CEE 311L Materials Lab Manual

Civil Engineering Materials Laboratory
CEE 311L
Laboratory Manual
Spring 2020
University of Dayton
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Mechanics
CEE 311L Civil Engineering Materials Laboratory ET,RA
University of Dayton Spring 2020 CEE Department
Table of Contents
SEMESTER SCHEDULE .............................................................................................................. 3

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4
GRADING SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................... 5
GUIDE TO LABORATORY REPORTS ....................................................................................... 6
DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING REPORTS ................................................................................... 7
Guidelines for Writing a Discussion ........................................................................................... 8
Guidelines for Writing a Conclusion ........................................................................................... 9
OPERATION OF TESTING MACHINES .................................................................................... 9
EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................................ 10
Experiment 1: Study and Testing of Steel and Aluminum ........................................................ 10
Experiment 2: Compression Test of Steel and Aluminum ........................................................ 13
Experiment 3: A Study of Fine Aggregates............................................................................... 15
Part A: Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates ............................................................................ 15
Part B: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate ................................................. 19
Experiment 4: A Study of Coarse Aggregates............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Part A: Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates ........................................................................ 22
Part B: Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate ................................................................ 26
Part C: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate ............................................. 28
Experiment 5: A Study and Testing of Concrete ....................................................................... 31
Procedure A: Compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens ................................ 31
Procedure B: Flexural Strength of Concrete .......................................................................... 34
Experiment 6: PC Mortar and Masonry Prism Testing ............................................................. 38
Experiment 7: A Study and Testing of Wood ........................................................................... 39
Part A: A Study and Test of Wood Columns ......................................................................... 39
Part B: A Study and Test of Wood in Bending ...................................................................... 40
SAMPLE COVER PAGE FOR ALL REPORTS ......................................................................... 69
Page 2/48
SEMESTER SCHEDULE
CEE311L Section-01: Fri-10:10- 11:00
CEE311L Section-02: Fri-11:15- 12:05
CEE311L Section-03: Thur-12:30 -1:45
GR. 1/20 1/27 2/03 2/10 2/17 2/24 3/02 3/09 3/16 3/23 3/30 4/06
A 1 2 ** 3 4 ** 5 ** 5T,6 ** 6T,7 ***
B 2 1 ** 4 3 ** 5 ** 5T,6 ** 6T,7 ***
T-Concrete Testing/Masonry Testing
** No class
*** Last day to submit Lab. Reports.
Experiment 1: Torsion Test of Steel and Aluminum
Experiment 2: Compression Test of Steel and Aluminum
Experiment 3: Study of Fine Aggregate
Experiment 4: Study of Coarse Aggregate
Experiment 5: Making and Curing Concrete Cylinders and Beams
Experiment 6: PC Mortar and Masonry Prism Testing
Experiment 7: Study and Testing of Wood
Page 3/48
INTRODUCTION
This laboratory manual was prepared for the CIE 310L- Civil Engineering Laboratory course as
given at the University of Dayton.
Civil Engineering Laboratory students are divided into groups of three to five students; group
assignments are permanent throughout the semester. A report, to be written by each student for
each experiment, is to be submitted at the beginning of the following class the following week.
Late reports will be accepted, but the grade will be reduced five points per day or a portion thereof
will be taken off for late submittals. If a student is absent from class without a valid reason, that
student will receive a grade of zero for the experiment missed. The final grade for the course will
be based on the report grades, individual performance, weekly quizzes, and the final exam.
A number of references can be found in the library. These are useful in connection with class
preparation and writing of the report.
 Laboratory Manual of Materials Testing

Liddicoat and Potts
 The Testing and Inspection of Engineering Materials
Davis, Troxell, and Wiskocil
 A.S.T.M. Standards
American Society for Testing and Measurement
 Engineering Materials
Martins
 A.I.S.C
American Institute of Steel Construction
 PCI
Portland Cement Institute.
 ACI
American Concrete Institute
Page 4/48
GRADING SYSTEM
Lab reports must include all of the following. Even though some items are not given points, there
will be deductions made if the lab is not complete.
Lab Report Requirements

Item Value (points)
Cover Sheet 1
Table of Contents 3
Objective and Procedure sheet 10
Data sheet 5
Sample Calculations 15
Results and Graphs 15
Discussion 25
Conclusions 15
Report Questions 10
References 1
Grammar and Usage N/A
TOTAL
Itemized Scoring
Item Value (points)
Lab Reports x 100 points 700
Individual Performance 100
Total 800
Letter Grade Weights

Final Numeric Score Letter Grade
93 >= FNS <100 A
90 >= FNS <93 A-
88 >= FNS <90 B+
83 >= FNS <88 B
80 >= FNS <83 B-
78 >= FNS <80 C+
73 >= FNS <78 C
70 >= FNS <73 C-
68 >= FNS <70 D+
63 >= FNS <68 D
60 >= FNS <63 D-
FNS < 60 F
Page 5/48
GUIDE TO LABORATORY REPORTS
1. Each group member is required to submit a laboratory report on each test conducted.
Reports are to be handed in during lab class on the days indicated on the calendars, about
one week after completion of the experiment. Late reports will be accepted, but the grade
will be reduced five points per day or portion thereof will be taken off for late reports.
2. Each report is to be stapled together with a cover page indicating a report number; date
performed, and date due.
3. Each report shall be done using a word processor with computer graphing capabilities. It is
assumed that all students have taken Civil Computation lab and are familiar with computer
usage.
4. Neatness, spelling and grammar are an important part in writing reports. Each report
submitted will be considered as an engineering report. The main emphasis is placed on the
facts and their interpretation; however, presentation of the material is important because
your job could depend on how well your work is submitted. As an example of a proper
method of writing a lab report, look at a paper describing an experiment in any engineering
journal (e.g. ASCE, ACI, SEM, etc.)
5. Before conducting any test, a data sheet should be prepared if one is not provided. Be sure
to anticipate all the information that is needed before, during and after each test. Intervals at
which data are to be collected can only be established when appropriate magnitudes and
range of values expected have been established.
6. See the figure on page? Or the examples in the textbook for the suggested format for
preparing graphs of laboratory data. Use spreadsheets, such as Excel, Lotus, and Quattro.
All graphs are to be computer generated. Do not force the curve to go through all the data
points, but rather, construct a curve representative of the data. Some computer programs
will do this for you. If more than one specimen appears on a graph, use different symbols
for each specimen. Label all symbols with a legend and include a title on the graph.
7. Be careful that the number of significant digits in the test results is consistent with the
precision of the test measurements, I.e. a concrete cylinder, which has a measured diameter
of 6.0’, fails at a load of 120,800lb. Although the computed failure stress is 4272.42603 psi
on an electronic calculator, the value should be reported as 4270 psi.
8. Report all needed data in tables. Give each table a title and clearly label each column and/or
row. Report only needed raw data and results. See sample below.
TABLE 1: Fracture Parameters; 3 point bend specimens

