APPENDIX I: A CATALOGUE OF

FORMULATION ADDITIVES: FUNCTION,

NOMENCLATURE, PROPERTIES
AND SUPPLIERS

Konrad Bernhard, Peter J. Holloway and H. Denis Burges

KEY TO CONTENTS
Introduction 334
Adjuvant 1.7 350
Amino acid 1.11 360
Anti-oxidant
stabilizer 1.8 353
sunscreen 1.11 360
Binder 1.4 341
B-vitamin 1.11 360
Carrier
liquid 1.1 336
mineral 1.2 337
miscellaneous 1.3 338
Desiccant 1.4 341
Dispersant 1.4 341
Dye
sunscreen 1.9 355
tracer 1.9 355
Emulsifier 1.4 341
Floatation agent 1.4 341
Free-flow agent 1.4 341
Gellant 1.4 341
Humectant 1.4 341
Lubricant 1.4 341
Nitrogenous compound 1.11 360
Nutrient 1.8 353
Oil 1.1 336
Optical brightener 1.10 359
Phagostimulant 1.7 350
Preservative 1.8 353
Protein 1.11 360
334 Appendix I
Reflector 1.10
Spreader 1.6
Stabilizer 1.8
Sticker 1.6
Sunscreen
cosmetic 1.9
general 1.9-12
miscellaneous 1.12
Surfactant 1.5
Suspender 1.4
Synergist 1.7
Thickener 1.4
Wetter 1.5
INTRODUCTION
This appendix has been compiled as an easy-
to-use overview of additives which have been
tried in formulations of microorganisms.
These additives are often dubbed by formu-
lators as 'inerts'; usually they are anything but
inert.
There are five objectives.
To list alphabetically all additives tried with
microbials, whether successful or not.
To collect together key information about
their side-effects on microorganisms, often
not published elsewhere and probably the
most important function of this Appendix,
together with other useful information.
To classify the context in which materials
were used, either functionally or with
regard to organisms. This is critical infor-
mation when starting a research project.
To list alternative names.
To help trace suppliers.
In-depth information about work on each
additive with different organisms in the var-
ious chapters can be obtained by using the
comprehensive index at the end of the book.
Additives described in the various chapters
of this book were entered into a database with
additional information contributed by the
359
347
353
347
355
355-362
362
345
341
350
341
345
authors of all chapters and extracted from
suppliers' catalogues. It currently contains
706 materials. These comprise commonly
used laboratory chemicals, speciality chem-
icals, names of commercial trade products
(given in capitals), generic product names
such as 'clay' or 'skimmed milk', as well as
rather poorly defined materials such as 'aqu-
eous clover extract' or 'blowfly faeces'.
Tables 1.1 to 1.12 are extracts from this data-
base classified by functions listed in the head-
ings of each table. Some additives have been
used with different functions in mind. For
15% of them at least two functions, and for
3% even three different functions could be
identified. These additives therefore appear
41 several tables. For easier reading, some
major additive categories are subdivided by
their nature between several tables, and the
same format is maintained for all tables.
Names of the additives are listed in the first
column, and of organisms in the second. To
save space, the following abbreviations are
used:
B, Beauveria
Bm, beneficial microorganism
Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis
Bti, Bt ssp. israelensis
F, fungi

H, Hirsutella
M, Metarhizium
Mh, microbial herbicides
NPV, nuclear polyhedrosis virus
R, Rhizobium
T, Trichoderma
V, insect virus
V, Verticillium.
With some of the materials, names of specific
forms of the organisms, e.g. blastospores, are
given. If, for example, 'V' or 'F' is given, this
indicates either usage with a wide range of
organisms, or that more specific information
is unavailable. Side effects and other informa-
tion, including alternative functions, appear
in the third column.
Table 1.13 lists suppliers of additives, cross-
referenced by numbers to Tables 1.1-1.12.
These have been confined to suppliers of
trade products and speciality chemicals. For
some no supplier or address could, alas, be
Appendix I 335
found in the literature. Common laboratory
chemicals and materials for which only gen-
eric names are given can be obtained from
many suppliers, so no cross-reference number
is given. For most international companies,
only addresses of corporate headquarters are
given. In attempting to identify local suppli-
ers, it should be kept in mind that some trade
products were intended for local markets only
and thus are not available in every country, or
have been discontinued. With speciality che-
micals, mention of one supplier does not
imply that this is the only one. Industrial rear-
rangements by licensing, acquisitions and
mergers cause changes in suppliers; often
Table 1.13 is only a starting point in the search
for suppliers.
We intend to update the database regularly
and would therefore be grateful for further
information on additives listed, as well as on
new ones.
336 Appendix I

Table I.1 Liquid carriers

Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information

ACTIPRON V, V. lecanii 16 Spray additive; carrier; sticker;
emulsifiable mineral oil (97%)
Almond oil M. anisopliae Vegetable oil
ASSIST Mh Mineral oil
BIO-VEG Mh Vegetable oil
BIVERT V Emulsifiable crop oil
BP ARACHIS OIL NPV 16 Vegetable oil
BP LIGHT PARAFFINIC NPV 16 Mineral oil
MINERAL OIL
BP MINERAL SEAL OIL NPV 16 Mineral oil
BP 150 SOLVENT NEUTRAL NPV 16 Mineral oil
BP 50 SPINDLE OIL NPV 16 Mineral oil
Canola oil Vegetable oil from rapeseed
CARRIER 038 NPV 74,119 Proprietary ULV carrier for NPV for
gypsy moth control; contains sunscreen
and anti-evaporant; proprietary
ingredients 95% v lv, water 5% v /v
Cedar wood oil F Essential oil
Chainsaw oil Mh Mineral oil
Coconut oil Conidia Vegetable oil
Cod liver oil Conidia 84 Fish oil
Corn oil F, Mh 26 Unrefined vegetable oil from maize;
refined, e.g. Mazola
Cotton seed oil NPV, conidia 86 Phagostimulant; vegetable oil; for
prolonged storage, dry by adding
anhydrous silica gel
Deodorised kerosene M. jlavoviride 13 Light mineral oil
EDELEX EL M. jlavoviride 85 Carrier for oil-based products; refined
medium viscosity index naphthenic oil,
low aromatic content
ENERGOL WT-l Bt 16 Highly refined white paraffinic oil
Grape seed oil Mh Vegetable oil
Groundnut oil F,Mh 86 Vegetable oil
ISOPARM NPV 39 Refined mineral oil; also code V
Kerosene Conidia 85 Odourless paraffinic oil; low viscosity
Lactic acid Conidia
Linoleic acid Conidia Fatty acid
Linseed oil F,Mh Vegetable oil
Liquid paraffin Conidia, Stabilizer; refined mineral oil for
blastospores, medicinal use, mixture of alkanes with
Mh > 12 C atoms/molecule
Milk, skimmed V, Bt, F, Bm Carrier; sunscreen
Motor oil Mh Mineral oil
Naphthol, heavy aromatic M. anisopliac 93 Petroleum-based oil; long-chain saturated,
aliphatic compound (unidentified
naphthol)
Neem oil Conidia Spray additive; vegetable oil
No.2 fuel oil NPV Mineral oil
NORPAR 12 NPV 39 Refined mineral oil, also codes 12 and 15
 Appendix I 337
ODINA OIL EL M. flavoviride 85 White mineral oil, a purified form of
RISELLA OIL used for ULV sprays
Olive oil Conidia, Mh 86 Vegetable oil
Palm oil Bt, conidia Vegetable oil
Rapeseed oil Conidia, Mh 65 See canola oil
RISELLA OIL F 85 Light mineral oil
SEATON cottonseed oil NVP 83 Vegetable oil, refined and deodorized
grade; crude oil may contain toxic
gossypol
SEATON rapeseed oil NVP 83 Vegetable oil, refined and deodorized
grade
SEATON soya oil NVP 83 Vegetable oil, refined and deodorized
grade
Sesame oil Mh Vegetable oil
SHELL RISELLA OIL (L) NVP 85 Mineral oil, also code (EL)
SHELLSOL K M. flavoviride 85 Light mineral oil; also Shellsol T
Soya oil Conidia, Mh 86 Vegetable oil
Sunflower oil Conidia, Mh Vegetable oil
T-400-100 M. anisopliae Mineral oil
TOP OIL 79 Emulsifiable oil
Vegetable oil Bt, Conidia Carrier, binder
Walnut oil Mh Vegetable oil
Wheatgerm oil Conidia Vegetable oil
• Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table LB.

Table 1.2 Mineral carriers (= fillers)

Name Organisms' Suppliert Useful information

ATTACLAY 24/48 M. anisopliae Attapulgite; also code X-250
Attapulgite clay Conidia
BARNET CLAY M. anisopliae Kaolinite
Bentonite clay Rhizobium, Mh
BENTONITE GO-II M. anisopliae Montmorillonite
Calcium carbonate Rhizobium spp., Synergist
Bt
Calcium montmorillonite R. japonicum
CELATOM F 112 Free-flow agent; diatomaceous earth;
prevented conidia in dust sticking to
applicator
CELITE 209 M. anisopliae Diatomaceous earth
Clay F, Bm 120, 121 Dispersant; sunscreen, carrier; numerous
suppliers, e.g. Englehard Corp., George
C. Brand Inc.
CONTINENTAL CLAY M. anisopliae Kaolinite
Diatomaceous earth T. harzianum, Free-flow agent; see CELATOM
Mh
JORDAN CLAY M. anisopliae Kaolinite
Kaolinite Pseudomonas
spp., Mh
338 Appendix I
Table 1.2 Mineral carriers (Cont.)

Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information

Limestone, ground R. japonicum
Montmorillonite Pseudomonas
spp.
PYRAX Bm 78 Kaolin
PYRAXABB Conidia, Bm 78 Pyrophyllite, pH 7.0
Pyrophyllite Bm,Mh Nutrient
REX CLAY M. anisopliae Kaolinite
Sand Bt, Nematodes
SPESWHITE china clay NPV 56 Dispersant; kaolin; fine-grade cheap filler
Talc Bm
TENNKCLAY M. anisopliae Kaolinite
Vermiculite F,Bm 123 Illite; e.g. VERMICULITE codes 35/60 and
8/35
VERTAL-5 M. anisopliae Talc, also code 15
Zeolite Pseudomonas 127 Various grades available, selective
spp., Mh binding capacity for ammonium ion
• Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table 1.13.
Table 1.3 Miscellaneous carriers and polymerizers (= fillers)

Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information

AATARA 430 R. japonicum 43 Vinyl pyrrolidone-styrene
AC-DI-SOL Bm 42 Dispersant, cross-linked sodium
carboxymethylcellulose
AGRO-LIG Bm Lignaceous shale, pH 4.1
ALCOSORB AB3 Serratia entomophila 125 Thickener; water-absorbing
polyacrylamide; high liquid
absorption capacity (> 50 times its
own weight)
Alder bark Talaromyces flavus
Alginate F, Bm,Mh
Alginate prill Bm,Mh Calcium alginate granules
ALPHACEL 116 Cellulose carrier; caused no reaction
from larvae
AVICEL Bm 42 Dispersant; microcrystalline cellulose
Azotobacter vinelandii alginate Plant disease
control agents
Bituminous coal Bm
Bran Nematodes, F Phagostimulant, bait
Calcium alginate Nematodes
Calcium sulphate, granular Bm
CARRAGEENAN Bm 86 Binder in pellets; carrier in capsules;
polyanionic
Cereal flour M. anisopliae Nutrient
Charcoal, activated Bm
Compost Bm
Corn cob grits Bt, F, Bm, Mh Nutrient; lignin content harms some
organisms
 Appendix I 339
Corn meal Bt, B. bassiana Phagostimulant; carrier; nutrient
Corn starch V, B. bassiana 26 Carrier; sunscreen; see e.g. MIRAGEL
463
Croscarmellose Bm 42 Cross-linked sodium
carboxymethylcellulose
DACAGIN NPV 33 Hydroxycellulose
Dextran Gliocladium virens Polysaccharide
DICAPERL 920 Bt 49 powdered perlite; flotation compound
EMCOCEL Bm 38 Dispersant; microcrystalline cellulose
EX-CEL Bm 87 Dispersant; microcrystalline cellulose
EXPLOTAB Bm 38 Sodium starch glycolate
FLOUR 961 B. bassiana 53 Cornflour, pregelatinized
/,-Butyrolactone M. anisopliae Dihydro-2(3-H)-furanone
GASILGM2 Conidia 29 Desiccant; silica zerogel powder
Gluconate Bm Polymerizer
Glycerol F,Mh Humectant; nutrient, osmotic
protectant
Gum carob Rhizobium spp. Vegetable gum
KARIONF F 63 Sorbitol;
KELGIN Plant disease 57
control agents
Lactose Bt, blastospores, Stabilizer; sugar
Pseudomonas spp.
LAPONITE Gliocladium virens
Leonardite shale Enterobacter cloacae
Lignite Bm
MIRAGEL starch Bt, B. bassiana 107 Fully pregelatinised pearl corn starch
used in food; contains 25% amylose
(ca same content as regular corn
starch)
MIRAGEL463 Bt, B. bassiana 89 Corn starch
Molasses V, Bt, Bm 88 Nutrient; sunscreen; carrier; e.g. MO-
MIX; dark brown, viscous residues
from sugar production; rich in
sugars, particularly sucrose
Muck soil T. harzianum
NEOSYLGP NPV Synthetic silica powder; free-flow
agent
Oat grains Bm Nutrient
Oat meal Fusarium solani
Paraffin wax Mh Thickener; long-chain paraffins
Pearl com starch 26
Peat Bm,Mh Many grades, e.g. granular
Perlite Fusarium spp., Bm
Polyacrylamide gel Bm,Mh Humectant
Polyamide Streptomyces spp.
POLYSULF Gliocladium virens
POLYTRAN Gliocladium virens
Poplar bark compost Fusarium spp.
Propylene glycol M. anisopliae
Rice flour Mh
Sawdust Bm
Shale Bm
340 Appendix I
Table 1.3 (Contd.)

Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information

Silica gel F,Mh Desiccant; non-indicating harmless to
conidia, indicator grade lethal
Silica powder conidia, Mh 32 Desiccant; see WESSALON S;
hydrophilic
SMA-2625A 7 Polymer of styrene maleic anhydride
half-ester
SODIUM ALGINATE IG-350 Bm,Mh
Sodium caseinate R. japonicum
SodiumCMC Bacillus sphaericus S6 Medium viscosity polymer with 0.7
substitution degree; 1% solution
used with 0.05 M AI 2 (S04)3 solution
pH 3.3 to form extended release
microcapsules; did not harm spores
and improved stability at 50°C
Sorghum powder Pandora de/phacis Nutrient
Sorghum straw Mh
Soya flour NPV, Bm, Mh .Phagostimulant; nutrient
SPAN-SO V 9 Sorbitan monooleate
Sphagnum moss Bm
STA-RX 1500 Bm 122 Pregelatinized starch

STAR-TAB Bm 54 Partially pregelatinized starch

Starch Bt, Bm, Mh
Starch, gelatinized Bt, V, Bm Starch treated with urea, alkali
solutions or heat
Succinate Bm Polymeriser
THIXCIN R M. anisopliae Modified, dried castor oil derivative
Wheat bran Bt, F, Bm Phagostimulant; carrier; nutrient
Wheat flour Mh,Bm Nutrient
Wheat straw Bm Nutrient
Wood chips M. anisopliae
• Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table LB.
 Appendix I 341
Table 1.4 Compounds affecting physical properties of formulations (binders, desiccants, dispersants,
emulsifiers, flotation and free-flow agents, gellants, humectants, lubricants, suspenders, thickeners)

Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information

ACCUREL POWDER 99 Flotation agent; polypropylene; 106-
400 Itm particles; 70% void; flotation
agent in granules
AC-DI-SOL Bm 42 Dispersant, cross-linked sodium
carboxymethylcellulose
Adipic acid Bm Lubricant
ALCOSORB AB3 Serratia entomophila 125 Thickener; water-absorbing
polyacrylamide; high liquid
absorption capacity (> 50 times its
own weight)
Alginic acid Mh,Bm Dispersant, sticker
Aluminium silicate Bm Dispersant
AMBERLITE Bm 80 Dispersant; range of granular resins for
chromatographic separations
AMEA Mh Humectant; acetaminde-8-
mercaptoethylamine
Amylose Bm Dispersant; polysaccharide
AVICEL Bm 42 Dispersant; microcrystalline cellulose
BENTONE 38 F 91 Suspender in oil-based products;
organic derivatives of smectite clay
BEVALOID 116 M. anisopliae 14 Dispersant; sodium polyacrylate;
deflocculant; neutralized low M r
anionic polymer powder
BEVALOID 211 14 Dispersant; 40% solution of low M r
sodium salts of polycarboxylic acid
BIVERT Bt, V Thickener
Boric acid Bt, Bm Lubricant; synergist
CAB-O-SIL, see silica, fumed Bm 113 Lubricant; gellant; fumed silicon
dioxide; small, very light feathery
flakes, insoluble in water
Calcium chloride M. anisopliae, Desiccant; gellant
Calcium gluconate Plant disease Gellant
control agents
Calcium stearate Bm Lubricant
Carboxymethylcellulose Bt, F 21 Thickener; sticker; binder; stabilizer;
CMC-R295F sodium carboxymethylcellulose;
water-soluble; food additive;
compatible with Bt
CARGILL INSECTICIDE Bt 19 Thickener; stabilized molasses
BASE CONCENTRATE
CARRAGEENAN Bm 86 Binder in pellets; carrier in capsules;
polyanionic
CELATOM F 112 Free-flow agent; diatomaceous earth;
prevented conidia in dust sticking to
applicator
Cellulose acetate Bm Binder
CLARCEL FLO M. anisopliae Dispersant; silica powder
Clay F,Bm 120 Dispersant; sunscreen; carrier;
numerous suppliers e.g. Englehard
Corp., George C. Brand Inc.
342 Appendix I
Table 1.4 (Contd.)

Name Organisms' Supplier t Useful information

COMPRITOL Bm 44 Lubricant; glyceryl behenate
Corn syrup R. japonicum Binder
DARVAN NO. 4 78 Dispersant; lignosulphate; inactivates
or flocculates spores if used with
excessive amounts of soaps or
sodium and calcium salts
Dextrin Bm Binder; polysaccharide
DICAPERL HP 920 Bt 49 Floatation agent; perlite powder
DOWANOLTPM Thickener
DRIERITE 118 Desiccant; anhydrous calcium sulphate
powder
EMCOSOY Bm 38 Dispersant; soya polysaccharide
EMCOCEL Bm 38 Dispersant; microcrystalline cellulose
Ethyl cellulose Bm Binder
EUDRAGIT Bm Binder; methacrylate polymer
EX-CEL Bm 87 Dispersant; microcrystalline cellulose
GASILGM2 Conidia 29 Desiccant; silica zerogel powder (water
removed, pores in gell full of air);
synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide
Gelatin V,F Nutrient; protein; partly degraded
collagen; widely used in
pharmaceutical and food industry;
slow-release binder for Bti powder
on rice hulls
GELLAN Mh Humectant
Glucose NPV, blastospores, Binder; stabilizer; phagostimulant;
Bm sugar
Glycerol F,Mh Humectant; nutrient; osmotic
protectant; plasticizer
Gum arabic 57 Binder; vegetable gum; stabilizer
during spray drying; see gum acacia
Gum guar V,Mh, Bm 86 Binder, vegetable gum
Gum tragacanth NVP,Bm 86 Binder; vegetable gum; complex
mixture of polysaccharides
Gum xanthan NVP, Bm,Mh 86 Suspender; bacterial polysaccharide
produced by fermentation of
dextrose with Xanthomonas
campestris; see KELZAN
HIPURE LIQUID FISH Bm 73
GELATIN
Honey Blastospores Binder; stabilizer; rich in sugars
Hydroxypropyl- V,Bm Binder
methylcellulose
INDULIN AT 97 Dispersant; lignin purified from Kraft
pine; free of hemicelluloses
KELGINMV Mh 57 Humectant; alginate; also code LV
Keltose NPV 57 Humectant; alginate
KELZAN Bt 57 Thickener; stabilizer; food grade
xanthan gum; high M r
polysaccharide; extreme
pseudoplasticity
 Appendix I 343
KLX 106 Binder; lipid binder in pellets, solid
phase at 20°C; mixture of 47%
partially hydrogenated cottonseed
and soybean oils
LAMEA Mh Humectant; lactamide-,B-
mercaptoethylaminel AMEA blend
Lecithin Mh 86 Emulsifier; e.g. LECITHIN II-S
Leucine, 0, L- Bm Lubricant, amino acid
Lignite flyash Conidia Dispersant
LUBRITAB Bm 38 Lubricant; hydrogenated vegetable oil
METAMUCIL Mh Humectant; methyl cellulose?
Methyl cellulose Bt, NPV, Bm 35 Thickener
Milk, evaporated R. japonicum Binder
MYVEROL 18-D6 Mh Emulsifier; saturated monoacyl
glycerol
MYVEROL 18-99 Mh Emulsifier; unsaturated monoacyl
glycerol
N-GEL Mh Humectant
NALCONTROL Bt, V Thickener
NITRACOAT R. japonicum 72 Binder
NITRIGUM R. japonicum 72 Binder
Paraffin wax Mh Thickener; long-chain paraffins
PEG 6000 Bm Lubricant; polyethylene glycol
Polyacrylamide gel Bm,Mh Humectant
Polyethylene glycol 8000 T. harzianum, F Humectant; high M r polyethylene
glycol
Polyethylene monostearates Bm Lubricant
POLYPLASOONE Bm 43 Dispersant; cross-linked
polyvinylpyrrolidone
Polypropylene carbonate F 76 Activator for BENTONE suspender
Polyvinyl alcohol NPV, Gliocladium 7,130 Humectant; sunscreen; see SMA-2625A
virens
Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP- Bt, R. japonicum 21 Binder; humectant;
K30 polyvinylpyrrolidone; water-soluble
polymer; protective colloid;
humectant; reduces activity of some
toxins and microorganisms by
forming complexes but not Bt;
hygroscopic
PRECIROL Bm Lubricant; glyceryl palmitostearate
PRIMOJEL Bm 45 Dispersant; sodium starch glycolate
PROPYLTEX Bt Floatation agent; polypropylene
powder
PVP IV A-5-630 R. japonicum 43 Binder; vinylpyrrolidonelvinyl acetate
copolymer
REAX 907 97 Dispersant; low sulphonated Kraft
pine lignin; low free electrolyte
content; low conductivity; neutral
pH
Silica, fumed, TS-720, see F 113 Free-flow agent; hydrophobic dust
CAB-O-SIL sticker and free-flow agent;
improved adhesion of conidia dust
to ants and dispersion of dust forced
into nests under pressure
344 Appendix I
Table 1.4 (Contd.)

