THE INFLUENCE OF STEEL PROPERTIES AND

Beam parameters and steel properties

Designation Value Unit
width = 300 mm
height = 600 mm
f'c = 35 Mpa
fy = 420 Mpa
compression bars
no. of bars = 2 bars
diameter = 25 mm
tension bars
no. of bars = 3 bars
diameter = 25 mm
concrete cover = 40 mm
stirrups = 10 mm

𝐸_𝑐=5000√(𝑓^′ 𝑐) = 29580.399 Mpa

𝑛=𝐸_𝑠/𝐸_𝑐 = 6.761

𝐴_𝑠′=𝜋/4(𝑁) = 981.74770425 mm2

〖 (𝑑_𝑏) 〗 ^2
𝐴_𝑠=𝜋/4(𝑁)
= 1472.6215564 mm2
〖 (𝑑_𝑏) 〗 ^2
d' = cc + 𝑑_𝑣 + = 62.5 mm
1/2 𝑑_𝑏
d = ℎ−𝑐𝑐− 𝑑_𝑣− 1/2 = 537.5 mm
𝑑_𝑏
 b

𝑑′
𝑑′
(𝑛−1) 𝐴 𝑠 ′
(𝑛−1)𝐴_𝑠′

𝑐
𝑐

𝑑
𝑑 N. A.

(𝑛) 𝐴 𝑠
(𝑛)𝐴_𝑠

𝑑′
𝑑′

𝑐
𝑐 𝐴_2

𝑑
𝑑 N. A.

𝐴_1

(𝑛) 𝐴 𝑠
(𝑛)𝐴_𝑠
 𝐴_1

(𝑛) 𝐴 𝑠
(𝑛)𝐴_𝑠

𝐼_𝑐𝑟 = 1/12(b)( 〖𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟)) 〗 ^3+(𝑏)ccr,tr

(𝑐_(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟))( 〖𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟)/2) 〗 ^2
𝐼_2= 𝐴_2 ( 〖𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟)−𝑑
𝐼_1= 𝐴_1
′) 〗 ^2
( 〖𝑑−𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟))
𝐼_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟)=𝐼_𝑐𝑟+ 〗 ^2
𝐼_1+𝐼_2
𝑀_𝑐𝑟

ɸ_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟)=
𝑀_𝑐𝑟/(𝐸_(𝑐 )
(𝐼_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟)))

𝜀𝑐
𝜀_𝑐

𝜀 𝑠′
𝜀_𝑠′

ӯ 𝜙
ӯ 𝜙

𝜙
𝜙

𝜀_𝑠= 𝜀_𝑦
 b
0.003
�
𝜀 𝑠′
𝜀_𝑠′

𝑎
� 𝑎
'𝐴𝑠' ′ 
  𝑐 𝜙
𝑐
𝜙
𝑐−𝑑′
 
𝑑 N. A.
450
 
𝜙
𝜙
𝑑−𝑐
𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠  

𝜀𝜀_𝑠𝑠
Figure 1. If c > d'

𝑖𝑓 𝑓_𝑐^ ′≤28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝛽=0.85

Part ′≥56
𝑖𝑓 𝑓_𝑐^ 1) Assume compression and tension steel yields, Ꜫs ≥ Ꜫy and Ꜫs' ≥
𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝛽=0.65
𝑖𝑓 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎<𝑓_𝑐^′<56 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝛽 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
From the equation Cc+Cs=Ts, we get the value of a
𝑓_𝑐^ ′=
0.85f'c (a)(b)+𝑐=𝑎/𝛽=
As'{fy-0.85(f'c)} = As(fy)

a = 26.372 mm
𝜀_𝑦=𝑓_𝑦/𝐸_𝑠
𝜀_𝑠′=0.003(𝑐−𝑑′)/𝑐=
𝜀_𝑠=0.003(𝑑−𝑐)/𝑐=
=

35 , therefore β = 0.800
32.965 mm

Check if compression and tension steel yields

0.0021
 0.04591552 Ꜫs ≥ Ꜫy, therefore tension steel yie

-0.002687851 Ꜫs'<Ꜫy, therefore compression ste

Assumption is wrong proceed to Part 2-B.