SAMPLE AGE f’c LOAD, P Kic
(days) (MPa) (kN) (MPa vm )
A 1 14.0 1.04 0.44
B 2 23.3 1.87 0.91
C 3 28.2 2.18 1.13
 Be sure to reference all applicable ASTM, ACI, AASHTO or BIA specifications.
Special Features-Drawings and graphs should be inserted in the above report from whenever
required.
Page 6/48
Drawings
If a specimen or piece of special equipment cannot be adequately described in a simple statement,

it is usually desirable to make a drawing. These drawings should always conform to the best
drafting practice.
Graphs
When the relationship between two or more variables is to be investigated or presented, it is

usually desirable to display this relationship in graphical form. NO HAND_DRAWN GRAPHS
will be accepted in any report. Directions for using the graphics terminal and plotter in addition to
a sample run are shown below.
DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING REPORTS
The principal requirements of a good report are neatness, order, clarity, brevity, completeness, and
good grammar. The student should keep these requirements always in mind when writing a report.
While no one format is adequate for all reports, the following guidelines are to be followed for the
laboratory reports required in this course.
 Cover sheet, which includes:
 course title
 experiment number
 group number
 name
 date when lab was performed
 date when lab is/was due
 Table of contents
 Introductory Remarks: Describes what was done and what is forthcoming. This may include
a brief description of theory and definitions or major terms.
 Conduct of testing: A description of how the tests were conducted including a list of
equipment used, references used if applicable, etc. Sketches or drawings may also be included.
This should be done in paragraph form, and should not be just a numbered list of steps
performed.
 Data sheet: This is the original (or Xerox copy) data sheet as taken in the laboratory and
initialed by the Professor or the TA. This data sheet shall contain only raw data obtained in the
laboratory, and tabular form is usually the most desirable. Data then should be done using
excel.
Page 7/48
 Sample calculations: This is a data reduction sheet indicating all of the calculations performed
in proceeding from the raw data to the results.
 Results: A statement of the results obtained including all data recorded, necessary
calculations, descriptive remarks, graphs, tables, etc. For certain labs, it will be necessary to
post your groups results to make comparison between various mix designs. Results not posted
by the stated day and time will affect the result in your group’s lab grade.
 Discussion: This should include comparison of measured and expected results (published
values), and if major discrepancies occurred, a discussion of what went wrong and why. List
sources of standard values, if any are quoted. A constructive criticism of the equipment used
and procedure followed. The discussion should attempt to synthesize the important
observations and mechanical principals involved.
 Conclusion: The conclusion should include a statement of the significance of the test and the
usefulness of the results obtained.
 Report questions: Answer questions contained in the laboratory experiment sheet.
 Appendices- (Data): This should be the copy of the data. Include the names of all group
members, title of the experiment, and date performed.
Guidelines for Writing a Discussion
The purpose of this section is to explain the deviation in the results from the expected values. Look
up values from reference materials and compare to experimental values.
1. Include a statement indicating the overall purpose and objective of the lab experiment.
2. Explain sources of experimental error in detail. Be specific, not general. Make sure that the
errors are significant. Cover all of the errors that could have occurred, not just one or two of
them.
3. For each source of error, one must include a statement of how the error affects the lab results.
For example:
a. Weak explanation: Inaccuracy in measurement could have led to inaccurate
experimental results.
b. Strong explanation: Since the scale used to measure the cross-sectional area only read
to the 1/16”, experimental measurements could not be completely accurate. This could
affect the lab when determining the moment of Inertia. It would be better to use a
micrometer to measure since it is more precise.
c. Provide constructive criticism of the equipment and procedure. Do not say that the
equipment is old and therefore gives bad data. This is false. Explain that the misuse of
the equipment could lead to invalid data being recorded.
4. Suggest engineering applications. Give a few examples of realistic applications where the
experiment may be useful to engineers.
5. Write in third person and present tense. Keep the sentences simple.
6. Watch your sentence structure, grammar, and mechanics.
Page 8/48
7. Proofread the lab report. Do not turn a lab report in that is incoherent.
Guidelines for Writing a Conclusion
The purpose of this section is to summarize and conclude the experiment. Do not repeat the
discussion, summarize the discussion.
1. Briefly summarize the experiment procedure and the purpose of the experiment.
2. Include a statement about the significance of the lab experiment.
3. Include a statement of the usefulness of the data and results that were obtained from the
experiment. If there is an experimental error of 100 percent, the data will not be useful in the
study of the material.
4. Recommend how to obtain better results. Here new procedures or equipment should be
recommended so that the labs can be improved.
5. Write in third person and present tense. Keep sentences simple.
6. Watch your sentence structure, grammar, and mechanics.
OPERATION OF TESTING MACHINES
Although some of the machines in the laboratory are capable of applying many thousands of
pounds, they are all very delicate and expensive. A testing machine may be broken through
carelessness or ignorance. If you are not certain of the proper procedure for operating the machine,
be sure a professor, TA or technician is present.
The following information and cautions concerning the equipment in the laboratory are given to
you that you may become familiar with the proper operation of the machines. A few cautions,
which apply to all testing machines, are:
 In any test, be sure that the specimen is centered in the machine.

