the BOPS machine can

shred papers while helping in the health of the humans.

Conclusions

Based on the study carried out to make a pedal-based paper shredder

machine prevent problem about paper waste and protecting intellectual property

by shredding papers into smaller pieces, conclusions were arrived.

1. From the data gathered and summarized, the researchers concluded

that the amount of time is directly proportional to the mass of the paper

shredder so that the longer you used the BOPS Machine, the more

amount of paper you can shred. And the number of pedals is also

directly proportional to the amount of paper you can shred. So that the

more pedal you did, the more grams of paper you can shred.

2. Based on the data that is given, the researchers concluded that the

heart rate of the human before and after he/she used the BOPS

Machine are different. While on the weight of the human before and

after he/she used the BOPS Machine is different. From these

conclusion, the researchers concluded that the BOPS Machine can

also help in maintaining the health of the people as shown in the Table

1 and 2.
33
 3. By the means of the data given above, The researcher concluded that

there is relevance in identifying the correlation of the measured time

interval and number of pedals to the heart rate and weight of the

human, based on the data presented above as longer the time

accumulated in shredding and as the number of pedal gets higher, the

more the heart rate of the human gets higher, while on the weight of

the human, as the time longer the weight of the human gets lessen, but

as the number of pedals get higher the weight of the human still the

same as the human started to use the B.O.P.S.(See Figure 3, 4, Table

1 & 2).

Recommendations

Since it was proven that B.O.P.S. machine has the potential to solve the

main problem of paper waste, on the basis of present study some

recommendations for the future researchers are drawn as follows:

1. Use a much slimmer and sharper blade for it to shred more easily. Search

for a more durable metal as a material for the blade.

2. Make a bigger shredder to have a more paper.

3. Use a motor chain for it to have more force when pedaling.

4. Use a reducers to increase the force applied.

5. Use a better stand so that it will not move when pedaling the bike.

6. Make the one part of the blade higher than the other one so it will get

shred more easily.

7. Make the Paper Shredder capable to generate electricity while shredding.

34
 8. Make the blade of the shredder sharper to easily crush paper that you

want to crush.

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APPENDIX A

Letter of approval of the Principal

38
 APPENDIX B

Constructing the BOPS Machine

39
 Designing the Shredder Blade and Spacer

Fitting the blade and spacer to the shredder body

Putting bearing and Allen wrench Final product of Shredder

APPENDIX C

Restoration of Bicycle

40
 Original form of an old and used bicycle

Removing the old paint of bicycle

Painting the bicycle

APPENDIX D

CURRICULUM VITAE

ARNAIZ, LEO MENIANO

Birthday: November 10, 2001
Contact Number: 09297054734
Email: leoarnaiz01@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Nagpayong Elementary School

41
 2008- 2014
Secondary: Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award: Junior High School
Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Leo M. Arnaiz
DURAN, EDREIAN JAY SULPOT
Birthday: December 30, 2001
Contact Number: 09282295900
Email: edreianjayyy@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Mc. Lorenz Academy
2008- 2014
Secondary: Pinagbuhatan High School
2014- 2018
: Buting Senior High School
42
 2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award: Junior High School
PInagbuhatan High School
2014- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Edreian Jay S. Duran

VIRAY, MARL JERWIN LLBAN

Birthday: March 25, 2002
Contact Number: 09499757508
Email: jerwinzp3@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Pinagbuhatan Elementary School
2008- 2014
Secondary: Pinagbuhatan High School
2014- 2018
: Buting Senior High School
43
 2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award: Junior High School
Pinagbuhatan High School
2017- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2019- 2020

I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Marl Jerwin L. Viray

VILLAQUER, DOMINIC P.
Birthday: July 25,2002
Contact Number: 09291887228
Email: dominicvillaquer52@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Nagpayong Elementary School
2008- 2014
Secondary: Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Buting Senior High School

44
 2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award
:Primary
School
Nagpayong Elementary School
2008-2014
:Junior High School
Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Dominic P.Villaquer
MANALO, AERON RYU B.
Birthday: August 28, 2001
Contact Number: 09976096965
Email: aeronryumanalo@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Arinda Elementary School
2008- 2014
Secondary: Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018

45
 : Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award: Junior High School
Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Aeron Ryu B.Manalo

46