Part 2-A For singly reinforced beam if assumption is wrong

c= 203.35 mm
162.680 mm
Assume tension steel doesn’t yield
Check if assumption is correct.
𝐶_𝑐=𝑇_𝑠
0.85𝑓_𝑐^′ (𝛽𝑐)(𝑏)=𝐴_𝑠 {(600(𝑑−𝑐))/𝑐}
0.0021

𝑎=𝛽𝑐= 0.00492968 Ꜫs > Ꜫy ; Not ok! Assumption is incorrect!

𝜀_𝑦=𝑓_𝑦/𝐸_𝑠
Part 2-B For=doubly reinforced beam if assumptions are wrong.

Case a) Assume tension steel yields but compression steel does not yield.
𝜀_𝑠=0.003(𝑑−𝑐)/𝑐=

76.032 mm
60.826 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒
Check : 𝜀_𝑠≥𝜀_𝑦 and 𝜀_𝑠^′< 𝜀_𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠=𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑠^′≠𝑓𝑦
0.85𝑓_𝑐^′ (𝛽𝑐)(𝑏)+𝐴_𝑠′{(600(𝑑^′−𝑐)/𝑐)−0.85𝑓𝑐^′)}=𝐴_𝑠 𝑓_𝑦
0.0021
c =
𝑎=𝛽𝑐= 0.0182081755 Ꜫs ≥ Ꜫy, therefore a

0.0005339331 Ꜫs' < Ꜫy, therefore

𝜀_𝑦=𝑓_𝑦/𝐸_𝑠
=
Assumptions are correct proceed to Part 3.
𝜀_𝑠=0.003(𝑑−𝑐)/𝑐=

𝜀_𝑠′=0.003(𝑐−𝑑′)/𝑐=
 𝜀_𝑠′=0.003(𝑐−𝑑′)/𝑐=
Part 3. For doubly reinforced beam ; Check the depth of neutral axis.

76.032 mm depth of compression block > dep

Part 4. If compression bars behave as tension bars.

115.500 mm
92.400 mm

Check:

0.0021

0.0144513 Assumption is correct.

-0.0009708 Assumption is incorrect.

Assumption is wrong, proceed to Part 4-b.

Solved depth of neutral axis from the assumptions.

𝑐=

174.634 mm
139.707 mm

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 4−𝑎) 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑.

Check:
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜀_𝑠1≥ 𝜀_𝑦 and 𝜀_𝑠2 〖≥𝜀〗 _𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠1=𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑓𝑠2=𝑓𝑦 0.0021
0.85𝑓_𝑐^′ (𝑎)(𝑏)=𝐴_𝑠1 𝑓_𝑦+ 𝐴_𝑠2^ 𝑓𝑦
𝑎= 0.0062336 Assumption is incorrect.
𝑐=𝑎/𝛽=
-0.0019263 Assumption is correct.
 Neglect 𝜀_𝑦=𝑓_𝑦/𝐸_𝑠
this part.
=
𝜀_𝑠1=0.003(𝑑−𝑐)/𝑐=

Part 5) Solving for the nominal moment.

𝜀_𝑠2=(0.003(𝑑′
−𝑐))/𝑐=
76.032 mm
60.826 mm

0.01820818
311.208 KN.m

3.946E-05 rad/mm

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 4−𝑐) 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑛′𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑.

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜀_𝑠1< 𝜀_𝑦 and 𝜀_𝑠2< 𝜀_𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠1 ≠𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑠2≠𝑓𝑦

0.85𝑓_𝑐^′ (𝛽𝑐)(𝑏)=𝐴_𝑠1^ " " {(600(𝑑^′−𝑐))/𝑐}+ 𝐴_𝑠2^

{(600(𝑑^′−𝑐))/𝑐}
L PROPERTIES AND BEAM DIMENSIONS IN THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF RE

As'
981.748 mm2

600 mm

As
1472.622 mm2

300 mm

1. Just before cracking

Locate neutral axis

𝐴_𝑔=𝑏 𝑥 ℎ =
 𝐴_𝑔=𝑏 𝑥 ℎ
A2 = (n-1) As' =
A1 = (n-1) As =
𝐴_𝑇=𝐴_𝑔+ 𝐴_1+𝐴_2 =
ӯ=𝑐= ((𝐴_𝑔 )(ℎ/2)+(𝐴_2 )(𝑑^′ )+
(𝐴_1)(𝑑))/𝐴_𝑇