 In a tension test, always use the same thickness of liner plates on both sides of the wedge grips
and run the specimen all the way through the grips in both heads of the testing machine.
 Remove all tools and extra fixtures from the machine before starting a test.
 Never leave a powered testing machine while the motor is running.
 Avoid getting an undue amount of dirt on the exposed screws and other mechanisms of the
machine.
 Avoid dropping testing grips or fixtures.
 Be sure that the machine is running and that the load indicator has been zeroed out before
installing the specimen.
 No one is to start a test without having a professor; TA or technician is present to check the
set-up.
Be sure to read the lab manual and all applicable ASTM specification before coming to
class!
Page 9/48
EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTIONS
Study and Testing of Aluminum and Steel
 Experiment No. 1
Torsion Test of Steel and Aluminum
 ASTM Designation
Shear Modulus at Room Temperature, ASTM E143
 Purpose
To determine the shear modulus of structural materials, such as steel and aluminum.
 Significance and Use

Shear modulus is a material property useful in calculating compliance of structural
materials in torsion provided they follow Hooke’s law, that is, the angle of twist is
proportional to the applied torque.
 Apparatus:
1- Torsion testing machine, (Figure 1)
2- Grips to hold the ends of the specimen in the jaws of the testing machine
3- Twist gauges to measure the angle of twist
 Procedure:
1- Measure diameter and length of each bar using the caliper, (Figure 2)
2- Hold coupon in grip area, slide grips over coupon ends, and tighten grip screws,
(Figure 3)
3- Have a professor, TA or technician check your set-up
4- At rupture, record the maximum torque and total angle of twist
Page 10/48
Figure 2: Measuring specimen diameter

Figure 1: Torsion Testing Machine
with a caliper
Figure 3: Placing specimen in

torsion machine
 Analysis and Results:

Calculate the maximum shear stress (τmax), shear strain (ϒ) and shear modulus (G)
using the formulas:
τmax =
ϒ=
G= =
Where:
T: Applied Torque
r: radius of specimen
J: Polar moment of inertia of the specimen about its center = for solid circular
cross section.
Page 11/48
θ: angle of twist in radians
L: gauge length
 Plot a graph of shear stress versus shear strain, as shown in Figure 4.

Shear Stress, Ksi
Shear Stress, GPa

Shear strain
Figure 4: Typical shear stress–strain diagram of steel.
Comment about the graph: The amount of applied torque and the corresponding angle of twist
are measured throughout the test. Figure 4 shows the shear stress–strain curve. The shear modulus
is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the corresponding shear strain below the proportional limit
of the material, which is the slope of the straight line between R(a pre-torque stress) and P (the
proportional limit).
 Report:
1- Shear stress versus shear strain graph
2- Shear modulus
Page 12/48
Discussion Questions:
1. Which of the properties determined in this test is of most significance in the selection of steel
for coil springs? Why?
2. If a given round bar having proportional limits in shear and tension of 36,000 and 60,000psi,
respectively, is to be used to absorb energy without undergoing plastic deformation, would it
absorb more energy if used as a torsion member or as an axially loaded tension member?
Explain.
3. Discuss the validity of this method of obtaining Poisson’s ratio.
4. Discuss the differences in behavior of the three specimens as observed from plotting their
torque versus angle-of-twist relationships on the same graph paper at the same scale.
Page 13/48
Columns-Aluminum and Steel
Compression Test of Steel and Aluminum
 Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to study the effects of end conditions, column length, and
material properties on compressive behavior and buckling in columns.

Columns are structural members that support compressive forces. Buckling occurs when
the column has a tendency to deflect laterally, out of the line of action of the force. Once
buckling initiates, the instability can lead to failure of the column because the eccentric
force acts as a moment causing greater stresses and deflections due to the combination of
the bending and axial forces. The possibility of buckling increases for the following
column conditions: 1) longer, "thinner" columns, 2) pinned, free, or non-fixed end
conditions, 3) initial eccentricity of the force (e.g., bent columns) and/or 4) lower elastic
modulus of the column material.
 Apparatus
 Solid struts of various lengths (aluminum and steel)
 Universal test machine, Edge wise compression fixture, controller, and data
acquisition system.
 Procedure
1- Obtain the buckling load for each of the columns supplied. Use the fixed end and
pinned end fixtures. Deduct 0.125 inches from the length of the columns for each
fixture used. Be careful not to deflect the column more than the minimum amount
necessary to obtain the ultimate load.
 Analysis and Results:

Anticipated buckling or compressive failure loads will first be calculated for various length
specimens and materials.
For compressive failure, Po = σo Ao and For buckling, Pcr =
where Po is the compressive failure force (yield), σo is the proportional limit stress, Ao is
the initial area of the gage section, Pcr is the Euler critical buckling load, I is the least
moment of inertia of the cross section, and Le is the effective, unsupported length of the
column.
Page 14/48
Table 1: Effective column length for various end conditions
Figure 2: Illustration of end conditions for columns
A parameter which is employed to group these columns is the slenderness ratio, Le / r .