Name Organisms* Suppliert Useful information

Silica gel F Desiccant; non-indicating harmless to

conidia, indicator grade lethal
Silica powder F 32 Desiccant; see WESSALON S,
hydrophilic
SILOID Bm Lubricant; silica hydrogel
SIPERNAT Bt Free-flow agent, desiccant
SODIUM ALGINATE S-211 108 Binder
Sodium benzoate St, Bm Lubricant; synergist; preservative
Sodium lauryl sulphate Bm Lubricant
Sorbitol St, NVP, F, Bm, Mh Humectant; stabilizer, sugar
SOY-DEX Mh Humectant
SPESWHITE CHINA CLAY NPV 56 Dispersant; kaolin; fine-grade cheap
filler
Starch Bm Binder; corn, potato, pregelatinized,
rice and wheat types
Stearic acid Bm Lubricant, fatty acid
STEROTEX Bm 18 Lubricant; hydrogenated vegetable oil
Sucrose NPV, nematodes, Binder; phagostimulant; stabilizer;
conidia sugar
SUPERSORB St 105 Polymer; absorbent; slow-release agent
in Sti briquettes
Synthetic glues Bm Binder
TRITON X-IOO St, NPV, F 80 Emulsifier; octylphenol ethoxylate
with ca 10 mol of ethylene oxide;
non-ionic; water-soluble; insoluble
in oil without a coupling agent e.g.
oleic acid; low mammalian toxicity
VEEGUM (regular grade) Dispersant; suspender for water-based
products, complex colloidal
magnesium aluminum silicate for
smectite clays
Vegetable oil St, conidia Carrier, binder
Wallpaper glue R. japonicum Binder
WESSALONS M. anisopliae 32 Dispersant; silica powder
* Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table I.13.
 Appendix I 345
Table 1.5 Surfactants and wetters

Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information

AGRAL90 Mh 52 Nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol;
non-ionic; stopped conidia
production
AI-1246 Bt Also codes 1280, 1364 and 1403
Alkyl phenols Bt, V,F
ARLACEL "C" Bt, V, F 9
ATLOX 3404/849 Bt Blend of anionic and non-ionic
surfactants; emulsifier; also codes
848,849 and 949
ATPLUS 300 Bt Also code 448
BIOFILM Bt
Butyldodecylamine NPV Cationic surfactant
hydrochloride
CARGILL INSECTICIDE Bt 19 Thickener; stabilized molasses
BASE CONCENTRATE
Cetyltrimethylammonium NPV, Bt Cationic surfactant; synergist;
bromide disinfectant
CHEVRON X-77 H. thompsonii 79
COLLOIDAL X 77 Bt, V, F 25
CRODOFOS N3N V Emulsifier and gelling agent
Dodecylamine hydrochloride NPV Cationic surfactant
ENHANCE Mh Tallow amine ethoxylate +
nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol
ETALFIX Mh 61 25% CITOWETT in 20% methanol
ETOCAS 30 V 27 Castor oil ethoxylate; liquid; miscible
with acetone; harmless to NPV;
palatable to insects
FOLICOTE 351 Bt 92 Antitranspirant wax emulsion
Hexylamine NPV 37 NPV synergist
HI-SPREAD-CASEIN Bt 90
IGEPAL CO-630 Bt, V, F Nonylphenol ethoxylate; non-ionic
LATER'S SURFACTANT Bt, V, F 58
LOVO 192 Bt 40 Amine stearate
MANOXOLOT 62 Sodium dicotyl sulphosuccinate 20%
solution in a 60% water alcohol
solution, anionic
MAYWOOD SURFACTANT Bt Emulsified animal-derived protein
MILLER NUFILM H. thompsonii 68
MULTIFILM BUFFER X NPV
NONOXYNOL Mh Nonylphenol ethoxylate; non-ionic
NOVEMOL Bt, V, F
Octyldodecylamine NPV Cationic surfactant
hydrochloride
Oxysorbic Sorbitan monolaurate ethoxylate
PETROL AG Bt, V, F
PETRO MORWET EFW Bacillus sphaericus Wetter used in spray-drying
PINOLENE 1882 Bt 68
Polymer-forming terpene PITSULIN V
and emulsifier
PLURAFAC A-24 Bt Alcohol ethoxylate
346 Appendix I
Table 1.5 (Contd.)

Name Organisms* Supplier t UsefuL information

PLYAC Bt, H. thompsonii, 4 Octylphenol ethoxylate + emulsifiable
NPV A-C polyethylene; non-ionic;
compatible with Bt product FORAY
48 B
SANDOVIT Bt, V, F
SAS90 F Spreader
Silicobenzone GV Inactivated 70% of GV on glass,
probably due to pH 2.5; no effect
seen on apple trees
SILWET L77 Mh Organosilicone containing ca 8 mol
ethylene oxide; non-ionic. Can be
toxic to Mh
SOVIX 95 Nonylphenol ethoxylate; non-ionic
SPAN-85 Bt 9 Sorbitan trioleate; emulsifier
SPRAY OIL 435 H. thompsonii
SPREADITE 70 Nonylphenol ethoxylate; non-ionic
SURFINO TG-E 2 Acetylenic diol; non-ionic
SURFYNOL 104 S M. anisopliae 2 46% acetylenic diol on HI-SIL silica
TEEPOL L V 85 Blend of secondary alkyl sulphates and
alkylbenzene sulphonates
TRITON AG-98 Collego 80 Compatible with Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides; non-ionic
TRITON B-1946 NPV 80
TRITON B-1956 Bt 80 Modified phthalic glyceryl alkyd resin
TRITON CS-7 NPV 80 Polyvinyl alcohol
TRITON GR-5 80 Sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate; 60%
solution in 2-propanol-water (1:1);
anionic
TRITONGR7M Bt 80 Sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate;
anionic
TRITON X-35 Bt 80 Octylphenol ethoxylate containing ca 3
mol ethylene oxide; non-ionic
TRITON X-45 Bt, V, F, Mh 80 Octylphenol ethoxylate containing ca S
mol ethylene oxide; non-ionic
TRITON N60 Bt 80 Nonylphenol ethoxylate containing ca
6 mol ethylene oxide; non-ionic
TRITON X-lOO Bt, NPV, F 80 Emulsifier; octylphenol ethoxylate
with ca 10 mol ethylene oxide; non-
ionic; water-soluble; insoluble in oil
without a coupling agent e.g. oleic
acid; low mammalian toxicity
TRITON X-1l4 Bt, V, F 80 Octylphenol ethoxylate containing 7-8
mol ethylene oxide; non-ionic
TRITON X-152 NPV 80
TRITON X-ISS Bt, V, F 94 Methylene bisdiamyl phenol ethoxylate
TRITON X-I72 NPV 80
TRITON X-363M Bt 80 Octylphenol ethoxylate; non-ionic
TWEEN 20 Bt, V, F, Mh 86 Sorbitan monolaurate ethoxylate; >
0.1% inhibited thermophilic
actinomycete Thermospora curvata;
can be toxic to Mh
 Appendix I 347
TWEEN 40 Bt,Mh 86 Synergist; sorbitan monopalmitate
ethoxylate; >0.1% inhibited
thermophilic actinomycete
T. curvata; can be toxic to Mh
TWEEN 60 Bt,Mh 86 Synergist; sorbitan monostearate
ethoxylate; > 0.1% inhibited
thermophilic actinomycete
T. curvata; can be toxic to Mh
TWEEN 70 Aschersonia placenta Nutrient
TWEEN 80 Bt, F, V, Mh 86 Synergist; stabilizer; sorbitan
monooleate ethoxylate; < 1.0% no
lasting effect on thermophilic
actinomycete T. curvata; can
stimulate Mh
TWEEN 85 Mh 86 Sorbitan trioleate ethoxylate; non-ionic;
can be toxic to Mh
VATSOLOT Bt, V, F
WITCONOL H-31A Bt Polyethylene glycol oleate containing
ca 8 mol ethylene oxide
• Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table 1.13.
Table 1.6 Stickers and spreaders

Name Organisms Supplier Useful Information

Acrylic polymer Bt, V
ACRYLOCOAT Bt, NPV Acrylics
ACTIPRON V, V. lecanii 16 Spray additive; carrier; sticker;
emulsifiable mineral oil (97%)
Alginic acid Mh,Bm Dispersant, sticker
BIOFILM Bt
BOND Bt, NPV 60 Synthetic latex and alkylphenol
ethoxylate; at 2% no effect on insect
feeding; incompatible with Bt
product FORAY 48 B
CARBOSET Bt Depressed activity of Bt
Carboxymethylcellulose Bt, Plant disease 21 Thickener; sticker; binder; stabilizer;
CMC-R295F control agents sodium carboxymethylcellulose;
water-soluble; food additive
CHEVRON SPRAY Bt 22 Mixture of olefinic and aromatic
STICKER polymers; compatible with Bt
product FORAY 48 B; did not impair
germination of Bt in broth
Citric acid by-product Wetter-sticker; sunscreen; Institute of
Microbiology, Latvia
CUTINOL V7 F 126 Spray additive; emulsifiable rapeseed
oil
DUPONT SPREAD STICKER Bt 36
EMULTEX V.lecanii Spray additive; sticker gum
ENERGOL WT-1 Bt 16 Highly refined light paraffinic oil
ESTEROL 123 V.lecanii 126 Ethyl oleate
Gelatin Bt 73 Sticker for Bti on granules
348 Appendix I

Table 1.6 (Colltd.)

Name Orgallisms' Supplier t Useful illformatioll

GEON LATEX 652 Bt, NPV 11 Colloidal vinyl chloride polymer;

harmless to NPV; insoluble in water;
palatable to larvae
Gum acacia NPV, Bm, Mh 86 Vegetable gum from acacia tree; see
gum arabic
Gum arabic 57 Binder; vegetable gum; stabilizer
during spray-drying; see gum acacia
Gum ghatti Mh 86 Vegetable gum
Gum guar V, Bm, Mh 86 Binder; vegetable gum
Gum karaya NPV, Bm, Mh 86 Vegetable gum from sterculia tree
Gum, locust bean NPV, Mh 86 Vegetable gum from seeds of Ceratonia
siliqua
Gum tragacanth NPV, Bm 86 Binder; vegetable gum; complex
mixture of polysaccharides
Gum xanthan NPV, Bm, Mh 86 Suspender; bacterial polysaccharide
produced by fermentation of
dextrose with Xanthomonas
campestris; see KELZAN
HIGH TACK FISH GLUE Bt
HUGTITE Potato dextrin; polysaccharide
KELGIN HV F 57 Alginate material
KELZAN Bt 57 Thickener; stabilizer; food grade
xanthan gum; high M r linear
polysaccharide; extreme
pseudoplasticity
Larval extract NPV
LATRON CS-7 + or - Bt 80 Alkylphenol ethoxylate + sodium salt
of alkylsulphonated aIkylate;
nonionic; attracts oviposition of
Plutella xylostel/a; spreader-sticker
LYSINE KKL Wetter-sticker; lysine factory, Latvia
MANUCOL DM Mh 57 Sodium alginate; polysaccharide
MANUCOL DMF Mh 57 Alginate; polysaccharide
MANUGELGHB Mh 57 Alginate; polysaccharide; also code
GMB
MANUTEX KPR Mh 57 Alginate; polysaccharide; also code RH
Methyl cellulose Bt, NPV, Bm 35 Thickener; water soluble
Milk, skimmed V, Bt, F, Bm Carrier; sunscreen
Milk, whole NPV
Molasses of peat Sunscreen; wetter-sticker;
experimental product; Institute of
Wood Chemistry; Latvia
MOWIOL V. lecanii Polyvinyl alcohol
NACRYLIC X 4260 Bt Also code X4445
NUFILM 17 Bt, V. lecanii 68 Polymer-forming terpene + surfactant;
compatible with Bt product FORAY
48 B
ORTHO X-77 109 Alkylphenol ethoxylate + glycols, free
fatty acids and isopropanol; non-
ionic; spreader-sticker; attracts
oviposition of Plutella xylostel/a
 Appendix I 349
PELGEL Bm 59 Sticker for seed coating
PLYAC Bt, H. thompson ii, 4 Octylphenol ethoxylate + emulsifiable
NPV A-C polyethylene; non-ionic;
compatible with Bt-product FORAY
48 B
POLYNOX-WSR-N-lO T. harzianum 94
POLYSURF-C GEL Laetisaria arvalis 50 Modified hydroxyethyl cellulose
Polyvinyl alcohol NPV, Gliocladium 7 Humectant; sunscreen; see SMA-2625A
virens
Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP- Bt, R. japonicum 21 Binder; humectant; water-soluble
K30 polymer; protective colloid; reduces
activity of some toxins and
microorganisms by forming
complexes; hygroscopic
Polyvinyl sticker Bt Adheres semipermanently to car
finishes
RHOPLEX AC 33 Np Bt 80 Acrylic polymer; also code B60A;
blocked flow meter and spinning
cage with Bt
Silica, fumed, TS-720 F 113 Free-flow agent; hydrophobic dust
sticker; improved adhesion of
conidia dust to ants and dispersion
of dust forced into nests under
pressure
SODIUM ALGINATE IG-350 Bm,Mh
Sorbitol Bt, NPV, F, Bm, Mh Humectant; stabilizer; sugar
Sorghum silage Bm Nutrient; sticker
SUTRO Bt
TENAC 85 Spreader-sticker
TOPWET SPREADER Bt 82
STICKER
VICCHEM EOP V.lecanii Emulsifiable ethyl oleate
X-LINK 2873 Bt
• Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table 1.13.
350 Appendix I
Table 1.7 Phagostimulants, synergists and proprietary spray adjuvants

Name Organisms* Supplier! Useful information

Acetamide Bt Reduces feeding; synergizes Bt
ACTIPRON V, V. lecanii 16 Adjuvant; carrier; sticker; emulsifiable
mineral oil (97%)
Alanine, -0, L Bt Synergist; amino acid
p-Aminosalicylic acid Bt Synergist
Almond hulls Bt Phagostimulant
Ammonia salts Bt Synergists; benzoate, hydrogen
phosphate and thiosulphate
Apple pomace Bt Phagostimulant
Aqueous plant extracts NPV Phagostimulant; clover, com, com silk,
cotton
Aqueous plant extracts Mh Germination, hemp sesbania,
Jimsonweed
Ascorbic acid Bt, V, blastospores Synergist; antioxidant; = vitamin C
Asparagine, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Aspartic acid, OL- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Borax Bt Synergist
Boric acid Bt, Bm Synergist; lubricant
Bran Nematodes Phagostimulant
Caffeine Bt Feeding inhibitor; 3,7-
trimethylxanthine
Calcium carbonate Rhizobium spp., Bt Synergist
Calcium salts Bt Synergists; acetate, hydroxide, nitrate,
oxide, sulphate
Canavanamine, L- Bt Synergist
Cetyl trimethylammonium NPV, Bt Synergist; disinfectant; cationic
bromide surfactant
Chitinase Bt Synergist
Citrus pulp Bt Phagostimulant
COAX Bt, NPV 20 Phagostimulant adjuvant; sunscreen;
cottonseed flour + sucrose +
vegetable oil + ethoxylated ester
CODACIDE F 65 Adjuvant; emulsifiable rapeseed oil
(95%) used at 5% in water; non-
irritant; non-phytotoxic to most
plants
Copper compounds Bt Synergists; oxide, phosphate, sulphate
and CuC03 x Cu(OHh
Cornmeal Bt, B. bassiana Phagostimulant; carrier; nutrient
Cottonseed flour NPV Phagostimulant
Cottonseed oil NPV, conidia 86 Phagostimulant; vegetable oil, for
prolonged storage dry by adding
anhydrous silica gel
CUTINOL V7 F 126 Adjuvant; emulsifiable rapeseed oil
Cycloserine, 0- Bt Synergist
Cyfluthrin Aspergillus JIavus Insecticide
Cypermethrin M. JIavoviride Synergist; insect growth retardant
advanced locust mortality 48 h; not
toxic to conidia
Cystine, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Deltamethrin NPV, Bt 23 Synergist, pyrethroid insecticide
 Appendix I 351
Dichloran Aspergillus flavus
Dimethyl sulphoxide Conidia, Bm Synergist, stabilizer
Dipicolinic acid Bt Synergist
Dipotassium Bt Synergist
hydrogencarbonate
Disodium-,B- Bt Synergist
glycerophosphate
Dodecylamine Bt, NPV 3 Synergist of NPV
EDTA Bt Synergist; ethylenediaminetetra-acetic
acid; chelating agent
ENTICE 30 Phagostimulant adjuvant; wettable
powder contains vegetable flour, oil,
sugar
Fructose NPV Phagostimulant
Fruit pectin Mh Phagostimulant
Fumaric acid Bt Synergist
Gallic acid Bt 86 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid; common
in cotton leaves; reduces feeding;
low concentration enhances Bt, high
inhibits; denatures proteins;
Glucose NPV, blastospores, Phagostimulant; binder; stabiliser;
Bm sugar
Glutamic acid, L- V Synergist; amino acid
Glutamine, 0, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Grape pomace Bt Phagostimulant
Grass meal Bt Phagostimulant
Guanosine Bt Synergist
GUSTOL Bt, V 10 Phagostimulant adjuvant; liquid
flowable contains vegetable flour, oil
and sugar
Histidine, 0, L- V Synergist; amino acid
Isoleucine, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Lauric acid Bt Synergist; fatty acid
Leucine, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Lysine, 0, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Magnesium chloride Bt Synergist
Magnesium sulphate Bt, Bm Stabilizer; synergist
Malic acid Bt Synergist
Methionine, 0, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate Bt Synergist; preservative in insect diet;
highly soluble; high concentrations
inhibit Bt, low concentrations
synergize
Milk powder NPV Phagostimulant
MO-MIX NPV 88 Phagostimulant; anti-evaporant;
molasses
NEEMAZAL-T Synergist; neem extract-based
insecticide
Neem oil Conidia Spray additive; vegetable oil
Ornithine, 0, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
OUTPUT F Adjuvant; mineral oil
PHEAST 1 Phagostimulant adjuvant; wettable
powder contains vegetable flour, oil,
sugar and inactive yeast
Phenylacetic acid Bt Synergist
352 Appendix I
Table 1.7 (Contd.)