(𝑛−1)𝐴 𝑠 ′
(𝑛−1)𝐴_𝑠′
=

c−𝑑′

  
𝐼_𝑔 = 1/12 (𝑏)(ℎ^3 )+𝐴_𝑔 〖 (ℎ/2−y^′) 〗 ^2
=
𝑑−𝑐 𝐼_(2 )= 〖𝐴 _2 (ӯ−𝑑 =
〗 ^2
′) 𝐼_(1 )= 〖𝐴 _1 =

(𝑛) 𝐴 𝑠
(𝑛)𝐴_𝑠   
(𝑑−ӯ) 〗 ^2
𝐼_(𝑢𝑛,𝑡𝑟)=𝐼_𝑔+ 𝐼_1+𝐼_2 =

𝑓_𝑟=0.7√(𝑓′𝑐)
=

𝑀_𝑐𝑟= (𝑓_𝑟
(𝐼_(𝑢𝑛,𝑡𝑟)))/(ℎ−𝑐) =

𝑀_𝑐𝑟 =
ɸ_𝑐𝑟=
𝑀_𝑐𝑟/(𝐸_(𝑐 ) =
(𝐼_(𝑢𝑛,𝑡𝑟)))

2. Right after cracking

b

Transformed Area
(𝑛−1) 𝐴 𝑠 ′
(𝑛−1)𝐴_𝑠′

c−𝑑′
𝐴_1=𝑛(𝐴_𝑠)
𝐴_2=(𝑛−1 〖 )𝐴
= 9956.39434
= 6637.59623
〗 _𝑠′
. A.   

Solve for ccr,tr

𝑏(𝑐)(𝑐/2)= 𝐴_1 (𝑑−c) + 𝐴_2 (𝑐−𝑑^′)
𝑑−𝑐

𝐴_1   

(𝑛) 𝐴 𝑠
(𝑛)𝐴_𝑠
 𝐴_1

(𝑛) 𝐴 𝑠
(𝑛)𝐴_𝑠

Solving the value of "cct,tr" sing quadratic equation.

𝑥=(−𝑏±√(𝑏^2−4𝑎𝑐))/2𝑎
〗 ^3+(𝑏) = 149.805 mm
2
_(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟)−𝑑 = 336185460.38 mm4
= 43109803.123 mm4
𝑟)) 〗 ^2
1+𝐼_2 = 1496519877 mm4 c = 5705052.52
𝑀_𝑐𝑟
= 1875815140 mm4 b = -15612.2433
𝑡𝑟)= = 86.513 KN.m a = -150
(𝐸_(𝑐 )
,𝑡𝑟)))
= 1.559E-06 rad/mm c1 = -253.887
c2 = 149.805

3. Steel yields or concrete non-linear

𝜀_𝑠 〖 =𝜀 〗 _𝑦 = a) Steel yields

𝑓_𝑦/𝐸_𝑠 =

𝜀𝑐
𝜀_𝑐 𝜙_𝑦=𝜀_𝑦/(𝑑−ӯ)=

𝜀 𝑠′
𝜀_𝑠′
𝑀_𝑦=𝜙_𝑦 (𝐸_𝑠 )
(𝐼_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟) )=

𝜙
𝜙 ӯ−𝑑′ 𝑀_𝑦=

𝑓_𝑐=0.7( 〖𝑓 ^′ 〗 _𝑐
)= b) Concrete behaves non-linearly
𝜀_𝑐=𝑓_𝑐/𝐸_
𝑐=

𝜙_0.7𝑓𝑐′=𝜀_𝑐/ӯ=

𝜙
𝑑−ӯ
  𝑀_0.7𝑓𝑐′=𝜙_0.7𝑓𝑐′ (𝐸_𝑐 )(𝐼_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟) )
=
𝑀_0.7𝑓𝑐′=