The minimum slenderness ratio (Le /r) min marks the nominal transition from crushing to
buckling. If the axial stress, σ, is plotted as a function of slenderness ratio, then the
minimum slenderness ratio is the nominal transition from the constant stress for crushing.
 Plot
σ = Pu/A0 versus Le/r < (Le/r) min
And σ = Pcr/A0 for Le/r > (Le/r) min
 Data Sheet:
1- Dimensions of columns.
2- Material of columns
3- Type of end conditions
4- Buckling load.
Page 15/48
1. Show how actual strength compared with design strength by plotting the published column
strength curve on the same sheet as the results.
2. How did the experimental value of K, the end condition factor, compare with published
values? Let K equal unity for the pin-ended columns.
3. If there were no columns effect, what load would you expect the given test pieces to carry and
why?
4. Discuss the effect on the results of not having the pin ended columns perfectly vertical. Show a
proof by static’s for your conclusion.
Page 16/48
Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates
 Experiment No. 3A
Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates
Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates, ASTM C136
 Purpose
To determine the particle size distribution of fine aggregate by dry sieving.

this test is used to determine the grading of materials that are to be used as aggregates. It
ensures that particle size distribution complies with applicable requirements and provides
the data necessary to control the material of various aggregate products and mixtures
containing aggregates. The data may also be useful in developing relationships concerning
porosity and packing.
 Apparatus:
1- Balances or scales with a minimum accuracy of
0.1 g for fine aggregate
2- Sieves
3- Mechanical sieve shaker, Figure 1
4- Oven capable of maintaining a uniform
temperature of 110 ± 5oC (230 ± 9oF)
 Test Specimens
Thoroughly mix the aggregate sample and reduce it
to an amount suitable for testing,
using a sample splitter or by quartering. The minimum sample size should be as follows:
Page 17/48
 Test Procedure
1- Dry the aggregate test sample to a constant weight at a temperature of then
cool to room temperature.
2- Select suitable sieve sizes to furnish the information required by the specifications
covering the material to be tested. Common sieves in millimeters are 37.5, 25, 19, 12.5,
9.5, 4.75, 2.36, 1.18, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15, and 0.075 mm (1.5 in., 1 in., ¾ in., ½ in., in.,
No. 4, No. 8, No. 16, No. 30, No. 50, No. 100, and No. 200).
Figure 1: Fine Aggregate shaker.
3- Nest the sieves in order of decreasing size of opening, and place the aggregate sample on
the top sieve (Figure 2).
4- Agitate the sieves by hand or by mechanical apparatus for a sufficient period. The criterion
for sieving time is that, after completion, not more than 1% of the residue on any individual
sieve will pass that sieve during 1 minute of continuous hand sieving.
Page 18/48
5- Determine the weight of each size increment (Figure 3).
6- The total weight of the material after sieving should be compared with the original
weight of the sample placed on the sieves. If the amounts differ by more than 0.3%,
based on the original dry sample weight, the results should not be used for acceptance
purposes.
 Analysis and Results

1. Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained, or percentages of various
sizes of fractions to the nearest 0.1%, on the basis of the total weight of the initial dry
sample.
2. Plot the grain size distribution on a semilog graph paper (Figure 4).
3. Plot the grain size distribution on a 0.45 power graph paper (Figure 5).
4. Calculate the fineness modulus.
Figure 3: Weighing aggregate retained in sieves
Figure 2: Placing aggregate sample in the sieves

before sieving
Page 19/48
Figure 4: Semi-log aggregate gradation chart
Figure 5: 0.45 power gradation chart
 Report:
1- Percentage of material retained between consecutive sieves, cumulative percentage of
material retained on each sieve, or percentage of material passing each sieve. Report
percentages to the nearest whole number; except if percentage passing 0.075 mm (No.
200) sieve is less than 10%, it should be reported to the nearest 0.1%.
2- Grain size distribution plots using both semi log and 0.45 power gradation charts.
3- Fineness modulus to the nearest 0.01.
1. What is the distinction between bulk and apparent specific gravity? Why is bulk specific
gravity used in mixture proportioning?
2. What is the probable accuracy of determining the SSD condition?
3. Discuss the effect of entrapped air in the 500ml flask used in the specific gravity
determination.
4. Discuss the free moisture determined compared with the typical and possible values.
5. Discuss the percent absorption determined compared with typical and possible values.
6. Why are Organic Impurities injurious to aggregate quality?
7. How are moisture determinations and corrections incorporated into an automatic batching
system?
Page 20/48
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
 Experiment No. 3B
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate- ASTM C128
 Purpose
To determine the specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate. The specific gravity
may be expressed as bulk specific gravity, bulk specific gravity SSD (saturated-surface
dry), or apparent specific gravity.

Bulk specific gravity is the characteristic generally used for calculating the volume
occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures, including portland cement concrete,
bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute
volume basis.
 Apparatus
1- Balance or scale with a capacity of 1 kg or more,
sensitive to 0.1 g or less, and accurate within 0.1% of
the test load
2- Pycnometer or other suitable container into which the
fine aggregate test sample can be readily introduced.
A volumetric flask of 500 cm3 capacity with a
pycnometer top is satisfactory for a 500-g test sample
of most fine aggregates (Figure 1).
3- Mold in the form of a frustum of a cone
4- Tamper having a mass of 340 ±15g
Figure 1 Mold, tamper, and volumetric
flask used to determine bulk specific
 Test Procedure gravity and absorption of fine aggregate.
1- Measure the weight of the pycnometer filled with water to

the calibration mark. Record the weight as B.
2- Obtain approximately 1 kg of the fine aggregate sample.
3- Dry the aggregate sample in a suitable pan to constant weight at temperature of
110 ± 5oC and allow it to cool; then cover it with water, either by immersion or by the
addition of at least 6% moisture to the fine aggregate, and permit it to stand for 24 ± 4
hours.
Page 21/48
4- Decant excess water with care to avoid loss of fines, spread the sample on a flat,
non-absorbent surface exposed to a gently moving current of warm air, and stir frequently
to
cause homogeneous drying. If desired, mechanical aids such as tumbling or stirring may
be used to help achieve the saturated surface–dry condition. Continue this operation
until the test specimen approaches a free-flowing condition.
5- Hold the mold firmly on a smooth, nonabsorbent surface