Name Organisms' Supplier t Useful information

Phenylalanine, D, L- V Synergist; amino acid

Piperonyl butoxide NPV Synergist; inhibitor of mixed function
oxidase in insects
Potassium salts Bt Synergists; carbonate, hydrogen
carbonate, tartrate
Potato dextrose agar V.lecanii Nutrient adjuvant; nutrient agar
formulation
Proline, L- V Synergist; amino acid
Resorcinol Bt 86 Synergist; plant phenolic compound;
1,3-dihydroxy benzene; synergises
Bt crystal
Sabouraud dextrose agar V.lecanii Nutrient adjuvant. Nutrient agar
formulation
Salicylic acid Bt Synergist
SAN-285-WPG 6 Bt 81 Nutrient adjuvant for microbial
insecticides
Serine, D- and D, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Sodium benzoate Bt,8m Lubricant; synergist; preservative
Sodium dodecyl sulphate Bt Synergist; sodium lauryl sulphate
Sodium salts Bt Synergists; acetate, carbonate, formate,
nitrate, nitrite, salicylate
Sodium thioglycollate Bt Synergist; reducing agent; solubilizes
proteins
Sorbic acid Bt Synergist; preservative
Soya flour NPV, F, 8m Phagostimulant; nutrient
Sucrose NPV, nematodes, Phagostimulant; binder; stabilizer;
conidia sugar
Tannic acid Bt Synergist
Thidiazuron Mh Synergist; herbicide
Threonine, D, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
Tryptophane, D, L- Bt, V Synergist; amino acid
TWEEN 40 Bt, Mh 86 Synergist; sorbitan monopalmitate
ethoxylate; > 0.1% inhibited
thermophilic actinomycete
Thermospora curvata
TWEEN 60 Bt,Mh 86 Synergist; sorbitan monostearate
ethoxylate; > 0.1% inhibited
thermophilic actinomycete T. curvata
TWEEN 80 Bt, F, NPV, V, Mh 86 Synergist; stabiliser; sorbitan
monooleate ethoxylate; < 1.0% no
lasting effect on thermophilic
actinomycete T. curvata
Tyrosine, L- Bt, NPV, V Synergist; amino acid
Urea NPV Synergist; nitrogenous compound
Valine, D, L- Bt Synergist; amino acid
WHEAST NPV Phagostimulant adjuvant
Wheat bran Bt, F, 8m, Mh Phagostimulant; carrier; nutrient
Wheat germ Bt Phagostimulant; nutrient
Zinc salts Bt Synergists; sulphate, sulphite
• Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table 1.13.
 Appendix I 353
Table 1.8 Compounds which stabilize biologicals in formulations (anti-oxidants, nutrients, preservatives,
stabilizers)

Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information

AGELESS, TYPE Z 117 Iron oxide oxygen-absorber
a-Tocopherol Blastospores 63 Antioxidant; stabilizer in water; harmless
to blastospores; hydrophobic
Arginine Bm,Bt Nutrient; amino acid
Ascorbic acid Bt, V, blastospores Synergist; anti-oxidant; vitamin C
BAYSILlCONE E M. anisopliae Antifoam agent
Benzalkonium chloride Bt Preservati ve
Cereal flour M. anisopliae Nutrient, carrier
Chloramphenicol Bm 86 Antibacterial antibiotic
Corn cob grits Bt, F, Bm, Mh Nutrient, carrier
Corn gluten Bm Nutrient, carrier
Corn meal Bt, B. bassiana Phagostimulant; carrier; nutrient
Crystal Violet Bm Preservative
Cycloheximide Bm 86 Fungicidal antibiotic from Streptomyces
spp.
Dimethyl sulphoxide Conidia, Bm Synergist, stabilizer
Gelatin V,F, Bm Nutrient; protein; partly degraded
collagen; widely used in
pharmaceutical and food industries;
slow release binder for Bti powder on
rice hulls
Gentomycin F 114 Antibacterial antibiotic, 0.05% used in
production of conidia
Glucose NPV, blastospores, Binder; stabilizer; phagostimulant;
Bm nutrient, sugar
Glycerol F,Mh Humectant; nutrient, osmotic protectant
Hank's salt solution Blastospores Stabilizer
Honey Blastospores Binder; stabilizer; nutrient; rich in sugars
Horse serum Blastospores Stabilizer
Hydroxyethyl starch Blastospores 86 Stabilizer in water; harmless to
blastospores
Inositol NPV, blastospores Stabilizer; B-vitamin; sugar; harmless to
insect and virus
KELZAN Bt 57 Thickener; stabilizer; food grade xanthan
gum; high M r linear polysaccharide;
extreme pseudoplasticity
LABRAFIL M. anisopliae Anti-oxidant; glyceryl monooleate
ethoxylate
Lactose Bt, blastospores, Stabilizer; sugar
Pseudomonas spp.
LECITHIN II-S Blastospores 86 Stabilizer; from soybean; 10-20%
phosphatidykholine; stabilizer in
water; hydrophobic; harmless to
blastospores
LECITHIN IV-S Blastospores 86 Stabilizer; purified from LECITIN II-S
Liquid paraffin F Stabilizer; refined mineral oil for
medicinal use, mixture of alkanes with
> 12 C atoms/molecule
Magnesium sulphate Bt, Bm Stabilizer; synergist
Malt broth Mh Nutrient
Maltose F, Bm Stabilizer; nutrient; sugar
MANUCOLDH Blastospores Stabilizer; sodium alginate
Methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate Bt Synergist; preservative in insect diet;
highly soluble; high concentrations
inhibit Bt, low synergize
354 Appendix I
Table 1.8 (Contd.)

Name Organisms' Supplier! Useful information

Molasses v, Bt, Bm 88 Nutrient; sunscreen; carrier; e.g. MO-
MIX; dark brown, viscous residues
from sugar production; rich in sugars,
particularly sucrose
Oat grains Bm Nutrient
PEG 200 Stabilizer; low-Mr polyethylene glycol
Peptone Blastospores Stabilizer
Potassium chloride Conidia Stabilizer
Potassium dihydrogen Blastospores Stabilizer
phosphate
Potassium sorbate Bm 76 Food grade antifugal preservative
Proprionates Bt Preservative
Pyrophyllite Bm,Mh Nutrient
Ringer's solution Blastospores Stabilizer
Rose Bengal Bm Preservative
Sabouraud broth Blastospores 34 Stabilizer; nutrient; e.g. by Difco
Laborarories
Sodium azide Bm Preservative
Sodium benzoate Bt, Bm Lubricant; synergist; preservative
Sodium chloride Conidia Stabilizer
Sodium glutamate F Osmotic protectant
Sodium silicate Conidia Stabilizer
SORBA SPRAY ZIP Stabilizer
Sorbic acid Bt Synergist; preservative
Sorbitol Bt, NVP, F, Bm, Mh Humectant; stabilizer; sugar
Sorghum powder Pandora delphacis Nutrient
Sorghum silage Bm Nutrient; sticker
Soya flour NVP,F Phagostimulant; nutrient
Streptomycin sulphate F Antibacterial antibiotic; harmless to
blastospores at 25 fLg/ml
Sucrose NPV, nematodes, Binder; phagostimulant; stabilizer; sugar
conidia
Trehalose Bm Stabilizer; sugar
Tributyl citrate Conidia Stabilizer
TWEEN 80 Bt, F, V, Mh 86 Synergist; stabilizer; sorbitan monooleate
ethoxylate; < 1.0% no lasting effect on
thermophilic actinomycete Thermospora
curvata
Wheat bran Bt, F, Bm Phagostimulant; carrier; nutrient; bait
Wheat flour Mh,Bm Nutrient
Wheat germ Bt Phagostimulant; nutrient
Wheat straw Bm Nutrient
Xylene Bt Bacteriostatic preservative; stabilizer in
aqueous emulsions; application rate in
spray (1.7 p.p.b.) is 59000 times below
occupational health hazard rate (100
p.p.m.)
• Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table 1.13.
 Appendix I 355
Table 1.9 Sunscreens (cosmetic sunscreens, dyes, tracer dyes)
Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information
Acid Black 48 V 86 Dye
Acid Orange 8 V 86 Dye
Acridine Yellow V 86 Dye
Acriflavin Bt 41 Dye; 3,6-diamino-l0-methyl acridinium;
cationic; forms photoprotective complex
with Bt crystal
Alcian Blue 8GX NPV 86 Dye
Alizarin Yellow R V 86 Dye; Mordant Yellow 3R or Mordant Orange
1
Alkali Blue V 86 Dyes; codes Alkali Blue 4B = Acid Blue 110
and Alkali Blue 6B = Acid Blue 119
Azocarmine V 86 Dyes; codes B = Acid Red 103, and G = Acid
Red 101
Benzilidine NPV Cosmetic sunscreen; water-soluble; harmless
sulphonic acid to plants and virus; absorptance high in
UVB
Benzopurpurin 4B V 86 Dye; Direct Red 3
Benzyl cinnamate Conidia 3 Cosmetic sunscreen; absorptance 220-300 nm
and 310-360 nm in cottonseed oil; 270-350
nm in groundnut oil + Shellsol K
Berberine sulphate Bt Cationic dye; alkaloid; high mammalian
toxicity
Bismark Brown V 86 Dyes; codes R = Basic Brown 4 and Y = Basic
Brown 1, Basic Brown G, GX, GXP,
Excelsior Brown, Leather Brown,
Manchester Brown, Phenylene Brown,
Vesuvin
Brilliant Blue G V 86 Blue dye, selectively stains proteins; =
COOMASSIE BRILLIANT BLUE G;
Brilliant Blue R V 86 Blue dye, selectively stains proteins; =
COOMASSIE BRILLIANT BLUE R
BRILLIANT Bt 75 Tracer dye; no harm to spores caused by 21-
SULFOFLAVINE day exposure to 1% aqueous solution
Brilliant Yellow V 86 Dye; Direct Yellow 4
Buffalo Black dye V 86 Dye; presumably Buffalo Black NBR =
Naphthol Blue Black or Amido Black lOB
CHIMMASORB 81 Conidia 24 Cosmetic sunscreen; = CYASORB UV 531
Chrome Axurol S V 86 Dye; Mordant Blue 29
Chrysophenine V 86 Dye; Direct Yellow 12
CIBACRON BLUE V 86 Dye; presumably CIBACRON BLUE 3GA =
Reactive Blue 2
CIBACRON V 24 Dye
YELLOW
Congo Red Conidia, Bt, V 3 Dye; Direct Red C, R, or Y; Congo Red 4B;
peaks 220, 340 and 500 nm; harmless to
insects and virus in diet; decreased virus
activity after storage with the virus
Curcumin V 86 Dye from Curcuma longa (turmeric); =
Natural Yellow 3; 1, 7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-
methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptodiene-3,5-dione
356 Appendix I
Table 1.9 (Contd.)

Name Organisms* Suppliert Useful information

CYASORB UV 531 Conidia 24 Cosmetic sunscreen; = CIMMASORB 81; 2-

hydroxy-4-(octyloxy-phenyl)-
phenylmethanone; absorption peaks at
300-390 nm in cottonseed oil; 250-400 nm
in groundnut oil + Shellsol K
Direct Red 28 NPV 3 Dye
Direct Red 81 NPV 3 Dye
Disperse Blue 14 NPV 86 Dye
Disperse Orange 11 V 86 Dye
EAR XB 400 Bt 24 Tracer dye; presumably ERIO ACID RED XB
400
ERIO ACID RED XB Bt 24 Tracer dye; disodium formyl-m-
100 benzenedisulphonic acid; high
absorptance above 280 nm; no harm to
spores by 21-day exposure to 1% aqueous
solution; also not toxic to spruce budworm
la~vae; not bacteriostatic at 300 mg/l; not
biodegradable
Erio Yellow Bt 24 Tracer dye; no harm to spores by 21-day
exposure to 1% aqueous solution
2-Ethoxyethyl-p- NPV Cosmetic sunscreen
methoxy-
cinnamate
2-Ethylhexyl NPV Cosmetic sunscreen
salicylate
Ethyl cinnamate Conidia 3 Cosmetic sunscreen; absorption peaks 310-
370 nm in cottonseed oil; 270-340 nm in
groundnut oil + Shellsol K
Ethyl trans- Conidia 86 Cosmetic sunscreen; oil compatible; harmless
cinnamate to conidia
EUSOLEX 232 Bt, V 63 Cosmetic sunscreen; 2-phenylbenzimidazole-
5-sulphonic acid; water-soluble
EUSOLEX 4360 Bt, V, conidia 63 Cosmetic sunscreen; 2-hydroxy-4-
methoxybenzophenone; oil-soluble;
absorption peaks at 300-390 nm in
cottonseed oil; 260-400 nm in groundnut
oil + Shellsol K
EUSOLEX 6300 Conidia, Bt, V 63 Cosmetic sunscreen; 3-(4-
methylbenzylidene)-camphor; oil-soluble;
absorption peaks at 280-380 nm in
cottonseed oil; 250-390 nm in groundnut
oil + Shellsol K
EUSOLEX 8020 Conidia 63 Cosmetic sunscreen; 4-isopropyl-dibenzoyl
methane; absorption peak 270-410nm in
groundnut oil + Shellsol K
EUSOLEX 8021 Conidia, V 63 Cosmetic sunscreen; 61 % Eusolex 8020 +
39% Eusolex 6300; absorption peaks 270-
390 nm in groundnut oil + Shellsol K
Fast Blue V 86 Fluorescent neuronal tracer
Fluorescein Bt Dye
 Appendix I 357

GRAESSORB D Conidia 71 Cosmetic sunscreen; diethanolamine-4-

methoxycinnamate; water-compatible;
harmless to conidia; peaks at 320-350 run
in cottonseed oil; 250-400 run in groundnut
oil + Shellsol K
GRAESSORB S Conidia 71 Cosmetic sunscreen octyl-salicylate; oil-
compatible; harmless to conidia;
absorption peaks at 320-350 nm in
cottonseed oil; 280-370 nm in groundnut
oil + Shellsol K
Haematoxylin V 128 Dye for various cytological stains; Natural
Black 1
Homomenthyl NPV Cosmetic sunscreen; low UVB absorption;
salicylate water-soluble
Indigo Carmine V 86 Dye; Acid Blue 64; 5'5-indigosuphonic acid
Lissamine Green B V 86 Dye; Acid Green 50
Maximillion Brilliant Bt 75 Tracer dye; no detectable effect on Bt activity
Flavine BSF or physical characteristics of spray; no
harm to spores by 21-day exposure to 1%
aqueous solution
Maximillion Brilliant Bt 75 Tracer dye; no harm to spores by 21-day
Pink exposure to 1% aqueous solution
Mercurochrome V 86 Dye; Merbromin; 2',7'-dibromo-5'-
(hydroxymercuri)-fluorescein
Methyl Green Bt 63 Cationic dye, absorption peak in water 630-
635 run
Methyl Orange NPV 63 Indicator dye; Acid Orange 52; absorption
peak (pH 3.1) 501-504 run, absorption peak
(pH 4.4) 467-471 run
Methyl Red V 63 Indicator dye; absorption peak (pH 4.5) at
523-526 run, absorption peak (pH 6.2) at
427-437 run
Mexenone Conidia 71 Cosmetic sunscreen; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-
4-methyl benzophenone; absorption peaks
at 310-390 run in cottonseed oil; 270-
400 nm in groundnut oil + Shellsol K
Mordant Blue 1 NPV 86 Dye = Chrome Azurol B
Mordant Brown 33 NPV 86 Dye
Neutral Red V 63 Indicator dye, dark red at pH 6.8 and yellow
orange at pH 8.0 in aqueous solution
Nigrosin Bt Tracer dye; no harm to spores by 21-day
exposure to 1% aqueous solution
NIPASORB D Conidia 71 Cosmetic sunscreen; water-compatible;
harmless to conidia
Orange IV V 86 Dye; = Acid Orange 5 or Tropaeolin 00
Orcin V 86 Dye; Orcinol; 5-methylresorcinol; glycosides
and supholipids
Oxybenzone NPV; conidia 86 Cosmetic sunscreen; 2-hydroxy-4-
methoxybenzophenone; see Eusolex 4360;
harmless to conidia; oil-compatible;
absorption peaks 270-390 run in
groundnut oil + Shellsol K
358 Appendix I
Table 1.9 (Contd.)

Name Organisms* Suppliert Useful information

PARSOL 1789 Conidia 47 Cosmetic sunscreen; butyl-methoxy-
dibenzoyl methane; oil-compatible;
harmless to conidia; absorption peak 270-
350 nm in groundnut oil + Shellsol K
PARSOLM<!:X Conidia 47 Cosmetic sunscreen; octyl-p-
methoxycinnamate; oil-compatible;
harmless to conidia; absorptance peaks
340-370 nm in cottonseed oil; 270-360 nm
in groundnut oil + Shellsol K
Reactive Blue 4 V 86 Dye
Rhodamine B Bt, R. japonicum 63 Cationic dye; tracer dye; no harm to spores
by 21-day exposure to 1% aqueous
solution; mutagenic to Salmonella
Saturn Yellow Tracer dye; not a true solution, some droplets
1 j.£m in diameter would not contain a grain
of dye
URANINE Bt Tracer dye; no harm to spores by 21-day
exposure to 1% aqueous solution
UVINAL DS-49 Bt 12 Tracer dye; 2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-
5,5' disulphobenzophenone; no harm to
spores by 21-day exposure to 1% aqueous
solution
UVINUL D49 Bt, conidia 12 Cosmetic sunscreen; sodium 2,2'-dihydroxy-
4,4'-dimethoxy-5-sulphobenzophenone;
absorption peaks 250-380 nm in
groundnut oil + Shellsol K; compatible
with Bt
UVITEX ERN-P Bt 21 Cosmetic sunscreen; bis-benzoxalate
ethylene; non-ionic; high absorptance
above 280 nm; no harm to spores by 21-day
exposure to 1% aqueous solution
* Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table 1.13.
 Appendix I 359
Table 1.10 Sunscreens (optical brighteners, reflectors)

Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information

ACLARAT 8678 V 81 Optical brightener
Aluminium powder V Reflector
BLANKOPHOR Conidia 24 Optical brighteners; codes DML, HRS, LPG and
RKH; water-compatible; marginally water-
soluble; harmless to conidia
BLANKOPHOR BBH Conidia, V, Bt 17 Optical brightener; = Tinopal LPW; water-
compatible; marginally water-soluble; harmless
to conidia; strongly synergizes NPV
BLANKOPHOR BSU Conidia 17 Optical brightener
CALCOFLUOR V 6 Optical brighteners; codes LD and RWP
CALCOFLUOR WHITE NPV, conidia 86 = TlNOPAL LPW; di-sodium 2,2'-(1,2-ethenediyl)
M2 bis (5(4-(4-morpholinyl)-6-(phenylamino)-1,3,5-
triazin-2y-yl)amino-benzenesulphonic acid
Columbia Blue V 31 Optical brightener
Fluorescent brightner 28 V See TlNOPAL LPW
INTRAWITE V 28 Optical brighteners; codes ABL, EBF, ERN and
WGS
INTRAWITE CF V 28 Optical brightener; synergises NVP
INTRAWITE CF V 28 Optical brighteners; codes BS and BSB
LEUCOPHOR
LEUCOPHOR V 81 Optical brighteners; codes EFR, EHB, KNR, PAB,
PAL, PAT and WGS
LEUCOPHOR BS V 81 Optical brighteners; stilbenes, pH 7.6; synergize
NVP; also code BSB
P167 Conidia Optical brightener
PHORWITE AR V 69 Optical brightener; 2,2'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis (5(4-
methylaminol-/3-(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2 yl
arninobenzene sulphonic acid; synergizes NPV;
pH 8.6
PHORWITE BKL V 69 Optical brightener; pH 4.2
PHORWITE BRU V 69 Optical brightener; pH 5.5
PHORWITECL V 69 Optical brightener; stilbene
SYNACRIL WHITE V 51 Optical brightener; pH 1.7
TINOPAL CBS-X V 24 Optical brightener; a naphthotriazole stilbene;
whitening agent; harmless to NPV; absorptance
good <380 nm; water-soluble; neutral pH
TINOPAL DCS V 24 Optical brightener; a stilbene fluorescent whitening
agent; harmless to NPV; absorptance good
< 380 nm; water-soluble; neutral pH
TlNOPAL LPW Conidia, NPV 86 = BLANKOPHOR BBH, CALCOFLUOR WHITE,
fluorescent brightener 28; a stilbene optical
brightener; high absorptance >280nm; pH 8.6;
synergizes NPV
TlNUVIN 328 Conidia 24 Optical brightener; 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-amyl-
phenyl)-2H-benzotriazole; absorptance peaks
260-400 om in cottonseed oil; 280-420 om in
groundnut oil + Shellsol K
TINUVINP Conidia 24 Optical brightener; 2-(2-H-benzotriasol-2-yl)-4-
methylphenone; absorptance peaks at 310-
390 nm in cottonseed oil; 270-380 nm in
groundnut oil + Shellsol K
Titanium dioxide NPV Reflector

* Abbreviations, see text.

t Suppliers as given in Table 1.13.
360 Appendix I
Table 1.11 Bioorganic sunscreens (B vitamins, amino acids, anti-oxidants, nitrogenous compounds,
proteins)