Therefore concrete behaves non-linearly

M0.7f'c =
ɸ0.7f'c =
 4. Ultimate Condition

b
0.003
′ ′ '𝐴𝑠'
𝑐
𝑐 𝜙
𝜙
𝑐−𝑑′
′)]𝑠= 𝐴 𝑠 ′ [ 𝑓 𝑠 −0.85 (𝑓 𝑐 ) ]
�
𝐶𝐶_𝑠=𝐴_𝑠′[𝑓_𝑠^′−0.85(𝑓_𝑐^ 𝜀′
𝑎
𝑎 � 𝜀_𝑠
′ 𝑠 
𝐶𝑐 =0.85 𝑓 𝑐 ′ ( 𝑎 ) (𝑏)
𝐶_𝑐=0.85𝑓_𝑐′(𝑎)(𝑏)
′   
 

𝑑−𝑑′
𝑑
h 𝜙
𝜙

𝑑−𝑎/2   𝑑−𝑐
 
  𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠  

𝜀𝜀_𝑠𝑠
𝑇 𝑠 1= 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠
𝑇_𝑠1=𝐴_𝑠 𝑓_𝑠

Figure 2. If c < d'

nsion steel yields, Ꜫs ≥ Ꜫy and Ꜫs' ≥ Ꜫy ; fs'=fs=fy

𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Ꜫs ≥ Ꜫy, therefore tension steel yields, assumption is correct! .

Ꜫs'<Ꜫy, therefore compression steel does not yield, assumption is incorrect!

proceed to Part 2-B.

ssumption is wrong

k! Assumption is incorrect!

sumptions are wrong.

ssion steel does not yield. Case b) Assume both tension and compression

185.083
148.066
𝑑 𝑓𝑠^′≠𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜀_𝑠< 𝜀_𝑦 and 𝜀_𝑠^′< 𝜀_𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 ≠𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑠^′≠𝑓𝑦
−0.85𝑓𝑐^′)}=𝐴_𝑠 𝑓_𝑦 0.85𝑓_𝑐^′Check:
(𝛽𝑐)(𝑏)+𝐴_𝑠′{(600(𝑑^′−𝑐)/𝑐)−0.85𝑓𝑐^′ }=𝐴_𝑠 60

c =
Ꜫs ≥ Ꜫy, therefore assumption is correct! 𝑎=𝛽𝑐=

Ꜫs' < Ꜫy, therefore assumption is correct!

𝜀_𝑦=𝑓_𝑦/𝐸_𝑠
=
tions are correct proceed to Part 3. Neg
𝜀_𝑠=0.003(𝑑−𝑐)/𝑐=

𝜀_𝑠′=0.003(𝑐−𝑑′)/𝑐=
he depth of neutral axis. 𝜀_𝑠′=0.003(𝑐−𝑑′)/𝑐=

depth of compression block > depth of compression bars, proceed to Part 5.

as tension bars.

73.899 mm
59.119 mm

Check:

0.0021

0.0242754952 Assumption is correct.

-0.0004627532 Assumption is correct.

Assumptions are correct ; check depth of neutral axis:

c > d' , use c from Part 3 and proceed to Part 5

Using quadratic equation

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 4−𝑏) 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑.

a 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
= 𝜀_𝑠1≥𝜀_𝑦 and 𝜀_𝑠2< 𝜀_𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠1=𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑠2≠𝑓𝑦
7140
𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑
b =
0.85𝑓_𝑐^′ 1472621.5564
(𝛽𝑐)(𝑏)=𝐴_𝑠1 𝑓_𝑦+ 𝐴_𝑠2^ {(600(𝑑^′
c =
−𝑐))/𝑐} -474920451.93
𝑐=
c1 = 𝑎=𝛽∗𝑐= 174.634
c2 = -380.884
𝑥=(−𝑏±√(𝑏^2−4𝑎𝑐))/2𝑎
 𝜀_𝑦=𝑓_𝑦/𝐸_𝑠
=
𝜀_𝑠1=0.003(𝑑−𝑐)/𝑐=

𝜀_𝑠2=(0.003(𝑑′
−𝑐))/𝑐=

≠𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑠2≠𝑓𝑦

𝑐}+ 𝐴_𝑠2^
BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

Part 1. Summary of Answers

1. Just before cracking
c = 303.460 mm
ɸ = 4.721E-07 rad/mm
Mn = 86.513 KN.m
2. Right after cracking
c = 149.805 mm
ɸ = 1.559E-06 rad/mm
Mn = 86.513 KN.m
3. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear
c = 149.805 mm
ɸ = 5.529E-06 rad/mm
Mn = 306.790 KN.m
4. Ultimate Condition
c = 76.032 mm
ɸ = 3.946E-05 rad/mm
Mn = 311.208 KN.m

utral axis
180000 mm2
 5655.849 mm2
8483.773 mm2
194139.622 mm2

303.460 mm

) 〗 ^2
5402154888 mm4
328388330.049638 mm4
464696304.192597 mm4
6195239522.24224 mm4