with the large diameter down. Place a portion of the
partially dried fine aggregate loosely in the mold by filling it
to overflowing and heaping additional material above the
top of the mold by holding it with the cupped fingers of the
hand.
6- Lightly tamp the fine aggregate into the mold with 25 light
drops of the tamper. Each drop should start about 5 mm
above the top of surface of the aggregate. Permit the tamper
to fall freely under gravitational attraction on each drop.
7- Remove loose sand from the base and lift the mold
vertically. If the surface moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will retain the molded
shape. If this is the case, allow the sand to dry and repeat steps 4, 5, and 6 until the fine
aggregate slumps slightly indicating that it has reached a surface-dry condition.
8- Weigh 500 ± 10 g of SSD sample and record the weight; record as S
9- Partially fill the pycnometer with water and immediately introduce into the pycnometer
the SSD aggregate weighed in step 8. Fill the pycnometer with additional water to
approximately 90% of the capacity. Roll, invert, and agitate the pycnometer to eliminate all
air bubbles. Fill the pycnometer with water to its calibrated capacity.
10- Determine the total weight of the pycnometer, specimen, and
water, and record it as C.
11- Carefully work all of the sample into a drying pan. Place in a 110 ±
10oC oven until it dries to a constant weight. Record this weight as
A.

Bulk specific gravity = A/(B+S-C)
Where:
A= mass of oven-dry specimen in air, g
B= mass of pycnometer filled with water, g
S= mass of the saturated surface-dry specimen, g
C= mass of pycnometer with specimen and water to the calibration mark, g
1- Bulk specific gravity (SSD) = S/(B+S-C)
2- Apparent specific gravity = A/(B+A-C)
3- Absorption, % = [(S-A)/A] *100%
Page 22/48
 Report:
1- Bulk specific gravity
2- Bulk specific gravity SSD
3- Apparent specific gravity
4- Absorption
Page 23/48
Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates
Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates
Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates, ASTM C136
 Purpose
To determine the particle size distribution of coarse aggregate by dry sieving.

This test is used to determine the grading of materials that are to be used as aggregates. It
ensures that particle size distribution complies with applicable requirements and provides
the data necessary to control the material of various aggregate products and mixtures
containing aggregates. The data may also be useful in developing relationships concerning
porosity and packing.
 Apparatus:
1- Balances or scales with a minimum accuracy of
0.5 g for coarse aggregate
2- Sieves
3- Mechanical sieve shaker, Figure 1
4- Oven capable of maintaining a uniform
temperature of 110 ± 5oC (230 ± 9oF)
 Test Specimens
Thoroughly mix the aggregate sample and reduce it
to an amount suitable for testing,
using a sample splitter or by quartering. The minimum sample size should be as follows:
 Test Procedure
Page 24/48
1- Obtain a 20 lb sample of coarse aggregate and weigh it to the nearest 0.1 lb . Dry the
aggregate test sample to a constant weight at a temperature of then
cool to room temperature.
2- Weigh (separately) and install the following sieves in the large shaker (largest diameter
at the top): 1”, ¾”, ½”, 3/8”, #4 and #8.
Figure 1 Coarse Aggregate shaker
3- Nest the sieves in order of decreasing size of opening, and place the aggregate sample
on the top sieve.
4- Agitate the sieves by hand or by mechanical apparatus for a sufficient period. The
criterion for sieving time is that, after completion, not more than 1% of the residue on
any individual sieve will pass that sieve during 1 minute of continuous hand sieving.
5- Determine the weight of each size increment (Figure 2-3).
6- The total weight of the material after sieving should be compared with the original
weight of the sample placed on the sieves. If the amounts differ by more than 0.3%,
based on the original dry sample weight, the results should not be used for acceptance
purposes.

1- Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained, or percentages of various
sizes of fractions to the nearest 0.1%, on the basis of the total weight of the initial dry
sample.
2- Plot the grain size distribution on a semilog graph paper (Figure 2).
3- Plot the grain size distribution on a 0.45 power graph paper (Figure 3).
Page 25/48
Figure 2: Semi-log aggregate gradation chart
Figure 3: 0.45 power gradation chart
Page 26/48
 Report:
Percentage of material retained between consecutive sieves, cumulative percentage of material
retained on each sieve, or percentage of material passing each sieve. Grain size distribution
plots using both semi log and 0.45
Page 27/48
Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Coarse Aggregate
Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate
Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate- ASTM C29
 Purpose
To determine the bulk unit weight and voids in aggregate in either a compacted or loose
condition.

The bulk density of aggregate is needed for the proportioning of Portland cement concrete
mixtures. The bulk density may also be used to determine the mass/volume relationships
for conversions in purchase agreements. The percentage of voids between the aggregate
particles can also be determined, on the basis of the obtained bulk density.
 Apparatus
1- Measure. Use a rigid metal watertight container with a known volume. A minimum volume
of the measure is required for different nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate. For a
25-mm (1 in.) nominal maximum aggregate size, a minimum volume measure of 0.0093
m3 (9.3 liters) is required.
2- Balance, tamping rod, shovel or scoop, and a plate glass.
 Test Procedure
1- Calibrate the measure as follows:
a- Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a plate glass in such
a way as to eliminate bubbles and excess water.
b- Determine the mass of the water in the measure.
c- Measure the temperature of the water, and determine its
density as shown in the table. Interpolate as necessary.
d- Calculate the volume of the measure by dividing the
mass of the water by its density.
2- Fill the measure with aggregate and compact it, either by
rodding [for aggregates having nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm (1 ½ in.) or less],
jigging [for aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 to 125 mm (1 ½ to 5
in.)], or shoveling (if specifically stipulated).
a- Rodding Procedure: Fill the measure with aggregate in three layers of
approximately equal volumes. Rod each layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of the
tamping rod, evenly distributed over the surface (Figure 1).
Page 28/48
b- Jigging Procedure: Fill the measure with aggregate in three layers of approximately
equal volumes. Compact each layer by placing the measure on a firm base, raising
the opposite sides alternately about 50 mm (2 in.), and allowing the measure to drop
25 times on each side.
c- Shoveling Procedure: Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or
scoop, discharging the aggregate from a height not to exceed 50 mm (2 in.) above
the top of the measure. Exercise care to avoid segregation.
3- Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge. Determine the net
weight of the aggregate to the nearest 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) (Figure 2)
Figure 1 Rodding aggregate in the container. Figure 2 Weighing the aggregate.