Name Organisms' Supplier t Useful information

Adenine v Amino acid
Albumins V Class of blood proteins; many e.g. bovine
serum albumin (BSA) available in pure
form at relatively low price
Allantoin V Nitrogenous compound
p-Aminobenzoic acid Bt, NPV, Steinemema B vitamin; harmless to insect and virus,
feltiae absorptance between 220 and 320 nm, max
at 280 nm
Amyl-dimethyl-p- V B vitamin
aminobenzoic acid
Apterin NPV Nitrogenous compound
Ascorbic acid Bt, V, blastospores Synergist; antioxidant; vitamin C
Brewer's yeast V Rich in protein, amino acids and nitrogenous
compounds
Casein V, Bt Inexpensive protein; frequently used in
culture media and buffers
Catalase Bt, V Protein with enzymatic activity; antioxidant
because it degrades peroxides
Choline chloride NPV B vitamin; harmless to insect and virus
Egg albumen A 5253 V 86 Protein; see albumins
Ethoxylated p- V B-vitamin
aminobenzoic acid
Folic acid Bt, NPV B-vitamin; harmless to insect and virus;
naturally occurring zoochrome,
absorptance at 22D-400nm, peaks 280 and
350nm
Gelatin V,F Nutrient, protein; partly degraded collagen;
widely used in pharmaceutical and food
industry; slow release binder for Bti
powder on rice hulls
Glutamic acid, L- V Synergist; amino acid
Guanine V Nitrogenous compound
Haemolymph V Rich in proteins and nitrogenous compounds
Histidine, D,L- V Synergist; amino acid
Hypoxanthine NPV Nitrogenous compound
Inositol NPV, blastospores Stabilizer; B vitamin; harmless to insect and
virus
iso-Octyl-p- V B vitamin
aminobenzoic acid
iso-Octyl-p-dimethyl- NPV Cosmetic sunscreen; B vitamin
aminobenzoic acid
Milk, peptonized V 34 Protein; complex mixture of water-soluble
peptides generated by partial degradation
of casein, a major constituent of milk
Nicotinic acid NPV B vitamin; harmless to insect and virus
Pantothenic acid NPV B vitamin; harmless to insect and virus
Peroxidase V Protein; enzyme; acts as antioxidant because
it degrades peroxides
Phenylalanine,D,L- V Synergist; amino acid
 Appendix I 361
Phenylthio- V 86 Anti"oxidant
carbamide
Proline, L- V Synergist; amino acid
Propyl gallate V Anti-oxidant
Protein hydrolysates Bt See gelatin, peptonized milk, soya
hydrolysate
Pyridoxine NPV B vitamin; harmless to insect and virus
Riboflavin Bt, NPV B vitamin; a fluorochrome, naturally
occurring zoochrome in insects, harmless
to insect and virus
Sodium ascorbate V Anti-oxidant; see ascorbic acid
Soya hydrolysate V See protein hydrolysates
Superoxide V Protein; enzyme; acts as anti-oxidant because
dismutase it degrades peroxides
Thiamine NPV B vitamin; harmless to insect and virus
Tryptophane, D,L- Bt, V Synergist; amino acid
Tyrosine, L- Bt, V Synergist; amino acid
Urea V Synergist; nitrogenous compound
Uric acid Protozoa, NPV, Nitrogenous compound
Steinernema feltiae
Wheat gluten Bt,Mh 66 Rich in proteins
Xanthine NPV Nitrogenous compound
Xantopterin NPV B vitamin; harmless to insect and virus
• Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table I.13.
362 Appendix I
Table 1.12 Miscellaneous sunscreens

Name Organisms* Supplier t Useful information

Blowfly faeces Protozoa
Carbon black Bt, V Insoluble; absorbent; very strong absorption
270-350 nm
CARBON TYPE RB V 77 Carbon black; high porosity activated carbon
Charcoal V Carbon black
Citric acid by-product Wetter-sticker; Institute of Microbiology, Latvia
COAX Bt, NPV 20 Phagostimulant; cottonseed flour + sucrose +
vegetable oil + ethoxylated ester
Corn starch V, B. bassiana 26 Carrier; see e.g. MlRAGEL 463
DAR-MOL, DE-MOL, NPV See molasses
DRI-MOL MOLASSES
2,2-Dihydroxy-4- Conidia 111 Oil-compatible; harmless to conidia
methoxy-
benzophenone
Dodecylamine Bt, V 3 Synergist of NPV
FLORISIL 60-100 mesh Conidia 108 Magnesium silicate; oil-compatible; low
solubility in oil; harmless to conidia
2,2-Hydroxy-4- Conidia 111 Oil-compatible; harmless to conidia
octobenzophenone
IMC 90-001 UV screen V SHADE
INDIA INK V Carbon black
Keltose NPV 57 Humectant; alginate
Lignin suphonic acid Bt, V 15 Sodium lignosulphonate; absorptance poor, low
peak at 280 nm; see RAYMIX POWDER
LIGNOSITE AN 46 Lignosulphonate
Melanin from Bt Dark brown pigments produced by S. lividans in
Streptomyces lividans presence of tyrosine gene; insoluble in water,
acid and common organic solvents
Melanins V Dark brown pigments in e.g. bacteria, insects
and vertebrates; natural sunscreens; see
melanin from S lividans
3-(4-Methylbenzylidene)- NPV
camphor
Molasses V, Bt, Bm 88 Nutrient; carrier; e.g. MO-MIX; dark brown,
viscous residues from sugar production; rich
in sugar, particularly sucrose
Molasses of peat Wetter-sticker; experimental product; Institute
of Wood Chemistry; Latvia
ORZAN LS-50 V 55 Lignosulphonate
Polyvinyl alcohol NPV, Gliocladium 7 Humectant; see SMA-2625A
virens
PROTEC-lOO NPV
RAYMIX L-3 V 55 Wood derivative; lignosulphonates; water-
soluble; low surface tension, acidic pH
RAYMIX POWDER V 55 Wood and bark derivative; lignosulphonates;
water-soluble; low surface tension; neutral
pH
SHADE Bt, V 81 =!MC 90-001 = I+T-193; natural polyflavonoid;
water-soluble buffer; absorbs peroxide
radicals; harmless to NPV; low absorptance
peak at 280 nm
Sulisobenzone GV 2-Hydroxy-4-methyl-5-sulphobenzophenone;
1% aqueous pH 2.5 dried on glass inactivated
(70%) GV; less inactivation in field
UVAL V 67
• Abbreviations, see text.
t Suppliers as given in Table 1.13.
 Appendix I 363
Table 1.13 Suppliers' names

Reference Company Location

No.
1 AgriSense Fresno, California, USA
2 Airproducts pIc Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, UK
3 Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
4 Allied Chemicals
5 American Casein Company Burlington, New Jersey, USA
6 American Cyanamid Wayne, New Jersey, USA
7 Arco Chemical Company
8 Atlas Chemical
9 Atlas Powder Company
10 Atochem North America, Inc. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
11 BF Goodrich Chemical Co. Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
12 BASFAG Ludwigshafen, Germany
13 Local retailers Benin, West Africa
14 Bevaloid Ltd Flemingate, Beverley, UK
15 Borregaard Industries Sarpsborg, Norway
16 BP Sunbury on Thames, UK
17 Burlington Chemical Burlington, North Carolina, USA
18 Capital City Products Co. Columbus, Ohio, USA
19 Cargill
20 CCT Corporation Lichfield Park, Arizona, USA
21 Chemical Development of Canada Ltd Montreal, Quebec, Canada
22 Chevron Chemicals
23 Ciba Geigy See Novartis (98)
24 Ciba Geigy Speciality Chemicals Basel, Switzerland
25 Colloidal Products
26 CPC International Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA
27 Croda Chemical
28 Crompton & Knowles Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
29 Crossfield Chemicals
30 Custom Chemicides Fresno, California, USA
31 Day-Glo Colour Corporation Cleveland, Ohio, USA
32 Degussa AG Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
33 Diamond Shamrock
34 Difco Laboratories Detroit, Michigan, USA
35 Dow Chemical
36 Du Pont Wilmington, Delaware, USA
37 Eastman Kodak Rochester, New York, USA
38 Edward Mendell Co. Patterson, New Jersey, USA
39 Exxon
40 Fisons Ltd See AgrEvo
41 Fluka Buchs, Switzerland
42 FMC Corporation Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
43 GAF Corporation Wayne, New Jersey, USA
44 Gattefosse Corporation Montvale, New Jersey, USA
45 Generichem Corporation Little Falls, New Jersey, USA
46 Georgia-Pacific Bellingham, Washington, USA
47 Givaudan and Co. Ltd Surrey, UK
48 K. B. K. Greef Chemicals Ltd Croydon, UK
49 Grefco Address not given
364 Appendix I
50 Hercules Inc. Wilmington, Delaware, USA
51 ICI America Inc Wilmington, Delaware, USA
52 ICI See Zeneca (129)
53 Illinois Cereal Mills Paris, Illinois, USA
54 Ingradient Technology Pennsauken, New Jersey, USA
55 m Rayonier Stamford, Connecticut, USA
56 ECC St Austel, Cornwall, UK
57 Kelco International Ltd London, UK
58 Later Chemical
59 Liphatech Inc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
60 Loveland Industries Inc. Greeley, Colorado, USA
61 Maag See Novartis (98)
62 Manchem Ltd
63 E. Merck Darmstadt, Germany
64 Microbio Rhizogen Co.
65 Microcide Ltd Bury St Edmund, Suffok, UK
66 Midwest Grain Production Inc. Pekin, Illinois, USA
67 Miles
68 Miller Chemical and Fertilizer Corp. Hanover, Pennsylvania, USA
69 Mobay Chemical Corp. Union, New Jersey, USA
70 Murphy No longer exists.
71 Nipa Laboratories Clwyd, UK
72 Nitragin Co. Address not given (USA)
73 Norland Products Inc. Address not given
74 Novo Nordisk Bioindustrials Danbury, Connecticut, USA
75 Organic Dyestuffs East Providence, Rhode Island, USA
76 Pfizer Ltd Sandwich, Kent, UK
77 Pittsburg Activated Carbon Co. Pittsbur& Pennsylvania, USA
78 R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. Norwalk, Connecticut, USA
79 Ring-Around Products
80 Rohm & Haas Co. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
81 Sandoz See Novartis (98)
82 Schering See AgrEvo (110)
83 Seatons Hull, North Humberside, UK
84 Seven Seas Ltd
85 Shell Direct Ltd Southampton, UK
86 Sigma Chemical Co. St Louis, Missouri, USA
87 SITCO Bound Brook, New Jersey, USA
88 Southern States Corporation, Inc. Richmond, Virgina, USA
89 Stanley Manufacturing Decatur, Illinois, USA
90 Stauffer Chemical Co. No longer exists
91 Steetley Minerals Ltd Worksop, UK
92 Sun Oil Co.
93 Teneco Corporation
94 Union Carbide Danbury, Connecticut, USA
95 Vitax Address not given (UK)
96 W.R. Grace & Compariy Columbia, Maryland, USA
97 Westvaco Chemical Division Charleston Heights, South Carolina, USA
98 Novartis Basel, Switzerland
99 Armak Co. McCook, Illinois, USA
100 BDH Ltd Poole, UK
101 Hopkins Agricultural Products Division Madison, Wisconsin, USA
102 Matheson, Coleman and Bell Norwood, Ohio, USA
 Appendix I 365
Table 1.13 (Contd.)

Reference Company Location

No.

103 pfaltz and Bauer, Inc. Stamford, Connecticut, USA

104 Mallinckrodt, Inc. St Louis, Missouri, USA
105 Supersorbent Co. Lumberton, North Carolina, USA
106 Durkee International Foods Louisville, Kentucky, USA
107 Staley Inc. Decatur, Illinois, USA
108 Fisher Scientific Co. Springfield, New Jersey, USA
109 Valent Walnut Creek, California, USA
110 AgrEvo Frankfurt-am-Main; Germany: Saffron
Walden, Essex, UK
111 Mycotech Butte, Montana, USA
112 Eagle-Picher Minerals Reno, North Virginia, USA
113 Cabot Tuscola, Illinois, USA
114 TechAmerica Inc. Elwood, Kansas, USA
115 Ross and Rowe Inc. USA
116 ICN Costa Mesa, California, USA
117 Misubishi International Corp., Food Division New York, USA
B
118 W.A. Hammond Drierite Company Xenia, Ohio, USA
119 Abbott Laboratories Chicago, Illinois, USA
120 Englehard Corporation Edison, New Jersey, USA
121 George C. Brandt, Inc. Denver, Colorado, USA
122 Colorcon Inc. West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
123 W.R. Grace of Canada, Ltd. Ajax, Ontario, Canada
124 Activated Carbon Co. Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
125 Allied Colloids Australia Proprietary Ltd Address not given (Australia)
126 Victorian Chemical Co. Pty. Ltd Richmond, Victoria, Australia
127 Trifolio-M GmbH Lahnau, Germany
128 Boehringer Bioproducts Heidelberg, Germany
129 Zeneca Agrochemicals Fernhurst, Surrey, UK
130 Matheson, Colman and Bell Norwood, Ohio, USA
APPENDIX II: SPRAY APPLICATION
CRITERIA
Keith A. Jones
CONTENTS
11.1 Spray application rates, droplet size and number of
droplets
11.2 Effect of formulation and other parameters on droplets
11.3 Interaction of droplet size and particulate active
ingredients
References
This AppendiX summarizes in tabular and
numerical form the physical criteria for appli-
cation of different types of spray, with part-
icular reference to the application of microbial
pesticides. The first section deals with physical
characteristics of droplets. The second section
describes some effects of suspension carriers
and formulation additives on droplet forma-
tion, size and behaviour. The final section
relates droplet size and placement to the action
of organisms, and illustrates the great impor-
tance of appropriate formulation and applica-
tion parameters on successful use of these
organisms in the field. For more information
about the general aspects of spray physics, the
reader is referred to Matthews (1992).
11.1 SPRAY APPLICATION RATES, DROPLET
SIZE AND NUMBER OF DROPLETS
Classification of volume application rates var-
ies with target (field crop, forest, etc.). A
broad guide is given in Table 11.1 and more
information in section 2.2.2b.
367
369
372
374
Droplet size is often measured in terms of
number mean diameter (nmd) or, more
usually, volume mean diameter (vmd).
These are, respectively, the diameter at
which half the number, or half of the spray
volume, is smaller. Bateman (1991) classifies
sizes as in Table 11.2.
Spray applicators will produce a range of
droplet sizes. By formulation and good
sprayer design, this range of droplet sizes
can be minimized. Fig. 11.1 gives an example
of a droplet spectrum produced by a commer-
cial sprayer.
Smaller droplets result in higher numbers
of droplets per unit area. Fig. II.2 shows the
number of droplets that would land on a flat
surface, assuming that there is no loss through
evaporation or drift. Usually a spray will not
be applied to a flat surface, but to a complex
surface such as a crop. Leaf area indices for a
crop (l.a.i. = ratio of leaf surface area of a
plant to area of ground· occupied by the
plant) will give an idea of the maximum num-
ber of droplets that could impinge on the sur-
368 Appendix II
Table 11.1 Volume application rates (l/ha)

High volume HV 600-1000+

Medium volume MY 200-600
Low volume LV SO-200
Very low volume VLV 5-S0
Ultra low volume ULV <S

Table 11.2 Droplet classification (Bateman, 1991)

Drop size (/-lm) Description

1O-2S Fine aerosol (fine mist) for flying insects
2S-S0 Aerosols (mist) for drift and air-blast spraying
SO-I00 Standard mist or fine spray for oil-based ULV spraying
7S-lS0 Fine spray suitable for water-based controlled-droplet
applications (CDA) or higher volume applications
IS0-300 Fine/coarse spray suitable for herbicides
2S0-S00 Coarse spray suitable for soil treatment and avoidance of drift

face of leaves etc. (for example, for an l.a.i. of 4
the number of droplets from Fig. 11.2 should
be divided by 4). However, l.a.i. does not take
into account such factors as upper and lower
leaf surfaces (the latter can often be the target
site of action for a beneficial microorganism)
or losses resulting from lack of impaction or
retention of droplets (section 2.2.2b).
Under operational conditions, droplets
are subjected to evaporation, which is influ-
enced by temperature, relative humidity
and droplet size (surface area/volume ratio).
The surface/volume ratio (s/v) is calculated
as:
S/V = 4nr /(4/3)7r? = 3/r

CIl
CIl
ell
"0
.5
~ 0 +---~.......L""""',.J--'-r''-
~ 50 100
~ Droplet diameter (~m:log scale)
Droplet volume (pi)
Ii.. , 'Ii
Q)

Q. I, "'I i i" "Ii I i i i Ii i "'1 ' , i Ii "'I , I i 1111 i

1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000
Expected number of particles per droplet
12
in a formulation containing 10 particles/I

Figure 11.1 Droplet size distribution of a Micron Ulva+, 7000r.p.m., blank carrier oil, Odina EL and
Shellsol T 1:1 (Bateman, in press).
 Appendix II 369

7
11.2 EFFECT OF FORMULAnON AND OTHER
10 PARAMETERS ON DROPLETS
,,
6
,,
10 ,,
,,
Both the size and size range of droplets pro-
5 "" ,, 21/ha
Q)
0;
10
"" '" 10l/ha duced by a sprayer are affected by the flow
"
,,"~x/ ""h, rate of the suspension through the sprayer
<.> 4
(J)
10
Cl
0 (Fig. 11.3).
-=- 10
3
'" E<.> " " ,,
Flow rate of a suspension through a sprayer
"" ,, depends on the size of inlet to the nozzle

*
2
10 ,,
0.. "" ,,
,, (Fig. 11.4), on whether the suspension is
e 10
1
"" ,,
"C ,, pumped into the atomizer, and on the viscos-
Z
.; ""
10° "" ity of the suspension.
10-1 " With spinning disc sprayers, disc speed
also influences droplet size (Fig. 11.5). Disc
10-2 speed is determined by sprayer design,
10 100 1000
Drop size 11m (log scale) power supply (number of batteries) and
spray liquid viscosity.
Figure 11.2 Theoretical relationship between Final size of droplets reaching the target
droplet size and number of droplets per cm2 on a also depends on the amount of evaporation.
flat surface at three application rates (2, 10 and Addition of viscous non-evaporative oils or
100l/ha). humectants to volatile formulations reduces
evaporation. Table 11.4 gives the viscosity of
some UL V carriers.
Therefore as the droplet size decreases the Many carriers are too viscous for use alone
ratio, and hence evaporation, increases. and need to be mixed with less-viscous mater-
Small droplets also take longer to fall in air ials. For example, it has been recommended
and are subject to being blown by wind (Table that the viscosity of products for ULV
11.3). application to cotton in West Africa should

Table 11.3 Effect of spray droplet size on spray drift (Ross and Lembi, 1985)
Droplet diameter Type of droplet Time to fall 3 m Distance (m) droplet travels in falling 3 m*
(p,m) in still air
Wind 1 mls Wind 3 mls Wind 5 mls
5 Fog 64 min 1953 5859 9765
57 s
10
1 16 min
44s
503 1509 2514

20 Mist 3 min 56 s 118 355 592

50 Fine spray 39.4 s 19.8 59.5 99
100 1 10.8 s 5.2 15.5 25.9
200 Coarse spray 3.9 s 2.0 5.9 9.9
400 2.0 s 1.0 3.0 5.0
600 1 1.7 s 0.8 2.5 4.2
1000 1.0 s 0.5 1.5 2.5
• Bold figures indicate droplets likely to evaporate before reaching the target. Anti-evaporants/non-volatile oils (Table
11.4) are added to reduce evaporation. It is normally recommended that spraying should not be undertaken at wind
speeds greater than 3 m/s; this is particularly important with smaller droplets.
370 Appendix II
be around 7 cP, allowing standardization on 160.,-----------------,
spay nozzles (H. M. Dobson, Natural
Resources Institute, UK, personal communi-
cation). However, the viscosity of different 140

120
'[
~ 120
110 c..
Q)
N
'(jj
100
a; 100
e-
:::1. 90
Q.
e
Cl Cl
~
c..
Q)
80 80
N
'(jj 70
a;
Q. 60+---.---~--"T""""-__,...--.--_l
e
Cl
60
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Speed (rpm)
50

40 Figure 11.5' Effect of disc speed on droplet size for a

typical spinning disc sprayer (Shell, 1987).
30
o 2 3 4 5 6 7
Flow rate (ml/sec) carriers varies enormously (Table 11.4);
Shellsol, or other light oils, have been added
Figure 11.3 Effect of liquid flow rate on droplet size to the more viscous materials. Despite this,
for a range of UL V applicators (Shell, 1987). currently available commercial insecticides
have wide viscosity ranges - H. M. Dobson
(personal communication) measured viscos-
ities ranging from 3-30 cP for UL V products
..... _ _ 2.0mm available in Kenya for locust and armyworm
2 4 ...~
',,,- 1.7 mm control. However, it should be noted that visc-
4-4~ osity also depends on other factors, such as
. .'4
. '~ 1.4 mm temperature (Table 11.4) and presence of
, ...
,
~
'~
.
,
1.0 mm

",",
4'4,-','Y.
particulate materials (the latter being non-
Newtonian in behaviour). For example,
with the Bacillus thuringiensis formulation
/1;,. ..........