4.141 Mpa

86512736.432 N.mm

86.513 Kn.m

4.721E-07 rad/mm

ormed Area
mm2
mm2

e for ccr,tr
𝑑^′)
t,tr" sing quadratic equation.

a) Steel yields

0.0021

5.417E-06 rad/mm

2032258122.89498 N.mm

2032.258 KN.m

aves non-linearly

24.5 Mpa

0.000828251167268

5.529E-06 rad/mm

306789615.084433 N.mm

306.790 KN.m

te behaves non-linearly

306.790 KN.m
5.529E-06 rad/mm
0.003
𝜙
𝜙
𝑐−𝑑′
𝑎
𝑎
𝐶 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑎 ) (𝑏)
𝐶_𝑐=0.85𝑓_𝑐′(𝑎)(𝑏)
𝑐 =0.85
𝜀′
𝜀_𝑠
′ 𝑠 
N. A. 𝑓_𝑠′ ′ 𝑐
𝑇 𝑠 2= 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 ′
𝑇_𝑠2=𝐴_𝑠^′
 

𝑑−𝑑′ 𝑑−𝑎/2
𝑑−𝑐
   
 

𝑇𝑇_𝑠1=𝐴_𝑠
𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑠
𝑓_𝑠
both tension and compression don't yield.

mm
mm
𝜀_𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 ≠𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑠^′≠𝑓𝑦
^′−𝑐)/𝑐)−0.85𝑓𝑐^′ }=𝐴_𝑠 600(𝑑−𝑐)/𝑐
0.0021

0.005712307451252 Ꜫs ≥ Ꜫy, therefore assumption is incorrect!

0.001986940994041 Ꜫs' < Ꜫy, therefore assumption is correct!

Neglect this part.

 Using quadratic equation

a = 7140
b = -29452.431127406
c = -36815538.909255

c1 = 73.899
c2 = -69.774

𝑥=(−𝑏±√(𝑏^2−4𝑎𝑐))/2𝑎
 PART 2. CO

Beam parameters and steel properties

Designation
width =
height =
f'c =
fs' =
compression bars
no. of bars =
diameter =
tension bars
no. of bars =
diameter =
concrete cover =
stirrups =
fs =

𝐸_𝑐=5000√(𝑓^′ 𝑐) =
𝑛=𝐸_𝑠/𝐸_𝑐
=
𝐴_𝑠′=𝜋/4(𝑁)
〖 (𝑑_𝑏) 〗 ^2 =
𝐴_𝑠=𝜋/4(𝑁)
〖 (𝑑_𝑏) 〗 ^2 =
d' = cc + 𝑑_𝑣 +
1/2 𝑑_𝑏 =
d = ℎ−𝑐𝑐− 𝑑_𝑣− 1/2
𝑑_𝑏 =
 𝑑′
𝑑′

𝑐
𝑐
𝑑
𝑑

𝑑′
𝑑′

𝑐
𝑐
𝑑
𝑑
 𝐼_𝑐𝑟 = 1/12(b)( 〖𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟)) 〗 ^3+(
(𝑐_(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟))( 〖𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟)/2) 〗 ^2

ӯ
ӯ
 Part 1. Assume compression and tension steel yields, Ꜫs ≥ Ꜫy and Ꜫs'

From the equation Cc+Cs=Ts, we get the value of a

0.85f'c (a)(b)+ As'{fy-0.85(f'c)} = As(fy)

a =
𝑖𝑓 𝑓_𝑐^′≤28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝛽=0.85
𝑖𝑓 𝑓_𝑐^′ ≥56 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝛽=0.65
𝑖𝑓 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎<𝑓_𝑐^′<56 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝛽 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖

𝑓_𝑐^′=
35 , therefore𝑐=𝑎/𝛽=
β =

Check depth of neutral axis.

c > d' proceed to part 3.

