BASIC VIBRATION FOR

COMMISSIONING ENGINEER
By Tatdanai Mekarporn
CATII Vibration Analyst
Target Audience
New to vibration, zero experience
Engineer
What will you Get
What is Vibration?
How Can We Get the Vibration Signal?
What Can the Vibration Signal tell us?
Standard and reference guideline
Outline
Basic Vibration
Data Processing
Vibration Instrument & Measuring
Vibration Data presentation
Relate Vibration Standard
Outline
Basic Vibration
What is Vibration?
The simplest form of vibration mechanism is consisted
of spring and mass
Vibration Amplitude and Units

Peak - Measure from zero position to highest position

Peak to Peak – Measure from highest to lowest position

RMS (Root mean square) – The square root of mean square

Vibration Amplitude and Units

Displacement is distance of movement represent the

stress in system: mils, um, mm
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, and relate to
fatigue: mm/s, inch/s
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, It is
proportional to the force on machine component : mm/s^2, g.
Period & Frequency
Period(T): Amount of time per 1 complete cycle
Ex. Second, Minute
Frequency(f): Amount of cycle per 1 unit of time
Ex. Cycle per second (CPS), Cycle per minute (CPM),
Hertz(Hz)
Phase
How can we tell the relation between vibration measured
in different location?

“Phase is defined as the relationship between two event.”

Relative Phase
It is the timing relationship
measured in degrees, from
pin on one signal to the
nearest corresponding point
on another signal

* Must compare signal with

same frequency and same
unit
Phase
Example Vibration t 90°

A
T
A & B are 90 degrees out of phase

A
180°
A

B
1 Cycle = 360
A & B are 180 degrees out of phase
B
Phase
Absolute Phase
It is the number of degrees of vibration cycle from when the
Keyphasor trigger to the first positive peak in the vibration signal.
TYPE OF VIBRATION
Free Vibration
is a type of vibration in which a force is applied once and the
structure or part is allowed to vibrate at its natural frequency.

Force Vibration
is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a
mechanical system, for example when a washing machine
shakes due to an imbalance.

Self Excited Vibration

the excitation force that sustains the motion is created or
controlled by the motion itself; when the motion stops the
excitation force disappears.
Natural Frequency & Resonance
Natural Frequency
Characteristic of Object, structure or systems that it
will vibrate in this frequency if it is free vibration
Resonance
The event that Object, structure or systems that
expose to vibration with same frequency to it’s
natural frequency result in very high vibration

Critical speed
The speed that will collide with the machine natural
frequency.
Outline
Basic Vibration
Data Processing
Time domain Vs Frequency domain
Furrier Transform

Waveform Spectrum
FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) SETTING

Fmax – Maximum frequency range

Fmin – Minimum frequency range
Line of resolution – no. of divided partition between Fmax and Fmin
Window – signal modification (Hanning, Uniform)
Averaging – Number of averaging
Overlapping - %of Overlapping signal
Signal Processing
Signal Processing

Filtering
Outline
Basic Vibration
Data Processing
Vibration Instrument & Measuring
Vibration Sensor
Displacement
• Proximity probe

• Driver/Proximitor
/Oscillator

• Extension cable
Vibration Sensor
Velocity

Acceleration
Sensor component (API670)
Sensor Mounting
Collector/Analyzer tool
Overall reading/ build-in analyzer

Portable Vibration Analyzer

 Collector/Analyzer tool
Long Term Analyzer/Collector Permanent vibration system
ADRE 408 Dspi
3500 rack
Proximity Probe system
Example of Online system
Measuring Location
Measuring Location
Measuring Location
Outline
Basic Vibration
Data Processing
Vibration Instrument & Measuring
Vibration Data presentation
Word & Definition in vibration
Pattern

Main Frequency
1X,2X,3X… frequency
Harmonic
Sub-harmonic
Sideband
 Vibration Data Presentation
Trend
 Vibration Data Presentation
Polar

Bode
 Vibration Data Presentation
Spectrum/Full Spectrum Waveform

Orbit
Vibration Data Presentation
Waterfall

Cascade
 Vibration Data Presentation
Shaft Centerline
Outline
Basic Vibration
Data Processing
Vibration Instrument & Measuring
Vibration Data presentation
Relate Vibration Standard
VIBRATION STANDARD GUIDELINE
 ISO 10816-3

*The limits apply to the broad-band r.m.s. values of vibration velocity and displacement in the frequency
range from 10 Hz to 1 000 Hz, or for machines with speeds below 600 r/min from 2 Hz to 1 000 Hz.
 ISO 10816-3

*The limits apply to the broad-band r.m.s. values of vibration velocity and displacement in the frequency
range from 10 Hz to 1 000 Hz, or for machines with speeds below 600 r/min from 2 Hz to 1 000 Hz.
ISO 7919-3
API 670
API 670