'* Dip-88-EE, the pseudoplastic behaviour of

bacterial cells and other formulation ingredi-
ents results in lowering of viscosity at high
shear rates (Sundaram and Retnakaran,
1987).
0+----.-----r-----.-----,--.----.----1 Impaction and retention of droplets on the
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 target surface are described in section 2.2.2b.
Flow rate (ml/sec)
Important factors include terminal velocity of
the droplet, which is related to droplet size.
Figure 11.4 Relationship between viscosity of spray Small droplets with low terminal velocity
liquid and droplet size for four nozzles: Tubair XJ
1.0, 1.4, 1.7 and 2.0 (numbers are sizes of orifice in remain airborne for long periods (Table 11.3)
rom) (Shell, 1987). and may be carried by the airstream around
 Appendix II 371
Table 11.4 Density and viscosity of some ULV formulations and formulation carriers (R. P. Bateman,
personal communication)

Carrier Density (at 15°C) Apparent viscosity (cPY

(at 25°C, other temperatures
in brackets)
Deodorised kerosene 0.783 1.6
Shellsol T 0.756 1.4
Shellsol K 0.79 1.55
Isophorone 0.918 2.15
Diesel oil 0.844 7.2 (20°C)
Ethylene glycol 1.12 13.3
OdinaEL 0.869 31 (20°C), 14.3 (40 0c)
Risella EL 0.875 14.8 (40°C)
Isopar V 0.82 14.7 (25°C), 8.24 (40°C)
Isopar M 0.778 2.2 (20°C)
Corn oil 0.941 64 (20°C)
Actipron (Bayer) 0.879 75.3 (20°C)
Groundnut oil (Benin) 80 (20°C)
70% Shellsol K, 30% groundnut oil 0.875 8.4 (20°C)
50% Shellsol T, 50% Odina EL 0.802 5.9 (20°C)
Thiodan CO (25%, Hoechst) 1.03 11.8
Perfekthiom UL (40%, BASF) 1.05 2.75
Water 1.00 0.8
• Viscosity of Newtonian solutions measured either as kinematic viscosity (cSt) or as dynamic viscosity (cP). cSt = cP
divided by density. However, particulate suspensions are non-Newtonian and should not strictly be measured in terms
of kinetic or dynamic viscosity; therefore the term 'apparent viscosity' is used (Bateman, 1996).

large surfaces such as cotton leaves. They may
settle, however, on small-diameter targets
such as pine needles (Maas, 1971). Formula-
tion additives and carrier are also important
factors acting on retention (section 2.2.2b).
Droplets on the target surface will spread
(and penetrate) the surface at different rates.
The degree of spread depends on forces of
attraction between the molecules in the dro-
plet, droplet size, degree of wetting of the
target surface (influenced by carrier and pres-
ence of surfactants), and viscosity (influenced
by carrier and formulation additives). Dro-
plets of viscous formulations and/or those

Formulation additives Microorganism

e.g sunscreen particles

Contact areas Target surface

Figure 11.6 Contact angle and contact area of spray droplet on target surface (modified from Smith, 1993).
372 Appendix II

that do not wet the target surface will stand
proud of the surface with a large contact angle
and small area of contact (Fig. 11.6). These are
more effective for pick-up of contact-active
materials by an insect from a target surface.
Droplets with low contact angles and large
contact area are preferable for materials that
need to be spread as evenly as possible over
ated number of different-sized organisms that
can be contained within a range of droplet
sizes at a concentration of 5%. This does not
include the amount (percentage) of particul-
ate formulation materials in a spray, which
6
10 .,..----------------,

the surface, e.g. direct application of an organ- 5 1001/ha

10
ism to a susceptible host insect and organisms
that need to be eaten by the target host.
Contact angle (degree of spread) also influ- ,/
,/
,;'

ences persistence of the droplet and the ,/

microorganisms inside it - e.g. high contact

angles mean that additives (e.g. sunscreens)
are kept concentrated around the microorgan-
isms (Fig. 11.6).

11.3 INTERACTION OF DROPLET SIZE AND

PARTICULATE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
Beneficial organisms are particulate in nature 10 100 1000
and therefore for each application rate (e.g. Droplet size (11m)

number of organisms/ha; volume of suspen-

sion/ha) droplets will contain a certain num-
ber of organisms (Fig. 11.7).
With the less potent and the larger micro-
organisms, it may be physically impossible for
a droplet of a given size to contain an effective
dose (section 10.3). Table 11.5 gives the estim-
Figure 11.7 Theoretical number of microorganisms
per droplet for a ran§e of droplet sizes at an appli-
cation rate of 1 x 101 particles per ha. The shaded
area represents the optimum range of size and
number of particles based on Tables 11.2 and II.3
and potency ranges of most candidate beneficial
microorganisms.

Table 11.5 Number of organisms that can be accommodated in different drop sizes at an acceptable
viscosity (5% organism concentration)

Drop size (p,m) Drop volume (p,l) Organism size (p,m)

2 4 6 8 10

10 5.24 X 10- 7 6.25 0.78 0.23 0.1 0.05

20 4.19 x 10-6 50 6.25 1.85 0.78 0.4
40 3.35 x 10-5 400 50 15 6.25 3.2
60 1.13 x 10- 4 1350 169 50 21 10.8
80 2.68 x 10-4 3200 400 119 50 25.6
100 5.24 x 10-4 6250 781 231 97 50
150 1.77 x 10-3 21094 2636 781 330 168.75
250 8.18 x 10-3 97656 12207 3617 1526 781.25
500 6.55 x 10- 2 781250 97656 28935 12207 6250
1000 5.24 x 10- 1 6250000 781250 231481 97656 50000

may account for a further 5-15% volume, to
give a maximum of 20% particulate material.
Higher concentrations are likely to increase
viscosity of the spray to unacceptable levels.
With low concentrations of organisms and
small droplets the distribution of particles
amongst the droplets follows a Poisson
distribution. This means that a proportion of
the droplets may contain no particles at all
(Table 11.6). Products should be formulated
to give concentrations of particles high
enough to avoid large numbers of 'empty'
droplets.
Under field conditions, the majority of dro-
plets do not reach the target (section 2.2.2b).
Measurements of numbers of droplets on tar-
get sites in the field allow actual impact to be
predicted. For example, figures for the use of a
nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) to control
noctuid larvae on cotton are presented in
Table 11.7. The assumed dose rate is 1 x 1012
polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/ha. Spray
deposition data on cotton for two sprayers in
Egypt are used.
Barnett (1992) calculated the LD50 and
LD90 for neonate larva fed NPV to be 0.96
and 8.03 PIB, respectively. LDso values for
other noctuids, such as Spodoptera littoralis,
Appendix II 373
are in the range 1-10 PIB (e.g. Jones, 1988).
Thus a sufficient number of microorganisms
are reaching the target area for the product to
be effective in all positions except for the
lower canopy of the crop with the ULV
sprayer (Table 11.7). Similar calculations are
possible for varying dose rates, deposition
rates, droplet sizes and application volumes,
as well as for organisms of different potency.
For example, Jones (1988) calculated the mean
amount of infective S. littoralis NPV applied to
cotton leaves using a CP3 knapsack sprayer
fitted with upwardly directed nozzles. From
these figures, the mortality of first-instar lar-
vae was calculated and the degree of inactiva-
tion of virus over time (Table 11.8; Jones, 1988;
McKinley et al., 1989); from these data it is
possible to estimate the impact of virus
persistence on pest control. Notably, with the
higher volume spray the greatest mortality of
larvae would be obtained underneath leaves
in the lower canopy, where protection from
the sun is best (Table 11.8)/ but at ULV poor
droplet cover cancels this advantage
(Table 11.7). Data on degree of protection
from inactivation given by formulation addi-
tives could also be included in these estimates
Oones, 1988).

Table 11.6 Effect of application method (hydraulic flat fan, air blast sprayer and spinning disc) on number
of spores of the biofungicide Ampelomyces quisqualis per drop when applied at ca 1.25 x 1011 spores/ha
(Chapple and Bateman, 1987)

Sprayer* l!ha t percentage drops with percentage Amount Percentage Percentage

volume with with no drops> 1 drops
o spore 1 spore no sparest spores (I!ha) spore > 300p,m

2080-14 159 63.8 15.3 5.8 9.2 20.9 30.0

2080-16 242 66.2 14.6 5.4 13.1 19.2 50.3
2080-30 560 71.8 11.7 4.7 26.2 16.5 76.2
Airblast 250 95.6 3.9 57.1 142.7 0.5 0.0
Spinning disc§ 1.5 6.5 12.0 0.4 0.01 81.5 0.0
11.2 39.9 23.6 7.4 0.8 36.5 0.0
* Three hydraulic flat fan nozzles (Hardi International A/S, Denmark), under similar operating conditions, an orchard
air-blast sprayer, and a spinning disc sprayer (Ulva+, Micron Ltd, Bromyard, Hertfordshire, UK).
t Volume application rate under field operating conditions.
t Percentage of the applied drops containing no spores, by volume.
§ Volume application rate for spinning disc with oil was 1.51/ha and with water was 11.2 l/ha.
374 Appendix II

Table 11.7 Droplet cover of cotton by two different sprayers and estimated consumption of virus
polyhedral inclusion bodies by first instar larva of Heliothis spp. when applied at 1 x 1012 PIB/ha
(adapted from Topper, 1984; Barnett, 1992)

Application to Deposits and Upper canopy Lower canopy

cotton* amounts eaten
Upper leaf Lower leaf Upper leaf Lower leaf
surface surface surface surface

Upwardly Drops/cm t lea~ 165 88 199 73

directed LV Drops eaten/24h~ 12.5 6.6 15.1 5.5
sprayt Virus eatenl24h** 374 198 452 164
VLV fan-assisted Drops/cm t lea~ 67 50 7 0.6
sprayt Drops eaten/24h~ 5.1 3.8 0.5 0.04
Virus eatenl24 h** 172 87 11 1
* Cotton 42 cm high, windspeed 0.5 m/s.
t CP3 Knapsack sprayer (Cooper Pegler and Co. Ltd., Ashington, Northumberland, UK) and upwardly pointing TY3
nozzles (Spraying Systems Ltd., Godalming, Surrey, UK). Application rate, 120 I/ha. Flow rate (at 20 psi), 500 rnl/min.
VMD,190j.tm.
I Turbair Fox spinning disc, fan-assisted ULV sprayer (Turbair, Pan Britannica Industries Ltd, Waltham Cross, Herts,
UK). Application rate, 8.5 l/ha. Flow rate, 62 rnl/min. VMD, 72j.tm.
§ Mean values.
~ Barnett (1992) calculated that first instar noctuid larvae (Heliothis virescens) consumed 7.563 mm2 of leaf tissue in 24 h.
** Polyhedral inclusion bodies (rounded to nearest whole number).
Table 11.8 Estimated amount of infective Spodoptera littoralis NPV applied at low volume on different
regions of the cotton plant (McKinley et al., 1989)
Position on plant Infective virus (±SE) 48 Estimated mortality of
h after application* neonate larvae (%)
Upper canopy Upper leaf surface 4.1 ± 3.3 x 101 10.5
Lower leaf surface 5.7 ± 3.2 x lQ2 61.0
Lower canopy Upper leaf surface 7.7 ± 0.7 x 1Q2 69.0
Lower leaf surface 3.4 ± 0.8 x 103 87.5
* Application rate,S x 1012 PIB/ha in 120 I water. Mean infective virus at application was 3.85 x 103 PIB/cm2 on the
upper canopy, lower leaf surface, where most neonate larvae feed, which would cause 92.5% mortality of neonate
larvae. Estimated inactivation is for an unformulated, purified virus suspension; the effect of growth dilution of the
plant is not included.

REFERENCES biological insecticides. OIBC/WPRS Bull. 19,

Barnett, A. L. (1992) An investigation into the
encounter of a baculovirus deposit on a cotton
leaf surface by Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) larvae, MSc thesis, University of
London.
Bateman, R. P. (1991) Controlled droplet applica-
tion of mycopesticides to locusts, in Biological
Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers (eds C. Lomer
and C. Prior), CAB International, Wallingford,
pp.249-54.
Bateman, R. (1996) Formulation strategies appro-
priate in the ultra-low volume application of
29-34.
Bateman, R. (in press) Delivery systems and
protocols for biopesticides, in Biopesticides: Use
and Delivery, Humana Press, Towota, New
Jersey.
Chapple, A. C. and Bateman, R. P. (1997) Applica-
tion systems for microbial pesticides: necessity
not novelty, in Microbial Insecticides: Novelty or
Necessity? Symposium Proceedings No. 68 (ed.
H. F. Evans), British Crop Protection Council,
Farnham, pp. 181-90.
Jones, K. A. (1988) Studies on the persistence of
Spodoptera littoralis nuclear polyhedrosis virus
 Appendix II 375
on cotton in Egypt, PhD thesis, University of Shell (1987) Hand-held ULV Insecticide Spraying: A
Reading. Shell Pocket Guide 1987, Shell, Sittingbourne.
Maas, W. (1971) ULV Application and Formulation Smith, A. (1993) Adjuvants in Crop Protection,
Techniques, N. V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, Agrow Report DS86, PJB Publications, Rich-
Eindhoven. mond.
Matthews, G. A. (1992) Pesticide Application Meth- Sundaram, A. and Retnakaran, A. (1987) Influence
ods, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow. of formulation properties on droplet size spectra
McKinley, D. J., Moawad, G. M., Jones, K. A. et at. and ground deposits of aerially-applied pesti-
(1989) The development of nuclear polyhedrosis ..- -cides. Pestic. Sci. 20,241-57.
virus for the control of Spodoptera littoralis Topper, C. P. (1984) Report on the Research and Devel-
(Boisd.) in cotton, in Pest Management in Cotton opment of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ofSpodoptera
(eds M. B. Green and D. J. de B. Lyon), Ellis littoralis (Boisd.) 1979-1983, Vol. 2, Department
Horwood, Chichester, pp. 93-100. for International Development, London.
Ross, M. A. and Lembi, C. A. (1985) Applied Weed
Science, Macmillan, New York.
APPENDIX III: GLOSSARY (including list
of product and additive types)
H. Denis Burges
The objective of this glossary is to list product
and additive types and to define specialist
meanings intended in this book, including
some terms and units in relation to organism
formulation. The terminology and codes for
product types are those recommended for
chemical pesticides by the Global Crop Pro-
tection Federation (GCPF, formerly GIFAP).
There is merit in using this global system to
standardize terms adopted for microbials
worldwide. To help foster this objective, all
potentially relevant GCPF terms have been
included, even though some of the product
types have not yet been used for microbials.
The stems of some words are indicated by
vertical lines, and '" denotes repetition of the
word or its stem. Some key information is
included with the definitions, also cross-
references are given to chapter sections in
which confused areas are discussed.
abaxial leaf surface = lower leaf surface Sur-
face facing away from the stem during early
development.
absorb Incorporate; '" ance log intensity of
incident or transmitted radiation (not used in
this book, see absorptance); ",ent having a
tendency to absorb, substance that absorbs;
absorptance measure of ability to absorb
radiation, ratio of ability to absorb incident
flux (formerly absorptivity).
acervuli us, '" i (pI.) Dense, cushion-like, fun-
gal mass of conidiophores and conidia. Inside
a host, it is covered by host tissue which rup-
tures at maturity.
adaxial leaf surface = upper leaf surface Sur-
face facing towards the stem during early
development.
additive = fonnulant Non-pesticidal ingredi-
ent added to a formulation for a specific pur-
pose to improve application, persistence, etc.
May be incorporated in a product or added to
a tank mix.
adhesive 1. See sticker. 2. Class of substances
used for sticking.
adjuvant Has many definitions. Regarded for
this book only as a proprietary additive,
marketed specially for microbial products or
commonly used with them to improve ap-
plication, persistence, etc. Has no pesticidal
activity.
adsorption Attraction of ions or compounds
to the surface of a solid.
agglomeration Size increase by particle colli-
sion and adhesion (section 7.7.3a).
anhydrobiotic organisms Able to survive
extreme desiccation.
appressori I urn. '" a (pI.) Swollen hyphal
structure produced by recently germinated
fungal spore to penetrate the host's surface
layers.
378 Appendix III
arthrospore Asexual spore. A type of coni-
dium resulting from hyphal fragmentation.
attapulgite A clay with pseudo-layer forma-
tion that prevents swelling in water.
bait Forms: AB grain ""'; BB block ""'; CB "'"
concentrate, for dilution; GB granular ""'; PB
plate bait; RB ready to use ""', 5B scrap "'.
bar = atmosphere Average air pressure at sea
level, 100 kPa, 1023 cm of water, 760 mm Hg,
14.7Ib/in2 .
binder 1. Liquid fixing organisms and addit-
ives to carrier or seed. 2. Holds formulated
product together into aggregates.
blastospore Thin-walled element budded
yeastwise off mycelium in haemocoel and
liquid culture. = hyphal body (quoted in this
book if used by a cited author). Typically lar-
ger, thinner-walled and probably less envir-
onmentally resistant than the conidium of the
same species. More variable in shape and size
and produced by a different morphological
process to a conidium.
briquette, BR Solid block designed for con-
trolled release of organisms into water.
bulking agent see carrier.
capsule 1. Solid or liquid surrounded by a
protective membrane, cf. granule (section
3.3.1). 2. See occlusion body of a virus.
carrier = bulking agent, diluent, filler, vehi-
cle Inert ingredient to hold or dilute organ-
isms to desired concentration and improve
coverage and distribution. If dry, has low
absorption but absorbs binder, free-flowing.
Often forms main bulk of a product. Hydro-
philic for aqueous sprays.
carry Distance downstream to which blackfly
control is nearly 100% effective (section 3.6,
3.7.3).
chelating agent Inorganic complex which
combines with unwanted ions. Used to treat
heavy metal poisoning, e.g. EDTA for lead
poisoning.
chlamydospore Asexual, single-celled, fungal
spore formed by contraction of the protoplast
of part of an existing cell and secretion of a
thick wall, often impregnated with hydropho-
bic material. Main function in nature is long-
term survival, not dissemination.
clay Fine-grained crystalline hydrous silic-
ates.
coacervation Reversible aggregation.
compaction Granule formation by applying
pressure to particles (section 7.7.3c).
conidi I urn "",a (pI.) = condiospore. Asexual,
non-motile fungal spore, produced by a vari-
ety of processes and structures, e.g. a distinct-
ive phialide. Typically formed aerially on
solid media; formed in liquids singly in a
few species; cf. blastospore, pycnidiospore.
contaminant Unintended microbe in a
product; "'" suppressant additive to suppress
its growth.
cosmetic sunscreen Sunscreen used in the
cosmetics industry.
critical micelle concentration Concentration
that provides a monomolecular surface cover
to a drop.
Dalton's law of partial pressures Partial pres-
sure of a gas in a mixture is the pressure it
would exert if it occupied the same volume
alone at the same temperature.
delta endotoxin = S '" Proteinous toxin in
crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaer-
icus.
desiccant Water absorber that dries a product
at harvest.
diluent see carrier.
dispers I ant 1. Neutralizes the attractive
interaction of like particles, maintaining
them in uniform suspension in liquids; can
act as wetter, deflocculant; "'ibility time that
particles remain without settling in water or
oil. 2. Additive that promotes release of
organisms from product after application.
dispersible concentrate DC Liquid, homo-
genous formulation applied as a dispersion of
solids (for the purposes of this book) in water.