1- M =
2- % Voids = × 100%
Where:
M= bulk unit weight of aggregate, kg/m3 (lb/ft3)
G= weight of the aggregate plus the measure, kg (lb)
T= weight of the measure, kg (lb)
V= volume of the measure, m3 (ft3)
S= bulk specific gravity (dry basis) (ASTM C127 or C128)
W= unit weight of water, 998 kg/m3 (62.3 lb/ft3)
 Report
Report the bulk unit weight (or loose bulk unit weight in case of shoveling), void content,
and method of compaction.
Page 29/48
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
 Experiment No. 4C
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate- ASTM C127
 Purpose
To determine the specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate. The specific gravity
may be expressed as bulk specific gravity, bulk specific gravity SSD (saturated-surface
dry), or apparent specific gravity.

Bulk specific gravity is generally used for the calculation of the volume occupied by the
aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregates, including Portland cement concrete,
bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute
volume basis. Bulk specific gravity SSD is used if the aggregate is wet. Absorption values
are used to calculate the change in the weight of aggregate due to water absorbed in the
pore spaces within the constituent particles, compared with the dry condition.
 Apparatus
1- Balance accurate to 0.05% of the sample weight or 0.5 g, whichever is greater,
(Figure1)
2- Wire basket 3.35 mm (No. 6) or finer mesh (Figure 2)
3- Water tank (Figure 3)
4- 75-mm (No. 4) sieve or other sizes as needed
Figure 2: Wire basket

Figure 1: Accurate Balance
Figure 3: Water Tank
Page 30/48
 Test Specimens
1- Thoroughly mix the aggregate sample and reduce it to the approximate quantity
needed, using an aggregate sample splitter or by quartering.
2- Reject all materials passing 4.74 mm sieve by dry sieving and thoroughly washing to
remove dust or other coatings from the surface.
3- The minimum weight of test specimen to be used depends on the nominal maximum
size as
follows:
 Test Procedure
1- Immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of 15 ± 5 min.
2- Remove the test specimen from water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth until all
visible films of water are removed. Wipe the larger particles individually.
3- Weigh the test sample in saturated surface–dry condition, and record it as B. Record this
weight and all subsequent weights to the nearest 0.5 g or 0.05% of the sample weight,
whichever is greater.
4- Place the specimen in the wire basket and determine its weight while it is submerged
in water at a temperature of 23 ±1.7°C, and record it as C. Take care to remove all
entrapped air before weighing it by shaking the container while it is immersed.
5- Dry the test sample to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 ±5°C, and weigh it and
record this weight as A.
Bulk specific gravity = A/(B-C)

Where:
A= mass of oven-dry sample in air, g
B= mass of saturated surface-dry sample in air, g
C= mass of saturated sample in water, g
1- Bulk specific gravity (SSD)= B/(B-C)
2- Apparent specific gravity = A/(A-C)
3- Absorption, % = [(B-A)/A] *100%
Page 31/48
 Report
1- Bulk specific gravity
2- Bulk specific gravity SSD
3- Apparent specific gravity
4- Absorption
1. What is the distinction between bulk and apparent specific gravity?

2. What is the probable accuracy of determining the SSD condition
3. Discuss the significance of the specific gravity and absorption values determined for these
materials.
4. What is the probable reproducibility of the results for this experiment?
5. Does this material have a good grading?
Page 32/48
Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
Compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens
ASTM C39—Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
 Purpose
To determine the compressive strength of cylindrical PCC specimens, such as molded
cylinders and drilled cores

This test provides the compressive strength of concrete, which is used universally as a
measure of concrete quality
 Apparatus
Loading machine with two hardened steel breaking blocks. The upper block is spherically
seated, and the bottom block is solid surface (Figure 1)
Figure 1 Concrete cylindrical specimen being tested for compressive strength.
Page 33/48
 Test Specimens
1- The standard specimen size used to determine the compressive strength of concrete is
152 mm (6 in.) diameter by 304 mm (12 in.) high for a maximum aggregate size up to 50
mm (2 in.). Smaller specimens, such as 102 mm (4 in.) diameter by 203mm (8 in.) high,
are sometimes used, but they are not ASTM standardized (Figure 2)
2- Conduct the compression test on the moist-cured specimens directly after removing
them from the curing room. Test specimens must be moist when tested.
3- Neither end of compressive test specimen shall depart from perpendicularity by more
than 0.5°, approximately 3 mm in 0.3 m (1/8 in. in 12 in.)
4- If the ends of the specimen are not plane within 0.05 mm (0.002 in.), they should be
capped with sulfur or capping compound. Neoprene caps may be used (Figure 3), but
they are not ASTM standards
5- Specimen age, at time of testing, should be 24 hours ± 0.5 hours, 3 days ± 2 hours, 7
days ± 6 hours, 28 days ± 20 hours, or 90 days ± 2 days.
Figure 2 standard specimen size Figure 3 Neoprene caps used for capping a concrete cylinder
 Test Procedure
1- Measure the diameter of the test specimen to the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) by
averaging two diameters measured at right angles to each other at the middle height
of the specimen.
2- Adjust the bearing blocks into position.
3- Clean the faces of the bearing blocks and the specimen.
4- Carefully align the axis of the specimen with the center of the thrust of the
spherically-seated block.
5- Apply the load continuously and without shock. For screw-type machines, use a
rate of loading of 1.25 mm/min (0.05 in. /min). For hydraulically operated
machines, apply the load at a constant rate within the range of 138 kPa/s to 335
kPa/s (20 psi/sec to 50 psi/sec).During the first half of the anticipated loading
phase, a higher rate of loading is permitted. No adjustment in the control of the
testing machine should be made while the specimen is yielding rapidly,
immediately before failure.
6- Continue applying the load until the specimen fails.
7- Record the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test.
8- Note the type of failure and the appearance of concrete (Figures 4)
Page 34/48
Figure 4 Typical fracture patterns of concrete cylinders

