Name: Eugene Codis BSMB-II Date Performed: February 25, 2020

Joyce Melendres BSMB-II Date Submitted: February 26, 2020

Cristy Faith Saludaga BSMB-II Lab Schedule: W (7:00 – 10:00)
Lowell Jay P. Tupaz BSMB-II Ratings:
Lab Instructor: Mrs. Honeylene V. Ongy

EXERCISE V
WEATHERING
Site 1
Type of Weathering:
Physical Weathering
Specific Type of Weathering:
Root Pry
Location Description:
The location of the image is located at the lower
campus oval near the NSTP office. It is located at an
open space, exposed to the heat of the sun.
Weathering Description:
Roots have penetrated the stone and have made
a crack in the stone container where the tree was
planted. However, the tree was already cut down. It
shows that the penetration of the stone container was
already old and is only enhanced by external factors
such as heat and rainfall.
Site 2
Type of Weathering:
Physical Weathering
Specific Type of Weathering:
Root Pry
Location Description:
The location of weathering was found at the
Northern part of the lower campus oval at the center,
near the tennis court.
Weathering Description:
The growth of the tree has destroyed the plant
container in which it was planted. Roots have already
made huge cracks on the stone containers.
Site 3
Type of Weathering:
Physical
Specific Type of Weathering:
Location Description:
Weathering Description:
Site 4
Type of Weathering:
Physical Weathering
Specific Type of Weathering:
Wave action
Location Description:
The site is located along the beach of Visayas
State University along the sea wall.
Weathering Description:
A crack was produced in the sea wall. This may
indicate the influence of waves on the wall. Due to the
energy exerted by waves as they crash along the shores,
together with the influence of water, cracks may start to
form and widen as they continuously collide.
Site 5
Type of Weathering:
Specific Type of Weathering:
Location Description:
Weathering Description:

Site 6
Type of Weathering:
Chemical Weathering
Specific Type of Weathering:
Oxidation
Location Description:
The site is located at Beach Garden fences near the
entrance of the place surrounded by plants.
Weathering Description:
The stone fences of the place have already detached
from the iron rod inside, which served as the support
and backbone of the fence. It could be the influence of
water that oxidation of the iron rod became possible
and resulted to the wearing away of stone and, with the
help of gravity, fell to the ground.
Site 7
Type of Weathering:
Chemical Weathering
Specific Type of Weathering:
Black Crusts
Location Description:
The photo was taken at Department of Computer
Science and Technology building
Weathering Description:
 The stain looked like depositions of particulate
matter accumulated by rainwater falling.
Site 8
Type of Weathering:
Physical Weathering
Specific Type of Weathering:
Pitting
Location Description:
The boulder was found beside the fence of a
portion of land for grazing purposes and fish ponds
were situated in the vicinity.
Weathering Description:
The cracks visible on the surface of the boulder
indicate weathering which may be because of external
factors that may have been exerted to the rock forming
those depression
Site 9
Type of Weathering:
Physical Weathering
Specific Type of Weathering:
Insolation Weathering
Location Description:
The stone was found on the VSU beach, at the front of
the Apartelle, particularly at the foreshore.

Weathering Description:
As seen on the surface of the stone, it had cracks
surrounding it which was an indication of size change
because of thermal expansion and contraction. They
will create pressure build up inside. This type of
weathering could also be termed as exfoliation.

Site 10
Type of Weathering:
Chemical weathering
Specific type of Weathering:
Organic form
Location Description: This wall is located at Kilbourne St. VSU
Baybay City, Leyte. Fourth apartment on the right side of the street,
from the main street post.
Weathering Description:
The organisms found on the surface were algae or lichens. The presence of these biological
organisms indicates that there is a regular supply of moisture to the surface of the wall. In some
other surfaces of walls or rocks where there is an extremely cold conditions, mosses can also be
seen. They can produce organic acid that dissolves the mineral of a rock.

Site 11
Type of weathering:
Physical weathering
Specific type of weathering:
Abrasion
Location description:
These rocks were from VSU Beach Baybay City, Leyte, particularly
on the backshore which lies in between the Calbigaa and Lago-Lago
River.
Weathering description:
The common shape of these rocks are rounded with smoothed surface
because it underwent abrasion. As water in the stream or river flows, it
causes rocks to collide with one another, wearing off any rough edges.

Site 12
Type of weathering
Physical weathering
Specific type of weathering
Thermal stress weathering
Location description
This cracked wall was found at the right portion of the VSU
infirmary, more or less 10 meters from the dental room. It was at
the top of a drainage canal.
Weathering description
This is due to the breakdown of the material because of
expansion and/or contraction induced by heating and/or cooling. Especially, during daytime the
material is exposed to very hot temperature and very cold during the night.
Results and Discussion:
1. Explain why the rates of weathering are different in urban settings versus rural settings.
Rates of weathering in urban and rural areas differ greatly since there are more factors
that act on the buildings and rocks present in urban areas. Urban areas are prone to air pollution
brought by gases produced by vehicles, factories and people. These contributes to the amount of
carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere. Particles of these gases become accumulated
in clouds and may produce acids like carbonic acid. When precipitation occurs, the formed
chemicals in the clouds goes with the rain and become acid rain, which hastens the weathering of
buildings through chemical weathering.
2. Analyze the relationship between surface area and weathering.
 Surface area influences the rate of weathering of a rock. When the surface area is larger,
there are more surfaces on which the weathering agent can interact with. Hence, weathering is
faster in rocks or buildings which are affected previously by other physical factors. Rocks that
have cracks already are more likely to weather away compared to rocks having no fissures, since
other agents, such as chemical agents or water, can penetrate through.
3. How does mechanical weathering add to the effectiveness of chemical weathering?
Mechanical weathering increases the rate of chemical weathering in a way that as rock
breaks into smaller pieces, the surface area of the pieces’ increases. With more surfaces exposed,
there are more surfaces on which chemical weathering can occur (Schulte, n.d).
4.What process in addition to natural carbonic acid dissolution is contributing to the
weathering of the stone/buildings that you have observed.
Aside from acid rain dissolution, other processes can also facilitate in the weathering of
buildings in urban areas. Weather and climate, can be a significant process in the weathering of
buildings since intense rain and wind can wear away small particles of stone from buildings.
Hails, which may vary in sizes, can chip away stone buildings and be eroded by rainwater. The
change in temperature, such as the abrupt switch between heat and cold, can induce widening of
cracks in building walls due to pressure. Intense wind can weather buildings since particles may
be brought by wind away. Moreover, the presence of quartz in the wind can smoothen edges of
buildings. Movement of the tectonic plates may also involve in the wearing away of the
buildings. Due to movement of the tectonic plates, cracks may be produced in walls which
increases surface areas that facilitate chemical weathering. Lastly, biological activity may be one
process of weathering of buildings. Moss, lichen and other plants can grow on walls and weather
away the stone.

DOCUMENTATION
References
Schulte, K. (n.d.). Geology. Lumen Learning.
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JF003992