dormancy State of extremely reduced activity;
constitutive '" endogenous constraints not
overcome simply by conditions suitable for
growth; exogenous environmentally
imposed by withholding conditions suitable
for growth or by the presence of inhibitors,
growth being resumed on return of good con-
ditions and/ or removal of inhibitors.
dust see powder.
emulsifier Surfactant used with oil, see wet-
ter.
end-use container Container for product on
sale; '" product product on sale.
epigeal Growing above ground.
feeding I attractant Volatile material that
attracts an animal to feed; '" stimulant mater-
ial that stimulates feeding; '" preference food
preferred to others given a choice, may be a
combined result of attractants and stimul-
ants, may be an indirect effect by acting as a
preservative of materials in a mixture, an arti-
ficial food mix may be preferred to foliage of
the natural host plants.
filler See carrier.
flowable product Suspension of particles in
complex liquid, emulsifiable for water sprays
but not (OF) for oil. Often synonymous with
SC suspension concentrate. SU ~ ready for
use through ULV equipment. FS ~ for seed
treatment.
formul I ate Mix ingredients (= "'ants) to aid
organism preservation, storage, application to
target, survival and activity. "'ation =
product.
free-flow agent Additive that improves the
flow of a powder.
free radical Radical capable of independent
existence, containing one or more unpaired
electrons, sometimes highly reactive.
fungistasis Inhibited growth of fungi.
gel I ant Additive that forms a gel; "'ation
gelling by lowering temperature or by a che-
mical reaction (section 7.7.3d).
Appendix III 379
granulating All types of size enlargement
(section 7.7.3).
granule, GR 1. Free-flowing solid product.
MG micro'" 0.1-Q.6mm diameter. FG fine ~
0.3-2. 5 mm. GG macro", 2-6 mm. WG water-
dispersible '" designed to disintegrate
rapidly in spray water. Fabricated ~ pro-
cessed into a hard aggregate, can have uni-
form shape. See also capsule. Sections 3.3.1,
7.5.3 and 7.5.3a. 2. Single grain of starch
(starch chemistry term).
growth retardant = ~ suppressant Additive
at concentrations that suppress further
growth of organisms while they are in a
product; its effects are later diluted out at
application to non-suppressing levels.
humectant Additive that increases the moist-
ure content of a product by absorbing water
from the air.
hydathode Specialized structure that actively
exudes water from plants.
hyphal body see blastospore.
Hyphomycetes Used in preference to the
alternative 'Fungi Imperfecti', 'Deuteromyco-
tina' or the new 'mitosporic fungi'.
induration Harden. Agglomeration with
heating to soften surface ingredients (section
7.7.3b).
inocull ant Formulated or unformulated bio-
logical product applied to a target; ",um for
the purpose of this book, initial 'seed' organ-
isms used to start a culture, often for mass
production.
inversion Where air temperature rises as alti-
tude increases, i.e. reversal of usual tempera-
ture decrease with altitude.
invert emulsion Water-in-oil emulsion.
marumerizer Machine for rounding irregu-
larly shaped particles into spheres (descrip-
tion, section 7.7.3c).
matrix Mass formed by a gelling process
entrapping active ingredient, leaving some
exposed on the surface; specialized meaning
for the purpose of this book.
380 Appendix III
microbead = microcapsule.
mil 0.001 inch
monomolecular layer = monolayer Sub-
stance spreading on the surface of water into
a layer only one molecule thick.
mycorrhiz Ia, "'ae (pI.) Symbiotic organisms
in plant roots. May assist uptake of nitrogen
and other nutrients by roots and may ramify
into the rhizosphere.
nictation Searching to-and-fro body move-
ment of infective nematode larva standing
on its tail.
occlusion body Survival stage of baculovirus
with virions embedded in protein matrix, =
polyhedral inclusion body (polyhedrosis), =
capsule (granulosis).
optical brightener Brightening agent (often
added to textiles) that increases the brightness
of a material by reflecting some incoming
ultraviolet radiation after conversion to vis-
ible light.
osmoconditioning Technique for increasing
the moisture content of seed.
partial pressure see Dalton's law of '"
pellet Solid product> ca 6 mm diameter for
rapid (e.g. fizzy) or slow release of organisms
in water; also called tablet, TB.
pesta Granule made by an extrusion process
similar to that for pasta.
phagostimulant = feeding stimulant.
phase inversion temperature Temperature at
which the hydrophilic and lipophilic tenden-
cies of emulsifiers balance causing a dramatic
change in viscosity.
plasticizer Maintains flexibility and adhesive
power.
polyhedral inclusion body see occlusion
body.
powder types: DP dustable '" free flowing;
OS '" to apply dry to seed; GP flo dust, very
fine for pneumatic dusting; WP wettable'" to
apply as suspension in water.
pre-gennination of fungus spores Germina-
tion of spores before application.
prill Granules solidified when drops of liquid
holding organisms are dripped into a reacting
liquid.
product Mixture formed by formulation for
packaging.
pseudoplasticity Low viscosity and excellent
flow under high shear, but elevated viscosity
at rest. After emission, droplets tend to coar-
sen, reducing spray mist, giving narrower,
more uniform spray pattern and good drift
control.
pycnidiospore Conidium formed in a pycni-
dium, a minute flask-shaped fungal fruiting
body, lined internally with conidiophores and
having an apical hole; cf. conidium.
relative humidity Ratio of vapour pressure in
air to the saturation vapour pressure of water
at the same temperature; see water activity.
rhizosphere Zone of soil in the immediate
vicinity of an active root, characterized by a
microbial flora different (more active, more
numerous and more diverse) than that in the
bulk soil.
sclerotium, micro'" Long-term survival stage
of fungus comprising compact, hyphal aggre-
gate, with a differentiated rind, usually
melanized.
seed I covering, PS 1. Filmcoating '" process
applying uniform dust-free, thin, water-
permeable membrane; 2. "'coating light
cover to improve handling, ca O. 1-2-fold
weight increase; 3. ",-pelleting encasing in
spherical mass for precision drilling, ca 2-
50-fold increase.
seedpiece Piece of potato tuber cut to a size
suitable for planting.
semiochemical Chemical produced by an ani-
mal and used in communication, e.g. phero-
mone, allomone.
siderophore Low molecular-weight, iron-
chelating molecule.