Calculate the compressive strength as:
f΄c = Pmax / A
Where:
f΄c = compressive strength, MPa (psi)
Pmax = maximum applied load, N (lb.)
A = cross- sectional area, mm2 (in2).
 Report
1- Specimen identification number
2- Diameter (and length, if outside the range of 1.8 to 2.2 times the diameter)
3- Cross-sectional area
4- Maximum load
5- Compressive strength, calculated to the nearest 0.07 MPa (10 psi)
6- Type of failure, if other than the usual one
7- Defects in either specimen or caps
8- Age of specimen
Page 35/48
Flexural Strength of Concrete
ASTM C78—Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point
Loading)
 Purpose
To determine the flexural strength of Portland cement concrete by using a simple beam
with Four-point loading

The flexural strength of concrete is a measure of concrete quality
 Apparatus
1- Loading machine capable of applying loads at a uniform rate, Figure 1
2- Loading device capable of applying load configuration as shown in Figure2. Forces
applied to the beam shall be perpendicular to the face of the specimen and applied without
eccentricity.
Figure 1 Flexural Loading Machine using third-Point Figure 2 Apparatus for flexure test of concrete
Loading by four-point loading method
Page 36/48
 Test Specimens
1- The standard ASTM specimen dimensions are 152 mm × 152 mm (6 in × 6 in) in
cross-section and a length of not less than 508 mm (20 in.) for a maximum aggregate size
up to 50mm (2 in.) (Figure 3)
2- Sides of the specimen should be at right angles to its top and bottom. All surfaces in contact
with load-applying and support blocks should be smooth and free of scars, indentations,
holes, or inscribed identifications.
Figure 3 Standard ASTM specimen with dimensions 24in × 6in× 6in
 Test Procedure
1- Turn the test specimen on its side, with respect to its position as molded, and center it on
the bearing blocks.
2- Center the loading system in relation to the applied force. Bring the load-applying blocks in
contact with the surface of the specimen at the third points between the supports (Figure 4).
3- If full contact is not obtained at no load between the specimen and the load-applying blocks
and the supports so that there is a 25 mm (1 in.) or larger gap in excess of 0.1 mm(0.004
in.), grind or cap the contact surfaces of the specimen, or shim with leather strips.
4- Apply the load rapidly up to approximately 50% of the breaking load. Thereafter, apply the
load continuously at a rate that constantly increases the extreme fiber stress between 860
kPa and 1210 kPa (125 psi and 175 psi)/min until rupture occurs.
Page 37/48
Figure 4 Testing concrete beam in the flexure testing machine.

1- Take three measurements across each dimension (one at each edge and at the center) to the
nearest 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) to determine the average width, average depth, and line of
fracture location of the specimens at the section of fracture
2- If the fracture initiates in the tension surface within the middle third of the span length,
calculate the modulus of rupture as follows:
R= =
Where:
R= modulus of rupture, MPa (psi)
M= maximum bending moment, N.mm (lb.in)
c= (d/2), mm (in)
I= moment of inertia = (bd3)/12, mm4 (in4)
P= maximum load, N (lb.)
L= span length, mm (in)
b= average width, mm (in)
d= average depth, mm (in)
 If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle third of the span length, by
not more than 5% of the span length, calculate the modulus of rupture as follows:
R=
Where:
Page 38/48
a = average distance between line of fracture and the nearest support on the tension
surface of the beam in millimeters (inches)
3- If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle third of the span length, by
more than 5% of the span length, discard the results of the test.
 Report
1- Specimen identification number
2- Average width
3- Average depth
4- Span length
5- Maximum applied load
6- Modulus of rupture to the nearest 0.03 MPa (5 psi)
7- Curing history and apparent moisture condition at time of testing
8- If specimens were capped, ground, or if leather shims were used
9- Defects in specimens
10- Age of specimens
Page 39/48
PC Mortar and Masonry Prism Testing
 Objectives:
Students will observe masonry testing and repeat the following laboratory tests and other operations
involving masonry:
1- Observe prism testing in Uni-axial compression test machine;
2- Determine compressive strength of a masonry unit based on results; and
3- Comment on observed failure modes.
 Determine masonry prism compressive strength
1- Measure the dimensions of the brick/CMU, including thickness width and depth.
2- Apply a 3/8 in thick mortar bed joint. The mortar W/C ratio will be specified during the lab session.
Let the prism (brick wall assembly) cure for 7 days.
3- Using the Forney compressive test machine, test the prisms to failure in compression. Test both a
prism and a solitary unit. Why is there a difference in these strengths? Compute unit’s compressive
strength in (psi).
4- Draw a FBD of a section of clay masonry unit and mortar to explain the observed crack formation in
the prism specimen (mortar bed joint or superimposed brick units).
Page 40/48
A Study and Testing of Wood Columns
A Study and Testing of Wood Columns
 Objective
To obtain the following properties of a wood specimen in compression parallel to the
grains:
1- Stress - Strain diagram.
2- Modulus of elasticity.
3- Tangent proportional limit.
4- Yield strength at 0.05% offset.
 References
Marin, p 18; ASTM (D 143-52).
 Procedure
1- Measure the specimen (length, width, depth).
2- Mark any checks/ knots/imperfections in your specimens
3- Zero the load indicator.
4- Have a professor, TA or technician check your set-up, and insert the specimen into
the machine.
5- Conduct the test at a constant rate to achieve maximum load in about 6-10 minutes
 Data and Results