Part 2. If compression bars behave as tension bars.

0.85𝑓_𝑐^′ (𝑎)(𝑏)=𝐴_𝑠1 𝑓_𝑦+ 𝐴_𝑠2 𝑓𝑦′

a =
𝑐=𝑎/𝛽=

Check depth of neutral axis.

c > d' ; use c from part 1.

Part 3. Actual nominal moment.

Therefore,𝑐= 77.939 mm

𝑀_𝑛= 317.672

𝜙_𝑢=
3.849E-05
0.003/𝑐=
 PART 2. CONSTRUCTING A MOMENT CURVATURE DIA

meters and steel properties

Value Unit
300 mm
600 mm
35 Mpa
As'
106.759 Mpa 981.748 mm2

2 bars
25 mm
600 mm
3 bars
25 mm
40 mm As
10 mm
429.226 Mpa 1472.622 mm2

29580.399 Mpa
300 mm
6.761

981.7477042468 mm2 The beam is doubly.

1472.62155637 mm2

62.5 mm

537.5 mm

1. Just before cracking

 Locate neutral axis
𝐴_𝑔=𝑏 𝑥 ℎ

b A2 = (n-1) As'
A1 = (n-1) As

(𝑛−1) 𝐴 𝑠 ′
(𝑛−1)𝐴_𝑠′ 𝐴_𝑇=𝐴_𝑔+ 𝐴_1+𝐴_2

ӯ=𝑐= ((𝐴_𝑔 )(ℎ/2)+(𝐴_2 )(𝑑^′ )+

(𝐴_1)(𝑑))/𝐴_𝑇
c−𝑑′

N. A.   

𝐼_𝑔 = 1/12 (𝑏)(ℎ^3 )+𝐴_𝑔

𝑑−𝑐 〖 (ℎ/2−c) 〗 ^2
𝐼_(2 )= 〖𝐴 _2 (ӯ−𝑑
(𝑛) 𝐴 𝑠
(𝑛)𝐴_𝑠   
〗 ^2
′)𝐼_(1 )= 〖𝐴 _1
(𝑑−ӯ) 〗 ^2
𝐼_(𝑢𝑛,𝑡𝑟)=𝐼_𝑔+ 𝐼_1+𝐼_2

𝑓_𝑟=0.7√(𝑓′𝑐)

𝑀_𝑐𝑟= (𝑓_𝑟
(𝐼_(𝑢𝑛,𝑡𝑟)))/(ℎ−𝑐)

𝑀_𝑐𝑟

ɸ_𝑐𝑟=
𝑀_𝑐𝑟/(𝐸_(𝑐 )
(𝐼_(𝑢𝑛,𝑡𝑟)))

2. Right after cracking

b

𝑑′
𝑑′

𝐴_2 (𝑛−1) 𝐴 𝑠 ′ c−𝑑′

(𝑛−1)𝐴_𝑠′ Transformed Area
𝐴_1=𝑛(𝐴_𝑠)
𝐴_2=(𝑛−1 〖 )𝐴 =
〗 _𝑠′ =

N. A.   
Solve for c
𝑏(𝑐)(𝑐/2)= 𝐴_1 (𝑑−c) +cr,tr𝐴_2 (𝑐−𝑑^′)
𝑑−𝑐

𝐴_1   

(𝑛) 𝐴 𝑠
(𝑛)𝐴_𝑠
 (𝑛) 𝐴 𝑠
(𝑛)𝐴_𝑠

Solving the value of "cct,tr" sing quadratic e

𝑥=(−𝑏±√(𝑏^2−4𝑎𝑐))/2𝑎
ccr,tr
𝐼_𝑐𝑟 = 1/12(b)( 〖𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟)) 〗 ^3+(𝑏) = 149.805 mm
(𝑐_(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟))( 〖𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟)/2) 〗 ^2 = 336185460 mm4
𝐼_2= 𝐴_2 ( 〖𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟)−𝑑
𝐼_1= 𝐴_1 = 43109803.1 mm4
′) 〗 ^2
( 〖𝑑−𝑐 _(𝑐𝑟.𝑡𝑟))
𝐼_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟)=𝐼_𝑐𝑟+ 𝐼_1+𝐼_2 〗 ^2 = 1496519877 mm4 c =
𝑀_𝑐𝑟 = 1875815140 mm4 b =
= 86.513 KN.m a =
ɸ_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟)=
𝑀_𝑐𝑟/(𝐸_(𝑐 )
(𝐼_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟))) = 1.559E-06 rad/mm c1 =
c2 =