singulate Separate into units containing one
seed or other object.
sorption Absorptance and adsorption con-
sidered jointly.
spermosphere Zone of soil in the immediate
vicinity of a seed.
spreader Additive that improves the spread
of a spray over a plant surface by lowering
surface tension.
stabilizer 1. Additive that maintains the viab-
ility and activity of organisms in a product; 2.
= suspender.
sticker See also adhesive Additive used to
adhere organisms to foliage and seeds.
sunscreen used in wide sense, additive to
prevent/alleviate damage due to sunlight.
sunscreen protection factor Ratio of radiation
dosage required to cause a given degree of
damage on sunscreen-protected material to
that required on unprotected material.
surfactant See emulsifier, wetter.
suspender See also stabilizer; additive that
maintains in suspension solid particles in a
spray/powder in a spray tank/hopper.
suspension concentrate, SC See flowable.
suspo-emulsion, SE See flowable.
synergist Additive, which increases the activ-
ity of organisms but, when used alone, is
inactive or only slightly active. Often used in
this book in the broadest sense, even includ-
ing additive action.
tablet See pellet.
technical I material, TC, '" concentrate, TK
Active ingredient, associated impurities and
Appendix III 381
small amounts of necessary additives result-
ing from a manufacturing process.
thickener Additive that increases the viscos-
ity of a product.
thixotropic In a gel state when stationary,
rapidly converting to a flowable when agit-
ated.
tracer dye Dye added to a spray to reveal the
extent of the deposit left on foliage and
insects, often ultraviolet fluorescent.
vehicle See carrier.
vermiculite Spongy mineral silicate able to
hold up to 20% w /w spores without a binder.
water activity (a w ) = water vapour activity
Partial vapour pressure of product (p) divided
by that of water (Po)
aw = p/po
Germination of fungus spores and growth of
bacteria inhibited at aw < 0.7--0.8. Illustrates
the availability of water to organisms. Equ-
ivalent to soil water potential. Interchange-
able with relative humidity in that it gives
the equilibrium value of a material with a
particular relative humidity. See section 4.2
for discussion.
water availability Closely related to water
activity. See section 4.2.
water potential of soil = water activity Has
two components, soil matric potential + soil
osmotic potential. See water activity.
wetter surfactant used with water, d. emuls-
ifier. Improves mixing of a product with a
liquid. Reduces surface tension. Improves
spread of a spray over a plant surface.
INDEX
Page numbers appearing in bold
refer to figures; page numbers
appearing in italics refer to tables.
Aatara 430 269, 338
abamectin 107
abrasion 59,79, 81, 259, 274
absorbents 20,68-72,75,227
naturally occurring 76
see also individual compounds
absorptance 377
absorption of substrate 237
Abuti/on theophrasti, see velvetleaf
acacia, see gums
Acarina 108
accession numbers 318
Accurel Powder 93, 341
AC-Dl-SOL 249,338,341
acephate 65, 302
acervuli 225,377
acetamide 79, 82, 85, 350
acetamide-{3-mercaptoethylamine,
seeAMEA
acetone 345
acetylenic diol 346
acetylenic surfactant 52, 57
Acetylenic surfactant 5485 57
acids, synergistic 81-2
Aclarat 8678 71, 359
Acremonium diospyri 203
Acriflavin 69,74,355
acrylamide polymer 94
acrylic acid 94
acrylic polymer 60-1, 347, 349
acrylics 347
Acrylocoat 60-1,347
actinomycetes 193,272,347
Actipron 46, 141,336, 347, 350,
371
Activate 9-0 217
activators 49, 249-50
active ingredients
interaction with droplet size
372-4
nature of 312-13, 313-16
activity measures 320
acylamines 82
additives 18, 55--86
catalogue of 333-6
combining 211,216,259,315,322,
324
concentrations of 322
cost of 101,317-18
definition of 204, 377
food grade 324
functions of 333-362
harmful to biocontrol agents 103
hazard categories for 103
hygroscopic 55, 146
in insect control
formulations 102-4
interactions with pathogens 78-9,
213
for land use, trends in 102-4
multifunctional 97-8,105,328
neutralizing 55
new 109,176,331
nomenclature for 333-362
nutrient 140
see also nutrients
properties of 333-362
selective, to extend host
range 219
separation of 261
in soil formulations 247-50
suppliers of 363-5
synergistic 210-16
toxicity of 210-16
types of 377-381
units of quantification for 56
in water 162, 163, 164
see also individual additives
ade:1ine 68,360
adherence 136, 137, 259, 269, 315,
331
adhesives 92, 377
see also stickers
adipic acid 249, 341
adjuvants 62, 217, 319
commercial, compared 63
definition of 204, 377
spray 39
see also additives
adsorption 174,377
Aedes 87-9, 87, 91, 94, 96, 106
Aedes aegypti 88, 96
Aedes albopictus 93
Aedes vexans 95
aeration during fermentation 207
aerosols 18, 210, 368
generator 13
Aeschynomene virginica, see northern
jointvetch
aesculin 70
aftercare of organisms 322-6
agar 63,238-9,239,352
slanted 239
see also individual agars
Ageless, Type Z 257, 353
Agaricus spp. 190
agglomeration 93, 246, 251, 377
agitation 313,314, 319
Agra157, 211, 345
Agrobacterium 54,198
Agrobacterium radiobacter 190,193
Agrobacterium tumefaciens 190
Agro-Lig 194,264,276,338
Agropyron cristatum, see crested
wheatgrass
Agrotis spp., see cutworms
Agrotis ipsilon, see cutworms, black
Agrotis segetum, see turnip moth
aircraft 40, 155, 159, 169, 226, 274,
277
au-drying 40,155,159,169,226,
274,277
au-seeding 260
AL products 57, 345
alanine 80,350
albumin 76,360
see also egg albumen
Alcaligenes 54
Alcian Blue 8GX 69, 355
alcohol ethoxylate 345
alcohols 94
alkoxylated 147
alphatic 94
Alcosorb AB3 273,338,341
aldehyde, cross-linking 92
alder, red 203
alder bark 197,338
384 Index
alfalfa 137, 139, 189, 242, 260, 268,
270
see also lucerne
algae 86, 107
algal polysaccharide 262
alginate 44, 338
in humectants 342, 362
in microbial herbicides 215-16,
220
in mycoinsecticides 142, 151
in plant-disease
formulations 195-7
in seed formulations 267, 275
in soil applications 245, 247, 249
in stickers/spreaders 348
see also calcium alginate; sodium
alginate
alginate beads/granules/
pellets 208, 223, 224-5, 224,
227,245,249
alginate gelation 252
alginate prill 188,195-6,198,262
alginic acids 215, 215,216, 249,341,
347
alkalis 79
alkalinity, leaf surface 66
alkanes 353
alkylarylpolyoxyethylene
glycols 217
alkylarylsulphonates 24
alkylbenzene sulphonate 346
alkyl phenols 57,345
alkylphenol ethoxylate 347, 348
alkylpolyethoxyethanol 217
alkyl sulphates 346
alkyl sulphonated alkylate 348
alkyl sulphonates 24
allantoin 71, 360
allelochemicals 62, 78, 101, 103,
328
inleaves 55,66,84,324
almond 189
almond hulls 350
almond oil 161
Alnus rubra, see alder, red
Alphacel 337
alpha-tocopherol, see tocopherol
Alternaria 190, 214, 216, 242
Alternaria brassicicola 190,193,273
Alternaria cassiae 217,219,220,221,
225,226
Alternaria crassa 217,219,220,225
Alternaria macrospora 217,219,224
Alternaria raphani 273
Altox products 24, 58
aluminium carboxymethylcellulose
(CMC) 96
aluminium powder 72, 359
aluminium silicate 249, 341
aluminium sulphate 96, 340 Aphanomyces cochlioides 274
amberlite 249, 341 aphids 133,135,140,173,331
AMEA 214, 214, 341, 343 apple 61,62,75,189,193,265,346
amides 80 larvae on 41
amine ethoxylate, tallow 345 apple pomace 350
amine stearate 345 application methods 10-19,314-15
amino acids 54, 68, 75, 76, 80, 207, aerial 14,18,100,104,319
322,343,350-2,360-1 against mosquitoes 90, 91
balance of 79 of mycoinsecticides 139,172
p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 68, of nematode formulations 299,
360 306
p-aminosalicylic acid 82, 350 costs of 50
ammonia 24 effects on spore numbers 373
ammonium benzoate 83, 350 efficiency limits of 327
ammonium hydrogen equipment 11, 12-15
phosphate 81, 85, 350 on foliage 210
ammonium ion 338 integration with formulation
ammonium salts 350 205
ammonium secretion 86 for nematodes 299-300, 300-5,
ammonium sulphate 158 301
ammonium thiosulphate 81, 350 on-farm 271
Amoeba 151 problems of 8
Ampelomyces quisqualis (powdery for soilborne crop diseases
mildew) 188,373 189-92
amylase 83 trends/future research into
amyl-dimethyl-p-aminobenzoic 172-4,322-6
acid 68,360 see also sprays; sprayers
amylopectin 43 application parameters/rates
amylose 43,249,339,341 367-9,368,374
anaerobiosis 162, 322 see also sprays
annual bluegrass 218 appressoria
Anoda cristata, see spurred anoda adhesion of 207
Anomala schoenfeldti 304 chemical herbicides and 325
Anopheles 87-9, 87, 96, 106, 152 definition of 377
Anopheles albimanus 95 herbicide formulation effects
Anopheles gambiae 92 on 211-216, 214, 215, 217,
Anopheles stephensi 96 223
antagonism 21, 86, 237, 322 Apron 193
antagonists 195, 199,329 apterin 360
antibacterials 322, 353--4 AQlO Biofungicide 188, 189
antibiotics 10, 50, 248, 265, 290, 291, aquatic environments
322,330,353--4 problems of 87-9
in virus production 38 target insects in 87-9,100, 152
Anticarsia gemmatalis 40, 41 aquatic plants, submerged 225
anti-desiccants 152, 221, 224 Arachis oil 46, 51, 55, 57-8, 336
anti-evaporants 18, 45, 47, 100, 315, Archips pomoneUa 41, 75
336,351,369 arginine 79, 80, 84, 85, 197,353
anti-feedants 85, 173 Arlacel "C" 57, 345
antifoam agents 23,171,314,353 Armillaria 191
antifungal preservatives 354 armyworms 41,57, 103,370
Anti-Fungus, see Bio-Fungus aromatics 160, 347
antimicrobials 21,78,314 Arosurf 97, 106, 109
see also preservatives Artemia salina 247
antioxidants 9, 73, 74, 77, 157, 159, Arthrobacter 198
160,165,322,327,350,353--4, arthrospores 207,378
360-1 Aschersonia 133
anti-transpirant wax emulsion 345 Aschersonia aleyrodis 153, 156
ants 21,151-2,343,349 Aschersonia placenta 147,347
Aphanomyces 193 Ascochyta pteridis 214,215
 Index 385
ascorbic acid 55, 73, 75, 79, 82, 164, autoencapsulation 53-4 transgenic plants and 86, 270
165, 350, 353, 360 biology 35 UV-resistant mutant 76,330
ascospores 193,274 broth 37 vegetative cells 98, 100
ash 45,46 carriers 336-40 viscosity 370
asparagine 79, 80, 350 chemical insecticides and 312 in water bodies, see B.t. israelensis
asparagus 190 compatibility 56, 302 water-based flowable
aspartic acid 80, 350 concentration 100 concentrate 48
aspen 78 crystal toxin 18, 21, 35 wettable powders 51-3,91
Aspergillus 190 acid/ alkali effects on 77, 78 wetters and 56,57-8, 345-7
Aspergillus flavus 196, 350, 351 density of 91 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
Aspergillus niger cinnamomeus 143 enzymatic breakdown 98 87-97
Aspire 188, 189 as feeding inhibitor 17, 62, 109, gamma irradiated 106
Assist 211, 336 313 granules 91, 92, 94
aster, Chinese 194,275 inactivation of 67 photoresistant 330
Astrazone Orange/Yellow 69 mode of action 35, 323 potency 37
asulam 214 decontamination, high toxin gene transfer 107
Atlox products 57, 345 pressure 40 Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki 49, 84,
atomization 251, 259 deterioration 54 107
atomizer, rotary 37,49 dispersible concentrate 48 flowable concentrate 49
Atplus products 57, 345 dormancy 323 potency 37
Attaclay products 154, 337 in dry baits 42 shelf-life 55
attapulgite clay 39, 142, 150, 153, in dusts 42, 42, 43 wettable powder 91
154,197,295,337,378 ecology 35 Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis 64
attractiveness of target 315 emulsions 90,96 bacteria
autoclaving, see sterilization encapsulation 26, 95, 103, 105 deterioration of 54
autoencapsulation 53, 67 evaporation rates 18 Gram negative/positive 248,273,
Autographa californica NPV 54 fermentation 36-8 318
autointoxication 321, 326 formulation and physical humidity /water requirements
autolysis 55 properties 341-4 of 20
aviation fuel 159 granules 51-3,91,92,94 long-term survival form of 198
Avicel 246,249,337,341 half-life 67 as pathogens 35
a w , see water activity as irritant 331 phylloplane 54
axillary buds 209, 213 microcapsules 101 as plant disease formulations 193
Azocarmine 69, 355 nematodes and 304 in seed applications 272-3,259,
Azospirillum 236, 237, 243 oils and 46, 51 262,265
Azotobacter 236,237 phagostimulants and 63-4,199, soil 240,241, 242, 248
Azotobacter vinelandii alginate 195 328,350-2 symbiotic 290, 291
azygospores 158 plant extracts and 21 vegetative 147
potency 37 wettable powders 95
Bacillus 236, 237, 242, 245, 261 preservation technology 322 see also Bacillus spp.
see also particles production of 36-9 bactericides 80
Bacillus megaterium 54 rain effects 59, 61 bacteriostatic action 354
Bacillus popilliae 42 sales, worldwide 35 preservative 354
Bacillus sphaericus 35, 50, 54, 106 shelf-life 52,55,99 Bactimos 93, 96
carriers for 340 sprays 48-51 baculovirus 35, 35, 46
in granules 92, 94 adjuvants 350-3 adherence 331
in pellets 93 in spruce budworm control alkaline damage to 77
pH in storage of 98 49-50,50 autointoxication by fats 321
prill 96 stability of toxin 35 bacterial invasion 38
sunlight and 89, 106 stabilizers 350-3 cell culture 38
wetters for 57-8, 345 standardization 321 contaminants in formulation 10
Bacillus subtilis 54,190,191,193,194 stickers 60-1,62,347-9 deterioration of 54
as seed treatment 264, 272-3, 278, sunlight and 67, 74, 89 dual infection 322
279 sunscreens 68-73,355-62 encapsulation 53
Bacillus thuringiensis 3,49,242 surfactants 345-7 inactivation by plant extracts 21
aerial application 18 synergists 79,80-3,85,350-2 in vivo production 38, 39
agitation 313 tank mixes 65-6 lethal dose 101
in agriculture/forestry, see B.t. technical material, costs of 317 microfiltration 40
kurstaki; B.t. tenebrionis toxin gene transfer 106-8 mode of action 35
386 Index
baculovirus (cont.) in baits 151 berberine, alkaloid 76
non-occluded 108 calcium and 173 berberine sulphate 355
photoinactivation of 67, 74 on leaf 139 Bevaloid products 37, 48, 52, 58,
production of 38-40 in oil 137-8, 159, 161 157,341
specificity 328 persistence 147 bicarbonates 20, 248
stability 52 rainfall and 146 Binab-T 188, 189
sunscreens and 331 stored in water 162, 166 binders 10,23,52,194,246,249,258,
surfactants 56 in submerged culture 170 261,324,341-4
suspension 25 sunlight on 142, 143, 144-5 definition of 378
temperature effects 53 young culture slow-release 360
UV exposure effects 329 germination 172 see also individual compounds
see also CPV; GV; NPV; occlusion dispersants 341 bioassays 279
bodies; viruses dusts 142, 152 Bio-Blast 135,155
bags endophytic growth in com 148 biochromes 76
autoclavable 168 flowables 141 bioencapsulation 105
fermentation 167, 168, 169, 175 fungicide effects on 148 Biofilm 57,60-1,345,347
growing 168-9 granules 150 Biofox C 188, 189
paper seed 248 growth in sterilized soil 150 Bio-Fungus 188, 189
plastic heat-sealable 239,243 hosts 133 BioMal 218, 242
water-soluble 218 nematodes and 304 biopolymers, polycationic 54
see also fermentation nutrients 353 BioSafe 246
Bairoisa-kamikiri 135 pellets 142 Bio-Save products 189,193
baits 21,63, 174, 303, 306, 325, 328, shelf-life 153, 155 Biotrol2 44
354 sunscreens 362 Bio-veg 211, 336
bacterial concentration in 95 survival 155, 156, 157, 165 Bipolaris sorghicola 219
dry 42, 64, 67 Beauveria brongnMrtii 135, 147, 150, bis-benzoxalate ethylene 358
fungal applications 151-2 158 bituminous coal 273,276,338
granules 99 Bedding technique 291 Bivert 46, 47, 336, 341
liquid 301 bee, honey 138 Blachere process 158
mosquito 95 bee-comb 41 black cherry 223
pellets 95, 300, 301 Beeconmist 65 blackfly (Simulium spp.) 19,35,87,
see also attractants; individual beeswax 56, 57 88,106,109
pathogens beet armyworm 300,304 mode of feeding 87
baking powder 93 beetles 35,138 oil effects on 95, 104
banana weevil 301, 303 see also scarabs particle size, ideal 89
bark 197,362 Bemesia tabaci, see whitefly virus and 105
barley 150, 189, 191 benazolin 212 black nightshade 219
Barnet clay 337 beneficial organisms 2 black scurf 276
barnyard grass 213 carriers 336-40 Blankophor products 66, 77, 82, 84,
barriers, plant physical/ dispersants 347 143,144,359
chemical 206 lubricants 342-4, 352 blastospores
basil 188,190 nutrients 353-4 antioxidants for 350, 353
batches soil applications 235-53 binders for 342, 351
basis 260 synergists 350, 351 carriers for 336, 339
machines 258 benefiting mechanisms 237, 237 definition of 378
size 259 Benlate 302 desiccation, tolerance of 171
Bathurst burr 218, 221 benomyl 43, 302 dimorphism 207
Baysilicone E 171,353 bentazone 212 formulations 170
beading 315 Bentone 38 49, 154, 341, 343 in oil 152
beans 189,191,194,264,272 bentonite 22,70,150,152,154,197, germination 132
BeauverM 135,149,236 225,262,262,268,337 hydrophilic 170
Beauveria bassiana Bentonite GO-ll 154,337 production 135
blastospores 133,151,155,171 benzalkonium chloride 50, 353 stability 164
carriers 339, 350 benzilidene sulphonic acid 68, 76, stabilizers 353-4
colony spread 150 355 sunscreens 360
conidia/spores 132,133,138 Benzopurpurin 4B 69,355 survival 155, 158, 163, 164, 171
annular aggregation of spray 2-(2-H-benzotriasol-2-yl)-4- virulence 164
deposit 145 methylphenone, see Tinuvin P yield 171
in aqueous spray 139, 149 benzyl cinnamate 68,144,355 see also individual species
 Index 387
blastospores (eont.) butyldodeclyamine carbofuran 148
Blatella spp., see cockroach hydrochloride 57, 345 carbon 70, 76,77, 150, 171, 197,207
blenders 92, 196, 220, 226 butyl-methoxydibenzoyl as UV blocker 146
ribbon 22 methane 358 high porosity activated 362
BlightBan A506 189, 193 -y-butyrolactone 161, 339 carbon black 70, 77, 362
Blissus leueopterus, see cinch bug carbon dioxide 158, 169, 175, 249,
blockages, see nozzles; screens cabbage 41,59,60,191,304 322
blood, dried 46,65 Chinese 141 carbon: nitrogen ratio 197,207
blotch 193 pests of 41, 42, 57 carbonates 20, 248
blowflies 108 cabbage looper 304 Carboset 60,62,347
blowfly faeces 362 Cab-O-Sil 97,249,341,343 carboxymethylcellulose 47,65,96,
Blue Circle 189 cadavers, insect 34,38,42, 133, 139, 194,269,274,276,341,347
bollworms 41, 65 147, 150, 155, 156, 168, 170, 321 cardboard bands 301
pink 63 caffeine 79,82,350 Cargill Insecticide Base
Bombyx mori, see silkworm caking 10,22,23, 36, 97, 167, 169, Concentrate 47, 57, 60, 341,
Bond 60, 62, 65, 66, 347 242,313,314 345
borax 81,84,85,350 calcium 20 carnation 188,189,190
boric acid 79,81,85,249,341, 350 calcium acetate 82 carrageenan 245,338,341
Botryosphaena 191 calcium alginate 21,154,195-6,292, K- 247,249,252
Botrytis spp. 188, 189, 190, 193 293, 294, 294, 295, 297, 298, Carrier 038 65, 336
Botrytis cinerea 189, 191 301,338 carriers 197-8,216,242-3,247,
bounce-off 49 calcium carbonate 79,81,85,167, 336-40
Boverin 135 168, 267, 270, 270, 337, 350 bulky 223,251
bovine serum albumin 155, 360 see also lime; limestone density of 371
BP products 46,336 calcium chloride 44, 53, 61, 64, 70, heavy core 92
bracken 214,215 153,154,158,173,195,195-6, hydrophilic 218
Bradyrhizobium japonicum 262, 268, 224,341 hydrophobic 152
269 calcium gluconate 195-6,196,262, inert 22
bran 21,36,63,67,151,227,275, 262,341 local 42
338,350 calcium hydroxide 81 seed application 266--8
prills 274 calcium ions 38,79, 173 shelf-life and 155
brassicas 41 calcium montmorillonite 151,269, soft 22
seed 257, 260 337 as sunscreens 143
Brightener 28 82 calcium nitrate 81 viscosity of 370, 371
Brilliant Sulfoflavine 355 calcium oxide 79,81,85 carrier-t!xtender 36
brine shrimp cysts 247 calcium salts 23, 342, 350 carrot seed 260,262,264,274
briquettes 11,19,22-3,93-5,96,105, calcium stearate 249,341 casein 57,60-1,62,72,360
252,315 calcium sulphate 79,81, 167, 168, Cassia obtusifolia, see sicklepod
definition of 378 244,245,247,338 Cassia oecidentalis, see coffee senna
bromoxyni1 212 anhydrous 158, 342 Cassia surratensis, see kolomona weed
broths, see individual types see also gypsum castor oil 152, 154, 340
brown plant hopper 141 Calcofluor products 71,82,144,359 castor oil ethoxylate 345
BSU 144,145 calibration 264, 313 catalase 73,75,360
buckwheat 167, 168 L-canavanarnine 350 cation exchange capacity, soil 325
budworms 41, 44, 58 Candida oleophila 188, 189 CDA, see droplet application,
Buffalo Black 69, 355 canola 189 controlled
buffers 315 canola oil 216, 221, 336 Cecaperl 158
electrical charge 174 capillarity 136 cedar shavings 292
pH 9,77, 78, 146, 163, 238, 243, capsules 23, 43-4, 100, 101, 102, 301 cedar wood oil 336
247,248-9, 314 buoyant lipid 88, 95-6 Celacol M2500 63
water-availability 140, 146 carrier 54 Celatom 337, 341
water-soluble 362 cellular 100 celery seed 257,260,262,265
bulking agents 224, 242, 247 definition of 378 Celite 209 154, 337
see also carriers see also autoencapsulation; cell paste 240
buoyancy 88,89,105 CellCap; encapsulation; cell solution leakage 222
Burkholderia eepacia 189, 193, 273 granules; microencapsulation CellCap 54, 100, 101, 104
n-butanol 217 captan 193 Cell-Tech 271
butylated hydroxyanisole 160 car paintwork damage 61, 62, 349 cellulose 24, 26, 95, 258, 268, 278,
butylated hydroxytoluene 160 carbamate 148 292, 294, 338
388 Index
cellulose (cont.)
microcrystalline 246, 338-9,
341-2
powdered 159
as stickers 59
cellulose acetate 249,341
cellulose acetate phthalate 250
cell-wall protectant 165
centrifugation 37,39, 169, 206, 251,
differential gradient 38
multi-orifice 26
Cephalosporium spp. 203, 220
Ceratonia siliqua, see locust bean
cereal grains 158
as granules 167, 169
small 257, 260
cereal grain flour 140,141, 157, 338,
353
cesspools 92
cetyl stearyl diethoxylate 97
cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide 57,80,85,345,350
Chaetomium globosum 273-4
chainsaw oil 216, 336
chalk 261
charcoal 70,245,268,362
activated 242, 292, 338
charge 85,172,174,331
charge-masking 59
cheesecloth 39
chelating agents 78,83,351
definition of 378
chemicals
compatibility with 323, 325
nematode 302
target substrate 20-1
see also fertilizers; fungicides;
herbicides; pesticides
Chenopodium album, see fathen
cherry 189
Chevron 46,65,345
Chevron spray sticker 50, 60-1, 65,
347
Chevron X-77 147
chickpea 78, 274, 275
chicory seed 260
Chimmasorb 81 145,355
chitin, colloidal 44, 173
chitin synthesis, interruption of 148
chitinase 60,79,330,350
chitosan 54
chlamydospores 204, 275
definition 378
chloramphenicol 248, 353
chlorides 314
chlorogenic acid 78, 79
choline chloride 68,360
Chondrosterium purpureum 191, 211,
216,223
Choristoneura fumiferana, see spruce coffee senna 226
budworm Coleoptera 79,108
Chrome Axurol 69, 355, 357 collaboration, research 228·
chromophores 74 collagen 342,353,360
chrysanthemum 141,173,300 collection efficiency, target 16
chrysophenine 69,355 Collego 58, 204, 207, 216, 220, 346
chymoelastase synthesis 174 Colletotrichum 191, 224
Cibachron Blue/Yellow 69, 355 Colletotrichum coccodes 213, 217
Cimmasorb 81 356 Colletotrichum dematium 214,214,
cinch bug 138 215,215, 216
Citowett 218, 345 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 200, 204,
citric acid 53 211, 212, 218, 220, 346
citric acid by-product 61, 70, 347, f.sp. aeschynomene 220
362 f.sp. malvae 212
citrus 188,189, 193,204 see also Collego
citrus cyst 190 Colletotrichum orbiculare 207, 210,
citrus pulp 63, 350 217,218,221
citrus root weevil 148 Colletotrichum truncatum 207, 218,
citrus seed 277 219,220,221, 223, 225, 226,
Clarcel products 157, 158, 341 226,227
clarsol 151, 158 Colloidal X-77 57, 345
Clavibacter xyli 87 colloids 51, 249, 343, 349
clays 51,90,95,105,135,139,150-2, see also clays
154,157, 159, 168, 174, 197, colonization patterns 278
227,242,244,245,246,261, colony-forming units 38
267,268,269,292,294,314, Colorado potato beetle 41,64
337,341 commensal microorganisms 107
coating 151 commercial products 188-93,204
colloidal 24 commercialization 311-12,316-20,
definition of 378 328
as dispersant 142 failure of 204,316-18
as sunscreen 144, 145, 146 of herbicides 207,
see also named clay types of nematode products 290,
clay minerals 22, 23 305-6
climate effects 137-42,172-4,205, of seed treatments 257,274, 278,
218,228 279
clopyralid 212 of soil formulations 236,238,241,
clover 151, 189, 270, 270 253
clumping 10,45,53, 174, 209, 323 compaction 252,378
during processing 23,38,51, 137, comparative studies 108,279
261 competitiveness 317
reversible 24 compost 150, 338
clustering 260 Compritol 249,342
coal 263, 264, 267, 268 concentrates 238, 239
see also bituminous coal aqueous 98, 240
coating, see seed coating frozen 239
Coax 44, 63-4, 66, 67, 70, 74, 76, 99, suspension 24-5, 37, 51, 89-90,
350,362 98, 100, 104, 381
Coccus viridis 147 dilution of, for spraying 164
see also scale insect dormant aqueous/oil 240
Cochliobolus lunatus 213 low-cost 49
cockchafers 147 research, fu ture 104
cockroach 301,303,306 viscosity of 24
cocoa weevil 138 technical 381
coconut oil 161,336 see also flowables, technical
Codacide 139, 141,161,350 concentrates
cod liver oil 161,336 Congo Red 20,69,76,77,144,145,
codling moth 39, 41, 301 199,355
GV 40,62,75 conidia 132, 378
 Index 389
conidia (con!.) sunscreens for 355-62 corn borer 41, 43, 44, 60, 148
additives in water, effect of 163 survival control of 43, 67, 99, 142, 169
aerial 156,170,175 during drying 155-6 corn cob 154, 157, 244, 247, 250
ageing 175 in storage 136, 154, 155, 171 corn cob flour 95, 250
aggregations 137 in sunlight 143, 144-5 corn cob granules 44
binders 344, 352 in water 162 corn cob grits 90, 91, 95, 105, 148,
carbon:nitrogen ratios unformulated dry 156 197,225,338,353
affecting 207 vegetation, applications to 139 corn flour 43,62, 63, 70, 227
carriers for 336-40 wettable powders 135, 218 nixtamalized 43
colour monitoring 171 see also macroconidium; pre-gelatinized 53, 339
concentration of 165, 175 microconidium; spore; corn gluten 250,353
dehydration of 166 individual organisms corn leaf/plant 63,64,67,148
delicate 133, 170 conidia beads 170,171 corn meal 67,142,198,208,339,350,
desiccants for 342 conidia chains 175 353
dimorphism in 207 conidiation 142,169,170,207 agar 275
dispersants for 343 Conidiobolus obscurus 158 corn oil 57,62,63--4,88,161,216,
dormancy of 155, 156, 158 conidiogenesis 132 217, 221, 336, 371
drying 155 conidiospores, see conidia corn, pests on 41
dusty 137, 156 conifer pests 41 corn rootworm 299
freeze-drying 155 Coniothyrium minitans 189 corn seed 63, 194
germination 139, 143, 148, 162, Conquer 189,193 corn silk, aqueous extract of 350
214,215,223,321 see also Victus corn starch 43-5, 53, 60, 64, 67,
accelerated 173,174,176 containers 70,142,227,249,339,344,362
in storage 152 autoclavable 168, 169 capsules 44
under sun lamp 224 airtight 159, 162 pearl 339
young/old 172 contaminant-proof 169 com syrup 269, 342
in granules 158 end-use 158, 169, 176 Cornitermes cumulans 152
half-lives of 153 heat-sealable 168, 239 Cosmopolites sordidus, see banana
harvesting 167, 168--9,320,321 moisture-proof 9,55 weevil
humidity and 156, 175 for nematodes 298 cost 43, 316-20
hydrophobic 137, 162, 175 sealed 175,322 of early microbials 98
immature 175 sterilized 239 as research priority 108--9
metabolism, survival by see also bags trends in 99-101
reducing 156 contaminants 324, 378 see also cost elements in individual
moisture content of 156, 174, 330 in fermenter 168,169 entries
in nature 166-7 in formulations 10, 98, 164 COST 816 programme 319
in oil 138, 216, 221, 222, 312, in storage 159-60,318,322 cost analysis 175,317-18
323--4,350 suppressants of 240, 248 cost/benefit analysis 102, 240, 253,
pelleted 224 Contans 189 300,327
physiological studies, future 173, Continental clay 154, 337 cost-efficiency 98, 206, 279
176 controlled droplet application Costelytra zealandica 273
powders 167 (CDA), see droplet application cotton 59, 189 190, 191
pre-drying, effects of 160 Convolvulus arvensis 221 aqueous extract of 350
production systems 135 cooling systems 168 dose rates for 373,374
on solid substrates 166-70 Coomassie Brilliant Blue 355 NPV distribution on 374
in submerged culture 207 co-polymers 269,271 pests on 41, 62, 63--4, 66
protein, role of 207 copper 160 refugia, planting 107
rehydration of 143, 166, 174, 323 copper carbonate 79,81,350 simulated rain and 60--1
rodlet layer on 137 copper hydroXide 81,302,350 spray viscosity for 369-70
seed 171 copper oxide 81, 350 transgenic 86
shelf-life of 156,172,176 copper phosphate 81, 350 treatment of 45, 47, 54, 66
size of 175 copper sulphate 81, 350 UV radiation and 67
stabilizers 351, 353--4 co-precipitation 37-8,40 cotton, aqueous extract of 350
sticky 170 cork 93 cotton bollworm 41
storage in oil 143, 159-62, 160, com 191, 262 cotton leaf 84,351
161, 166, 173,174, 175, 198 aqueous extract of 350 alkalinity 20, 77
storage in powder form 158, 165, endophyte 87, 148 cotton seed 257, 272-3
172,176 super-sweet 260, 264 cottonseed flour 62,63,350,362
submerged 170 transgenic 86 cottonseed meal 63, 67
390 Index
cottonseed oil 45,46,62,63,65, 161, cuticle Desmonium tortuosum, see Florida
162, 336, 337, 343, 350, 355, charge on 172 beggarweed
356,357,358,359 insect 21, 132-3, 137, 147, 174,315 detergents 23, 79, 80, 85, 175,327
tannin-rich 103 leaf/plant 213,315 see also surfactants
courts of action 237, 253 Cutinol 140, 141,347, 350 deterioration 54---5, 318
coverage 315 cutworms 41, 64, 79 see also individual organisms
cress seed 274,275 black 301,303,304,305 development costs 317
crested wheatgrass 137, 139 cyanobacteria 236, 237 DeVine 204,206, 207, 320
crickets 172! Cyasorb UV 531 145,355,356 dew 20,78,217,221,227
Crodofos N3N 57, 345 cyclamen 188, 189, 190 dew period 209-10,219-20,221
crop monoculture 62 cyclamines 57,58 dextran 156, 339
crop-protection chemicals 213 Cyclocephala hirta 304 dextrin 52,60,249,342,348
crop-spray residues 168 cyclohexane 96 dextrose 348
crops cycloheximide 248, 353 Diabrotrica spp., see rootworms
field 190, 191, 193 cyclones in extraction system 168 3,6-diamino-lO-methyl acridinium,
fruit 190 cycloserine 80, 350 see Acriflavin
nursery 190, 191 Cydia pomonella, see codling moth diamondback moth 41,63-4,348
ornamental 190, 193 cyfluthrin 196, 302, 350 diatomaceous earth 135, 152, 154,
vegetable 190,193 cynazine 212,213 155,159,197,207,224,227,
croscarmellose 249,339 cypermethrin 142,350 261, 295, 337, 341
crospovidone 249 cystine 80, 350 2! ,7'-dibromo-5'-(hydroxymercuri)-
Crotalaria spectabilis, see showy Cythion 302 fluorescein 357
crotalaria cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus dicamba 212
crown gall disease 190 (CrV) 67 Dicaperl 92, 339, 342
crucifer flea beetle 299 dichloran 196,351
crucifer seeds 274 2,4-D herbicides 212 diclofop 212
crumbles 188 Dacagin 65,339 Dictyostelium 247
cryopreservation 298, 298 Dagger G 273 die-casting 252
cryoprotectants 175 Dalton's law 378 Diegall 193,190
Crystal Violet 248, 353 damping-off 188,193, 194,195,225, dielectric drying 251
crystals, toxin 34---5, 36 226,245,265,273,274,275, dienochlor 302
allelochemicallsynergist 276 diesel oil 159,371
reaction 103 Dar-mol Molasses 362 diethanolamine-4-
denatured in sunlight 89 Darvan No.4 342 methoxycinnamate 357
dissolved 88 Datura stramonium, see jimsonweed difenzoquat 212
encapsulated 96 decanoic acid 96 diflubenzuron 302
enzymatic breakdown of 98 de-dodecylamine hydrochloride 57 dihydro-2(3-H)-furanone 339
extraction technique 100 deep-freezing 153 1,3-dihydroxy benzene 352
genes for 108 deflocculants 341 2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,5'
hydrophobic 44, 56 defoliation 85 disulphobenzophenone 358
partitioning into droplets 49 degradation of organisms 314-15 2,2-dihydroxy-4-
radiation effects on 106 see also individual organisms methoxybenzophenone 144,
rain and 59 dehydration 166,240,247,248,272 362
sunlight and 67, 74 Deinococcus radiodurans 330 2,2-dihydroxy-4-
temperature and 53 delicacy of organisms 312 octobenzophenone 146
cucumber 139, 191, 199 delivery systems 93, 95, 99, 278 diluents 16, 154, 247
cucumber mildew 148 deltamethrin 85, 350 see also carriers
cucumber seed 194,264,273,276 De-mol Molasses 362 dimethirimol 148
Cucurbita texana, see Texas gourd Dendrolimus, see tent caterpillar dimethylgliotoxin 198
cucurbits 189,193 density separation 365 dimethylpolysiloxane 217
Culex 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 106 Deny 189 dimethyl sulphoxide 82, 163,248,
Culex pipiens 95 desiccants 22, 198, 321,322, 341-4, 351,353
Culex quinquefasciatus 88, 94 378 dimorphism 207
Culicinomyces clavosporus 133, 152, mycoinsectide 154, 156-7, 158, 159, dioctyl sulphosuccinate (DSS) 147
153 167,174 Diospyros virginiana, see persimmon
Culigel polymers 93, 94 desiccation 218,219,221,247,269, tree
Curcuma longa 355 278,324,325,329,330 Dip-88-EE 370
Curcumin 69,355 nematodes and 291, 292-3, 299, Dipel products 54,60-1, 65, 302
customization 320 300,305 dipicolinic acid 82, 351
 Index 391
dipotassium evaporation of 45, 65, 141, 210, skin staining from 8
hydrogencarbonate 351 368-9,369 sunscreen 69-70
Diptera 79,108 formulation effects on 369-72 tracer 47,60,137, 172,355-8
disodium formyl-m- number for impaction 17 see also named dyes
benzenedisulphonic acid 356 size 16, 44, 47, 48, 66, 75, 108, 109, Dylox 302
disodium-,6-glycerophosphate 351 313,316
dispersants 23, 24, 37, 52, 56, 93, 94, effect on liquid flow rate 370 EAR XB400 356
314,341-4,378 and efficacy 45 Echinochloa crus-galli, see barnyard
fungal 142,157 and evaporation 45 grass
for soil organisms 249 in fungal applications 137, ecology
disulphide bonds 79 139-40, 169, 172 host/target 312
DiTera 190 and interaction with microorganisms 312, 328, 330
DNA, see genetic engineering particles 372-4 ectomycorrhiza 236, 277
docks 218 in mycoherbicides 223, 251 Edelex oils 49
dodecylamine 82,85,351,362 relationship with number 369 EDTA 78,79,83,351
dodecylamine hydrochloride 85, size spectrum 16, 57, 146,367, education, user 253,319
345 368,372 effervescents 91, 249
dolomite 271 spore-loaded, high 223 egg albumen 61,62, 66, 72,360
Dormal 267 spread 17,75 egg lecithin 97
dormancy 156,198,238,239,240-1, surface/volume ratio 368-9 eggplant 197, 199
248,253,320-1,323,326,329, target impact/retention 370-2 Eichhornia crassipies, see water
379 see also crystals of toxin; sprays hyacinth
see also individual organisms dropping bottle 97 Elcar 39
dosage 56,206,218,220,238,313, drought 151 Eldana saccharina, see sugarcane stem
372,373 drums borer
DOT, see oxygen, dissolved coater 259 electrostatic forces 45, 59, 209, 299
Dowanol TPM 47, 342 priming process 263 Emcocel 249,339, 342
Dow Coming 550 Fluid 152 rotating 261, 271, 277 Emcosoy 249,342
dowels 188 side-vented 259 emulsifiable crop oil 336
downy mildew 313 dryers emulsifiers 25-6,141,147,162,219,
drag, frictional 209 fluid-bed granulator 170 220-2,220,314,341-4
drenches 149,174,276 forced-air convection 261 lipid 79
Dreschlera monoceras 213,214,224 ventilated cabinet 167 emulsions 25-6,96,314
Drierite 158, 342 dry-harvesting 168-9 cost of 173
drift, spray 26,45,99,208,315,368, drying 168,170,242,250-1,314, formulation from aqueous
369 321-2 concentrate 50-I
in water 105 atmospheric tray 251 fungal 137, 139, 147
see also wind costs of 241 invert 26,173,199,206,219,220,
drilling, fluid 264-5, 325 co/counter-current 251 220,222,222,227,313,324
Dri-mol Molasses 71, 362 dielectric 251 liquid, stability of 10
drip applications 238 microwave 251 oil 45,48, 139,216, 221, 223, 313
droplet application, controlled stabilization 36 oil-in-water 100, 139, 221, 324,
(CDA) 12, 13,45, 100, 101, of treated seed 258,259,261 325
137, 138, 156, 172, 173,313, see also air-drying; desiccants; preparation of 221
368 freeze-drying; pre-drying; water-in-oil 90
droplets spray-drying; tumble-drying; wetters as 56
active particle content 17 vacuum drying Emultex 141,347
behaviour of 16-18 Dupont Spread Sticker 60, 347 encapsulation 26, 61, 102, 148, 154,
classification by size 367-9, 368, durum wheat flour 226 225,227, 314, 315, 327, 329
369,369 dust applicators 13-15 alginate 154, 227
concentration of organisms dustiness 101,250,259 for aquatic products 95-6
in 313,316,372-3,372,372 dusts 22,42-3,74,142,151-2,156-9, buffering 78
see also dosage 174, 223, 242, 275 cost of 102, 103
contact area/angle 370-2,371 dyes electrostatic 26
coverage 315,373,374 all colour groups 19,20,69-70, mycelial 142
diameter of (NMD, VMD) 49,90, 242,269,355-8,359 seed 262-3,262,275
138, 223, 367 cationic 357,358 see also seed coating
distribution, fungal 137 in encapsulation 26 specialist companies 103
empty 316, 373 indicator 357 spray improvement with 53-4
392 Index
encapsulation (cont.)
sunscreen in water 89
see also autoencapsulation;
bioencapsulation; capsules;
microcapsules
encrusting, see seed coating
endive seed 260
endomycorrhizae 236
vesicular-arbuscular 236, 245,
277
endophytes 87, 106, 107, 148, 270
8-endotoxin 38,86,106, 107
see also Bacillus thuringiensis
crystals
end-use container 169,379
Energol WT-l 91,336,347
energy store 320, 326
energy use measured by
respiration 320
energy utilization strategies,
nematode 293
Enhance 211, 345
enhancin protein, GV 82
Enterobacter cloacae 194, 264, 273,
276,339
Entice 63, 351
Entomophthora 135
Entomophthorales 133,133, 170
entomopox virus 44, 64, 67
entrapment 93, 104, 105, 199, 226
environment
adaptation to 278
impact on 300, 306
soil 238
environmental friendliness 2,99,
205,312
environmental persistence 98
enzymes
antagonism and 197
germination stimulated by 24
inappropriate adhesion 207
oxidative 73, 75, 77
stability of 164
in sunscreens 360-1
toxin crystals attacked by 54,74,
98
Epic 190, 193,272
epiphytes 54, 100, 107
epithelium 79, 80, 81
epizootics 108, 173
equipment
calibration of 313
filmcoating 258
on-farm 258
pelleting 260-1
sowing 265
Erinnyis ello GV 53
Erio Acid Red 60, 65, 69, 356
Erio Yellow 356
Erwinia 54 autoxidation of 55
Erwinia amylovora 189,193 oxidized 160
Erynia 133 fathen 214
erythritol 171 fatty acids 24,96, 162, 173,217,247,
essential oils 336 292,302,336,344,348,351
Esterol123 141,347 feedback, researcher to user 311-12
Etalfix 218, 345 feeding attractants 379
Etcos 30 66 feeding avoidance 49
2,2'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis(5(4- feeding behaviour
methylamino)-,B- aquatic 87,88,89,95,99-100
(phenylamino)I,3,5-triazin-2yl nematode 293-4,303,304-5
aminobenzene sulphonic acid, feeding depressants/inhibitors 79,
see Phorwhite AR 82,83,95,104,142,350,351
2,2'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis(5(4-(4- feeding stimulants 79,91,95,199,
morpholinyl)-6- 378
(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin- see also phagostimulants
2y-yl)amine- fenoxaprop-ethyl 212
benzenesulphonic acid, see fermentation
Tinopal LPW Bacillus thuringiensis 36-8
ethoxyethanol 18, 45 bag 167, 168, 169, 175
2-ethoxyethyl-p- deep liquid 37,97, 135, 169,
methoxycinnamate 68,356 170-1,176,274
ethoxylated p-aminobenzoic Hyphomycete 171
acid 68,360 light regimes and 208
ethoxylated ester 350, 362 Metarhizium mycelium 170
ethoxylated isostearyl alcohol 97 moist powder 242-3
ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol 166 monoxenic liquid/semi-solid 291
ethyl acetate 47, 53 neutralization 244
ethyl cellulose 249, 250, 342 scale-up 170
ethyl cinnamate 144, 146, 356 semi-solid 36-7
ethyl hexanol 94 solid substrate 48, 167, 208, 241
ethyl oleate 141, 347, 349 in storage 243
ethyl trans cinnamate 356 submerged 206,207,241
ethylene bromide 239 wet 90
ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid, see see also individual major organisms
EDTA fermenters 266, 291
ethylene glycol 371 air-lift 171
ethylene oxide 344, 345, 346 deterioration in 54
2-ethylhexyl salicylate 68,356 rotary 169
Etocas 30 51, 58, 345 fertilizers
Eudragit 250, 342 added to alginate 196
Euphorbia esula, see leafy spurge chemical, compatibility with 302,
Eusolex products 69, 76, 144, 356 314,325
evaporation 18, 65, 173, 209, 219, see also individual major
369 organisms
conidial 137 self-replicating 312
droplet 65, 141,210,368-9, 369 field activity 173, 174,204, 205
as a drying process 251 field bindweed 217, 221
from plant surfaces 210, 211 field crops, tank mixes for 65-6
reduction of 45, 146 field pansy 208,214,221-2,222
Ex-eel 249, 339, 342 field reliability 217, 228
fJ-exotoxin 38 field studies/trials 3,74-5,77,80-3,
Explotab 249, 339 99, 105, 108,325
extrusion 246, 249, 265 filamentous growth control 171
machines for 252 fillers 336-7
see also noodles cost-reducing 225
ratio to pathogen 51
Fast Blue 69, 356 for wettable powders 23
fats see also carriers
 Index 393
filmcoating, seed 276,380 foaming 23,303,314 spray-application
particle grade 278 fogging machines 13,18,45,46 intereactions 228
pelleting and 273,274 fogs 18,45, 140 sprays
techniques for 258-60 foliage dry climate 137-9
binder system 261, 274 applications to 210 wet climate 139-42
side-vented drum 259 deterioration of organisms on 55, sticky 209
spouted-bed system 258-9 324-5 sustained-release 224
filters, nylon mesh 23 lower surface of 374 tailored / on-shelf 327
filter-feeding larvae 95, 105 penetration of 45,90-1 trends/future 97-109,253,
filtration 98, 206 pH of 76 311-31
fire ants 151-2 protection of organisms on 77-8, ULV-eDA 172
fireblight 193 102 for use in water 104-9
fish, dried 108 rapid growth of 40, 106 water-based 51
fish glue 348 spore pick-up from 139 water-retaining 228
fishmeal 95 spray cover of 172,373 foxtail 227
fish oil 336 upper surface of 374 Frankia 236, 237
flamprop-methyl 212 waxy 327 free-flow agents 42, 91, 92, 92, 157,
flask culture 170, 171 water-repellent 62 174,314,325,341-4,379
Flavobacterium 54 wet/dry fluctuations on 146 free-flow material 52
flocculants 170 foliage ca!'opy 90, 100,300,316, see also flowabies
flocculation (reversible 324,374 free radicals 77, 247, 322, 327, 330,
clumping) 24, 317 folic acid 68, 76, 199,360 379
flooding 93 Folicote 351 57, 345 freeze-drying 38-9,51,98, 100,
Florida beggarweed 218, 219 Fames annosus 193 155-6,159,250-1,321
F10risil 144, 362 food-grade additives 10, 77, 103, freeze-thaw survival, spores 165
flotation 106 175,228,324 freezing
see also buoyancy; formulations, food sources for soil organisms damage from 247, 248
floating 250 deep- 153
flotation additives/agents 92,92, Foray 60-1,346,347,348,349 see also cryopreservation
93,341-4 formulations 1, 204, 378 friability 38
flotation coefficient 96 aquatic 106 friction 249
Flour 961 70, 339 aqueous 98 frost 189, 193
flour 62,64,88,95,140,142,146,301 buoyant 87-9 frozen cultures 239-40, 239
see also cereal flour; cornflour; costs 316-18 fructose 351
wheat flour nematode 294 fruit 189,190,195
flowability 23, 250, 252 deterioration in 54-5 fruitworms 41
flowable concentrates/products 48, dormant aqueous/oil 239 fuel oil 65
49,92, 141, 378 dry 22-4,42-4,97,98,99,154, Fulvia fulva 191
development of 51 204-6 fumaric acid 82, 351
oil-based 49 effects on droplets 369-72 funding, development 204
water-based 48 floating 88-9,91-5,104,152 international 319
flowables 89-90, 101, 104, 109, 142, frozen 239-40,239 fungal sprays 137-48
172,227 functions of 7, 9-21 fungi
flower seed 260, 263, 265 for germination acceleration activation of 343
flowers 189 173 additive effects on 210-16
fluid bed apparatus 168 for insect control 40-55 adjuvants for 350-2
granulator 170, 171 integration with application application to soil 149-52
separator 167 systems 205 application to water 152-4
fluid bed drying 170,251,261,263 for land use 99-104 carriers for 336-40
fluid bed spray-coating 26, 276 limits of 326-8 contact-acting 102
fluid drilling 194,264-5,276, 277 liqUid 16-19,24-6,48-51,98 desiccants for 343-4
fluid suspension, application to multipurpose 105,316 frozen 20
soil 237-8, 238-41, 239 nematode 287-306 herbicide interactions 213
see also sprays in oil 51, 169, 209, 241 humidity 20
Fluorescein 356 patents and 217 industrial flow-lines for 134
fluorescent brighteners 359 for plant disease control 193-9 insect pathogenic 2, 21, 208
see also optical brighteners principles of 7-27 life cycles 132-5
fluorescent neuronal tracer 356 ready-to-use 172 mitosporic 133
fluorochrome 76,361 for soil inoculants 237-47 nutrients for 342
394 Index
fungi (cont.)
osmotic protectants for 354
pathogens 133
plant disease pathogenic 188-93
plant pathogenic 218
plant pathogens and 2
seed applications and 273-6, 259
slow-growing 278
solid-substrate production
of 166-70
spore harvest 109
stabilizers and 344, 353-4
stickers for 347-9
storage of 9, 109
sunlight susceptibility of 142-6
sunscreens for 360
surfactants for 345-7
surfactant toxicity 214
suspenders for 341
synergists 352
temperature and 20
water relationships of 135-6
wetters for 57
see also conidia; hyphae; mycelia;
spores; individual genera
fungicides 99,162,174,265,269,272
added to alginate 196
compatibility with
organisms 148, 213, 241, 302
in granule formulations 295
resistance 317
fungistasis 48, 150, 174, 379
furnace oil 58
Fusaclean 188, 190
Fusarium 189,190,191,193,224,242,
272,339
Fusarium graminearum 276
Fusarium lateritium 217, 218, 225,
226
Fusarium moniliforme 188, 189
Fusarium oxysporum 188, 189, 190,
226,227
f.sp. dianthi 197
Fusarium solani 339
f.sp. cucurbitae 198, 224--5
Gaeumannomyces graminis 197
see also take-all
galactose agar 63
Galleria mellonella 41,50,57, 292
gallic acid 83, 351
Galltrol-A 190, 193
gamma irradiation 106,239,243,
252,267
gas exchange 168,169,264,266
gases in storage 10
Gasyl GM2 157, 159, 167, 170,339,
342
gel, thixotropic 329
gel beads 196,252 glyceryl palmitostearate 249, 343
gel encapsulation systems, glycosides 357
seed 262-3 glyoxal 92
gelatin 26,44,54,61,91,140,141, Gold-Coat 267
163,249,250,342,34~353,360 Golden Bear Oil 91
fish 92 gossypol 162, 337
Gelgrade 93 Graessorb products 144,146,357
Gellan 342 grain 168
gellan gum, see gums grain pests 104
gelation 195,252,378 gram, potted 64
gellants 341-4,378 granulation 251, 379
gelling 43-4, 249 granules 146,244--5,314,315,316,
gelling agents 97 325
gene, toxin 86, 106, 108 absorbent 149
genes, crystal protein 108 alginate 224, 245, 249
genetic engineering 2,74,86,98, applicators for 11,13-15
103,106-8,278,305,306,317, coated 227
327,329,330 controlled-release 105
see also transgenics cost of 91,99, 101
gentomycin 353 definition of 22-3, 43, 379
Geon Latex 60,348 dry 170, 171
Geotrichum candidum 189, 193 dual-purpose (land/water) 109
gerbera 190 fabricated 245-6
germination fast-release 91, 92
inhibition of 79,80, 82, 83, floating 91-3, 105
212-13,214,216 flow able 244
stimulation of 24 fungal 149-51, 158
see also conidia; spores grain 150
germling viability 216, 217 heavy sand 92
ghatti, see gums herbicidal 223-7
Gibbago trianthemae 217 for insect control 43-4
glasshouses 221 low-cost 167
see also greenhouses for LV /HV sprays 101
glidants, see lubricants mycelial 170
Gliocladium 236, 237, 241, 250 nutrient-soaked 168, 169, 225
Gliocladium roseum 195, 197 oil-coated 227
Gliocladium virens 188,191,195,197, for plant disease control 187,
199,245,274,339,343,346, 195-7
349,362 size of 225, 226
GlioGard 191, 245, 246 slow-release 91-3,94, 225
gliotoxin 198 for soil applications 237-8, 242,
gluconate 252, 339 243-6
glucose 63, 152, 155, 159, 163, 165, starch-based 99
170,171,249,342,351,353 sustained-release 92-3
glues trends for 100, 101
fish 60,348 for use in water 90-6, 104--5
synthetic 249, 344 water-dispersible (WDG) 24, 43,
wallpaper 269, 344 52-3,101,135,169,188,244,
glutamic acid 68,80,351,360 246
glutamine 79,80,351 nematode 292,294,294,295-8,
gluten 60,62, 72, 76, 197, 199, 225, 295, 297, 301, 306
226 see also capsules; pesta; prill
glycerin 65 granulosis virus (GV) 35, 35, 40, 42,
glycerol 92,140,141,146,161,164, 59,82,86
164,171,214,214,219,225, sunscreens 68-73
240,248,322,339,342,353 grape 66, 188, 189, 191, 193
p-glycerophosphate 83, 85 grape berry moth 66
glyceryl behenate 342 grape pomace 351
glyceryl monooleate ethoxylate 353 grape seed oil 216, 336

