70. Further practice and guidance _ BEC rest Further practice for Reading Part Three EXAM INFORMATION Part Three of the Reading Test is a text accompanied by four-option multiple choice items. ‘The initial part of the multiple choice item — the stem ~ may be a question or an incomplete sentence. There are six questions and usually the questions test opinion or inference rather than straightforward facts, A DETAILED STUDY 1 First, read the text to get an understanding of the fopic and the argument or overall opinion expressed. Read the text om page 68 and match eacl paragraph to the lopics listed below. 1 how to focus on the beginning of the innovation process 2 the causes of the problems 3. why a radical solution works 4 introduction to topic 5 where the solution will be particularly effective 6 asolution which differs from mainstream thinking, 7. the history of a solution which focuses on the beginning of the innovation process Now yor need to locate the appropriate piece of text for the answwer. Read only the stems for ench question and underline the words in the text that reflect the stem. Remember the text may paraplirase the stem. Try not to get confused by the options for each question. Read the text agait then try to answer each question WITHOUT looking at the options. Cover the options then took at the fext ard the question together and make notes. Often the options will not be worded the same as the text but will use paraphrases, Find paraplirases in the text for these words: 1 lack of co-ordination (paragraph 2) 2 failed to address (3) 3 staff.can see (4) 4 profits (4) 5 experimentation (5) 6 left to their own devices (5 and 6) t When working with texts, you can expand your vocabulary by word building. This means that you can look up words in your dictionary and find other words related to them, eg. co-operate (verb) co-operation (nowt), co-operative (adjective)Prorrsrs Complete the following tables. All the words are taken from the text you ave unfantiliar with. Match items 1-8 to the definitions A~H. coming up with (line 1) flop (line 6 & 22) glitches (line 7) optimising (line 29) disciplines (line 36) sound (line 50) ‘go underground (line 66) prevailing (line 74) improving the way that something is done or used sensible and likely to produce the right results existing or accepted thinking of a new idea or plan small foults in a machine oF process do something secretly areas of knowledge fail noun verb adjective negative % 2 introduced x 3 adapt 4 x compatability x 7 5 6 (adj) willingnes 7 7 8 9 (vb/adj) 10 prove n n (adj) 13, solo 14 15 {auj) 16 17 targeted x 18 19 specified 20 (adj) 2 develop 2 Ey (vb/adi) 24 x dynamic 25 (adj) 6 You can also expand your cocabulary by checking you know the meaning of any words and expressions Now check your answers to these questions and look back at your answers to Part Three of the Reading Test.68 __ Reading PART THREE Questions 15-20 «Read the following extract from an article about improving the innovation process, and the questions on the opposite page For each question (15-20), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. A little anarchy at work can do a world of good conducted by Professor Comelius Herstatt and his colleagues at the University of Hamburg attempted to solve the problems in their own innovative way. The research focuses on the benefits of optimising, the early innovation phases. The Hamburg group believes the vital initial phases of the innovation process have been neglected in both theory and practice. Yel, this so-called "fuzzy front-end” is where the foundations of the innovation process axe laid. Early co-operation between the different diseiplines in a business does much to reduce later tensions anc misunderstanding. 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Thi rejuer high eve! of conmiiment 2 inmotion A recent and widerangingstady anda fot of work precisely what these small groups of dynamic “partisans” do so well. They often go “underground” in companies and only emerge when they are convinced of success. Its, therefore, individuals or small groups working. in their own special way that really deliver the innovative goods, Particularly in old and possibly over-developed organisations, these relatively free-thinking and highly active groups may be the only way to innovate beyond prevailing trends and! fashions. This gives progressive firms a new way to move forward by encouraging change-oriented forces inside the company.E TEST 3 _ a - Reading 69 15 16 7 18, 19 20 Bochum Uni re in innovations is caused by ersity discovered that the high percentage of A. customers’ reluctance to change B the limited investment in new technology. C a lack of flexibility in the costing system. D_ a lack of co-ordination between sections in a company. Lu the third paragraph researchers al Ue University of Hamburg aian that radical innovations require different processes. an original approach to fostering innovation has failed. previous research has failed to address a key area of innovation. ona> it is beneficial to separate innovation into different phases. In the fourth paragraph the writer says that innovation is successful when A. staff can see that the innovation will increase profits. gg00d communication is used to resolve problems that 0 B C_ budgets are generous enough to allow risks to be taken. Db projects are begun in good time to meet market needs, What does the Bochum team believe about innovation? A Current managers have inadequate training in innovation, Experimentation is an important part of innovation. B CC _ Risks can be reduced if smaller groups are used to innovate. D_ Groups working on innovation need an effective plan. What does the writer suggest about the way that ‘partisans’ operate? ‘A. They have to use a variety of processes to reach a solution. They usually have to work in the evenings and at weekends, ‘They work best when they are in a different location from the rest of the company. coe ‘They usually only produce solutions that they know will work What the main point in this article? ‘Too many innovative products are failing. Innovation should be incorporated into normal company processes. Companies should rethink how they approach innovation, cone> We know very little about the process of successful innovation. Before you check your answers to Part Three, go on to pages 70-71.