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Anchor Rods
Types and Materials
Design using ACI Appendix D
Tension
Shear
Introduction
Base plates and anchor rods are often the last
structural steel items to be designed but the first
items required on the jobsite
Therefore the design of column base plate and
connections are part of the critical path
Introduction
Anchors to appear in concrete drawings with
location of each anchor in x and y direction
Pedestal should be designed to suit the
supporting column and anchors
Usually allow for enough edge distance of 6d
bolt
Usually use to nuts to avoid slip
Introduction
Vast majority of column base plate connections
are designed for axial compression with little or no
uplift
Column base plate connections can also transmit
uplift forces and shear forces through:
Anchor rods
Bearing end plate
Shear lugs under the base plate or embedding the
column base to transfer the shear force.
Column base plate connections can also be used
to resist wind and seismic loads
Development of force couple between bearing on
concrete and tension in some or all of the anchor rods
Introduction
Anchor rods are needed for all base plates to
prevent column from overturning during
construction and in some cases to resist uplift or
large moments
Anchor rods are designed for pullout and breakout
strength using ACI 318 Appendix D
Critical to provide well-defined, adequate load
path when tension and shear loading will be
transferred through anchor rods
In seismic zones the pedestal should carry 2.5 the
factored design load
Introduction
Grout is needed to adjust the level
Grout to transfer the load from steel plate to
foundation
Grout should have design compressive strength at
least twice the strength of foundation concrete
When base plates become larger than 600mm, it
is recommended that one or two grout holes be
provided to allow the grout to flow easier
Base plate Materials
Base plates should be ASTM A36 material unless
other grade is available
Most base plates are designed as to match the
pedestal shape
A thicker base plate is more economical than a
thinner base plate with additional stiffeners or
other reinforcements
Base Plate Design
Design of Axially Loaded Base
Plates
Required plate area is based on uniform allowable
bearing stress. For axially loaded base plates, the
bearing stress under the base plate is uniform
A2
f p max c 0.85 f c` 1.7 f c`
A1
A2 = dimensions of concrete supporting foundation
A1 = dimensions of base plate
Most economical plate occurs when ratio of concrete
to plate area is equal to or greater than 4 (Case 1)
When the plate dimensions are known it is not
possible to calculate bearing pressure directly and
therefore different procedure is used (Case 2)
Case 1: A2 > 4A1
1. Determine factored load Pu
2. Calculate required plate area A1 based on maximum
concrete bearing stress fp=1.7f`c (when A2=4A1)
Pu
A1( req)
0.6 1.7 f c`
A1( req)
B
N
Case 1: A2 > 4A1
4. Calculate required base plate thickness
N 0.95d B 0.8b f
m n
2 2
2 Pu
tmin l
0.90Fy BN
A2 4 BN
Case 2: Pedestal dimensions
known
1.Determine factored load Pu
2.The area of the plate should be equal to larger
of:
2
1 Pu Pu
A1 A1
A2 0.60 0.85 f c` 0.6 1.7 f c`
3. Same as Case 1
4. Same as Case 1
Design of Base Plates with
Moments
Equivalent eccentricity, e, is calculated equal to moment
M divided by axial force P
Moment and axial force replaced by equivalent axial
force at a distance e from center of column
Small eccentricities equivalent axial force resisted by
bearing only
Large eccentricities necessary to use an anchor bolt
to resist equivalent axial force
Design of Base Plate with Small
Eccentricities
If e<N/6 compressive bearing stress exist everywhere
P Mc
f1, 2
BN I
Ase =effective cross sectional area of anchor, AISC Steel Manual Table 7-18
fut= tensile strength of anchor, not greater than 1.9fy or 125 ksi
ConcreteAbreakout strength of single anchor in
N cb N
2 3 N b N k f ` 1.5
tension A No b c hef
hef=embedment
k=24 for cast-in place anchors, 17 for post-installed anchors
2, 3 = modification factors
Design of Anchor Rods for
Tension
ANo=Projected area of the
failure surface of a single
anchor remote from edges
ANo 9hef2
AN=Approximated as the base
of the rectilinear geometrical
figure that results from
projecting the failure surface
outward 1.5hef from the
centerlines of the anchor
AN (c1 1.5hef )( 2 1.5hef )
Example of calculation of AN with edge
distance (c1) less than 1.5hef
Design of Anchor Rods for
Tension
Pullout strength of anchor
N pn 4 Abrg 8 f c`
Nominal strength in tension Nn = min(Ns, Ncb,
Npn)
Compare uplift from column, Tu, to Nn
If Tu less than Nn ok
If Tu greater than Nn must provide tension
reinforcing around anchor rods or increase
embedment of anchor rods
Design of Anchor Rods for
Shear
When base plates are subject to shear force, Vu, and
friction between base plate and concrete is inadequate
to resist shear, anchor rods may take shear
Steel Strength of single anchor in shear
Vs Ase f ut
Avo 4.5c1
2
Av=Approximated as the base of a
truncated half pyramid projected on
the side face of the member