1. Specimen test data.
2. Tabulation of load and deformation.
3. Sketch of failure mode. Describe failure mode type and location in the column.
4. Modulus of Elasticity (From Load Deformation Plot)
5. Yield and Ultimate compressive Strength (From Load Deformation Plot)
 Discussion Questions
1. What is the relation between specific gravity and strength for wood?
2. What is the effect of moisture on the compressive strength?
3. What effect does the time element have in the loading of wood?
4. Would a large test piece be expected to exhibit the same unit strength as the specimen
tested here? Explain.
Page 41/48
5. Of what significance is the compressive strength of wood perpendicular to the grain?
A Study and Testing of Wood Beams
A Study and Testing of Wood in Bending
 Object
To Study the Behavior of Wood in Bending.
 References
ASTM (D143-52).
 Procedure
1- Load the wood beam in a Four-point Bending all the way to rupture. Save recorded
load and deflection data so that the complete load-deflection curve can be plotted and
the modulus of elasticity and proportional limit can be computed. (CAUTION:
use-loading plates/rubber pads to prevent penetration of the wood by loading device
or supports).
2- Conduct the test at a constant rate to achieve maximum load in about 6-10 minutes
 Results
1- Specimen data.
2- Load-deflection data.
3- Describe failures in detail: Type, manner, position in beam.
4- Fiber stress at proportional limit
5- Modulus of Rupture
6- Apparent Modulus of Elasticity
 Discussion Questions
1- Based on the results of the flexure test, is wood stronger in tension or compression?
Why?
2- If each of the following factors is doubled in turn, while all the others remain constant,
show by calculation the effect upon both the elastic strength and the elastic stiffness of
a beam: (a) width, (b) depth, (c) span, (d) modulus of elasticity.
Page 42/48
APPENDIX
Page 43/48
SAMPLE COVER PAGE FOR ALL REPORTS
UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON
DAYTON, OHIO
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CIE 310L: Spring 2009
EXPERIMENT No. _______________________

TITLE: _________________________________________
SUBMITTED BY: _____________________________________________

DATE PERFORMED: ________________________________
DATE DUE: ____________________
DATE RECEIVED: _______________________
GRADE RECEIVED: ______________________________
GROUP: ______________________________________________________________
Page 44/48
Page 45/48
Page 46/48
Page 47/48
Page 48/48

CEE 311L Materials Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CEE 311L Materials Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Civil Engineering Materials Laboratory

SEMESTER SCHEDULE .............................................................................................................. 3

CEE311L Section-01: Fri-10:10- 11:00

CEE311L Section-02: Fri-11:15- 12:05

CEE311L Section-03: Thur-12:30 -1:45

A 1 2 ** 3 4 ** 5 ** 5T,6 ** 6T,7 ***

B 2 1 ** 4 3 ** 5 ** 5T,6 ** 6T,7 ***

T-Concrete Testing/Masonry Testing

*** Last day to submit Lab. Reports.

Experiment 1: Torsion Test of Steel and Aluminum

Experiment 2: Compression Test of Steel and Aluminum

Experiment 3: Study of Fine Aggregate

Experiment 4: Study of Coarse Aggregate

Experiment 5: Making and Curing Concrete Cylinders and Beams

Experiment 6: PC Mortar and Masonry Prism Testing

Experiment 7: Study and Testing of Wood

 Laboratory Manual of Materials Testing

Lab Report Requirements

Letter Grade Weights

TABLE 1: Fracture Parameters; 3 point bend specimens

If a specimen or piece of special equipment cannot be adequately described in a simple statement,

When the relationship between two or more variables is to be investigated or presented, it is

DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING REPORTS

 Cover sheet, which includes:

 Report questions: Answer questions contained in the laboratory experiment sheet.

Guidelines for Writing a Discussion

Guidelines for Writing a Conclusion

OPERATION OF TESTING MACHINES

 In any test, be sure that the specimen is centered in the machine.

Study and Testing of Aluminum and Steel

 Significance and Use

Figure 2: Measuring specimen diameter

Figure 3: Placing specimen in

 Analysis and Results:

 Plot a graph of shear stress versus shear strain, as shown in Figure 4.

Shear Stress, GPa

Figure 4: Typical shear stress–strain diagram of steel.

Columns-Aluminum and Steel

 Significance and Use

 Analysis and Results:

Table 1: Effective column length for various end conditions

Figure 2: Illustration of end conditions for columns

A parameter which is employed to group these columns is the slenderness ratio, Le / r .

Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates

 Significance and Use

Figure 1: Fine Aggregate shaker.

 Analysis and Results

Figure 3: Weighing aggregate retained in sieves

Figure 2: Placing aggregate sample in the sieves

Figure 4: Semi-log aggregate gradation chart

Figure 5: 0.45 power gradation chart

Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate

 Significance and Use

1- Measure the weight of the pycnometer filled with water to

5- Hold the mold firmly on a smooth, nonabsorbent surface

 Analysis and Results

1- Bulk specific gravity (SSD) = S/(B+S-C)

2- Apparent specific gravity = A/(B+A-C)

3- Absorption, % = [(S-A)/A] *100%

Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates

 Significance and Use

Figure 1 Coarse Aggregate shaker

A 1 2 3 4 5 5T,6 6T,7 ***

B 2 1 4 3 5 5T,6 6T,7 ***