3. Steel yields or concrete non-linear

a) Steel yields
𝜀_𝑠 〖 =𝜀 〗 _𝑦 =

𝜀𝑐
𝜀_𝑐
𝑓_𝑦/𝐸_𝑠 =

𝜀 𝑠′
𝜀_𝑠′ 𝜙_𝑦=𝜀_𝑦/(𝑑−ӯ)=

ӯ 𝜙
𝑀_𝑦=𝜙_𝑦 (𝐸_𝑠 )
ӯ 𝜙 (𝐼_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟) )=
ӯ−𝑑′
 

b) Concrete behaves non-linea

𝑓_𝑐=0.7( 〖𝑓 ^′ 〗 _𝑐
)=
𝜀_𝑐=𝑓_𝑐/𝐸_

𝜙
𝜙 𝑑−ӯ 𝑐=

  𝜙_0.7𝑓𝑐′=𝜀_𝑐/ӯ=

𝑀_0.7𝑓𝑐′=𝜙_0.7𝑓𝑐′ (𝐸_𝑐 )(𝐼_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟) )

=

𝜀_𝑠= 𝜀_𝑦

Therefore concrete behaves no

M0.7f'c
ɸ0.7f'c

4. Ultimate Condition
 4. Ultimate Condition

and tension steel yields, Ꜫs ≥ Ꜫy and Ꜫs' ≥ Ꜫy ; fs'=fs=fy

b
c+Cs=Ts, we get the value of a �
�
'𝐴𝑠'  ′
As'{fy-0.85(f'c)} = As(fy)
  𝑐
𝑐

62.351 mm 𝑑
8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝛽=0.85 450
 
6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝛽=0.65
𝑓_𝑐^′<56 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝛽 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝐴𝑠
0.800
𝜀𝜀_𝑠𝑠
77.939 mm
Figure 1. If c >

oceed to part 3.

b
n bars behave as tension bars.
)(𝑏)=𝐴_𝑠1 𝑓_𝑦+ 𝐴_𝑠2 𝑓𝑦′ '𝐴𝑠' �
� 𝑐
𝑐

′ 
82.566 mm
 

103.208 mm
𝑑
h 𝜙
𝜙

𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠

𝜀𝜀_𝑠𝑠

Figure 1. If c >

KN.m

rad/mm
RVATURE DIAGRAM

Moment (KN.m) Moment-Curvature Diagram

350.000
3; 317.672

300.000 2; 306.790

250.000

200.000

150.000

2; 86.513
100.000
1; 86.513

50.000

0.000 1; 0.000
0.000E+00 2.000E-05 4.000E-05 6.000E-05

Curvature (rad/mm)

Stage Moment Units

0 KN.m
Just before cracking 86.513 KN.m
Right after cracking 86.513 KN.m
Steel yields or concrete nonlinear 306.790 KN.m
Ultimate Condition 317.672 KN.m
 Locate neutral axis
𝐴_𝑔=𝑏 𝑥 ℎ
= 180000 mm2
2 = (n-1) As'
= 5655.849 mm2
A1 = (n-1) As
= 8483.773 mm2
+ 𝐴_1+𝐴_2
= 194139.622 mm2
)(𝑑^′ )+
= 303.460 mm

^3 )+𝐴_𝑔
= 5402154888 mm4
〖𝐴 _2 (ӯ−𝑑
= 328388330.0496 mm4
= 〖𝐴 _1
= 464696304.1926 mm4
〗 ^2
𝑔+ 𝐼_1+𝐼_2
= 6195239522.242 mm4
(𝑓′𝑐)
= 4.141 Mpa
(𝑓_𝑟
𝑡𝑟)))/(ℎ−𝑐) = 86512736.432 N.mm
𝑀_𝑐𝑟
= 86.513 Kn.m
_(𝑐 )
))) = 4.721E-07 rad/mm

Transformed Area
(𝐴_𝑠)
−1 〖 )𝐴 9956.394 mm2
6637.596 mm2

Solve for c
2)= 𝐴_1 (𝑑−c) +cr,tr
𝐴_2 (𝑐−𝑑^′)
lue of "cct,tr" sing quadratic equation.
^2−4𝑎𝑐))/2𝑎

5705053
-15612.24
-150

-253.887
149.805

a) Steel yields
𝜀_𝑠 〖 =𝜀 〗 _𝑦 =
𝑓_𝑦/𝐸_𝑠 = 0.00214613
𝜙_𝑦=𝜀_𝑦/(𝑑−ӯ)=
5.536E-06 rad/mm
=𝜙_𝑦 (𝐸_𝑠 )
𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟) )= 2076902523.232 N.mm
𝑀_𝑦=
2076.903 KN.m

b) Concrete behaves non-linearly

𝑓_𝑐=0.7( 〖𝑓 ^′ 〗 _𝑐
)= 24.5 Mpa
𝜀_𝑐=𝑓_𝑐/𝐸_
𝑐=
0.000828251167
𝜙_0.7𝑓𝑐′=𝜀_𝑐/ӯ=
5.529E-06 rad/mm
0.7𝑓𝑐′ (𝐸_𝑐 )(𝐼_(𝑐𝑟,𝑡𝑟) )
306789615.0844 N.mm
𝑀_0.7𝑓𝑐′=
306.790 KN.m

Therefore concrete behaves non-linearly

= 306.790 KN.m
= 5.529E-06 rad/mm
 0.003

𝜀 𝑠′
𝜀_𝑠′ ′ ′
′)]𝑠= 𝐴 𝑠 ′ [ 𝑓 𝑠 −0.85 (𝑓 𝑐 ) ]
𝐶𝐶_𝑠=𝐴_𝑠′[𝑓_𝑠^′−0.85(𝑓_𝑐^
𝑎
𝑎 𝐶𝐶_𝑐=0.85𝑓_𝑐′(𝑎)(𝑏)
𝑐 =0.85 𝑓 𝑐 ′ ( 𝑎 ) (𝑏)
𝑐 𝜙𝜙
𝑐 𝑐−𝑑′
 
N. A.
450 𝑑−𝑎/2 𝑑−𝑑′

𝜙
𝜙
𝑑−𝑐    

𝜀𝑠
𝜀_𝑠
𝑇 𝑠 1= 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠
𝑇_𝑠1=𝐴_𝑠 𝑓_𝑠

Figure 1. If c > d'

0.003
𝜙
𝜙
𝑐−𝑑′
𝑎
𝑎
𝐶 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑎 ) (𝑏)
𝐶_𝑐=0.85𝑓_𝑐′(𝑎)(𝑏)
𝑐 =0.85
𝜀′
𝜀_𝑠′
𝑠 
N. A. 𝑓_𝑠′ ′ 𝑐
𝑇 𝑠 2= 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 ′
𝑇_𝑠2=𝐴_𝑠^′
 

h 𝜙
𝜙
𝑑−𝑑′ 𝑑−𝑎/2
𝑑−𝑐  
 
 

𝜀𝜀_𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇_𝑠1=𝐴_𝑠
𝑠 1= 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠
𝑓_𝑠

Figure 1. If c > d'

ure Diagram

6.000E-05 8.000E-05 1.000E-04

rad/mm)

Curvature Units
0 rad/mm
4.721E-07 rad/mm
1.559E-06 rad/mm
5.529E-06 rad/mm
3.849E-05 rad/mm
 For solving fs
Based on Case 0.
𝜀_𝑠= 0.0122896

𝑓𝑠=60{1.5− 〖 0.5((0.12−𝜀_𝑠)/0.112) 〗 ^2 }
case 1. = 429.2262 Mpa

case 1.
case2.
𝑓𝑠=170−0.43/(𝜀_𝑠+0.0019) case 3.
case 2. = 963.1708 Mpa case 4.
case 5.
case 6.
𝑓𝑠=138−38((0.097−𝜀_𝑠)/0.087)^
case 3. 2 = 703.0845 Mpa
 fs
case 1. 429.226
case2. 963.171
case 3. 703.085
case 4.
case 5.
case 6.