grass grub 273
grass meal 63, 351
grass seed 260, 263
grasses, weed 212
grasshoppers 21,35,44, 77, 301, 303,
318
fungal control of 135, 137-9, 146,
151,156,169,172,174,241
phagostimulants for 64, 67
greenhouses 18,53, 133, 135, 140,
143,191,223,225
foggers in 45
glass/sunlight factors 19
simulated rain in 60
see also glasshouses
Green Muscle 135,169
grinding 36,38, 101, 169,226,242,
314
equipment 39
heat during 55
Grip 269
groundbait 63
groundnut oil 159, 161, 162, 216,
336,355,356,357,358,359,371
growth promoters 188,194,236,
245, 272, 273, 277
growth regulators 213, 302
growth retardants/
suppressants 173, 209,237,
240, 248, 327, 350, 379
guanine 71, 360
guanosine 80, 351
guar, see gums
Guardcoat 270
gums 59,215,273,314
acacia 61, 215, 215, 216, 249, 348
arabic 37, 269, 270, 271, 342, 348
carob 267, 339
gellan 216
ghatti 215,215,216,348
guar 59,61,215,215,249,342,348
karaya 61,194,215,348
locust bean 61,194,215,348
plant 194,215
polysaccharide 24
sticker 141
tragacanth 61, 194, 342, 348
vegetable 59
xanthan 47,48,61,65,194,215,
215, 216, 249, 267, 273, 342,
348,353
Gusto 63
Gustol 63, 351
GV, see granulosis virus
Gypchek 39, 65, 77
gypsum 42,245,252
gypsy moth 41,60-1, 62, 65, 102-3
modelling 99
phagostimulants for 63-4, 66
sunscreens and 77
synergists and 84, 85
tannin and 78
gypsy moth NPV 77
gypsy moth polyhedrosis virus 39
haematoxylin 69, 357
haemocytes 82
haemolymph 34, 360
half-life 48, 328
handling 10, 65, 102, 317, 322
Hank's salt solution 163, 165,353
harvest 8, 167, 168, 169, 175, 176
semi-automated 291
see also individual major
organisms
hazard categories 103
hazards 99
heat, see temperature
heat, frictional 261
heat protectants 97-8
heat tolerance 314
heat transfer 168
helicopters 13
Helicoverpa armigera 56, 57-8, 59, 63
stunt virus 107
Heliothis 41, 46, 65-6, 107,374
Heliothis NPV 38, 45, 46, 57-8, 61,
63-4,74,75
Heliothis punctiger 61
Heliothis virescens 38, 63, 374
Heliothis zea 63, 78, 133
see also cotton bollworm
hemp sesbania 218,219,220,221,
223,226,226,227,350
herbicides, chemical 210, 212, 225,
302,325
herbicides, microbial 2, 203-28
adjuvants for 350-2
binders for 342
carriers for 336-40
commercial 204
dispersants for 341
efficacy of 208-10
foliar application of 210
fungicide reactions 213
humectants for 341-4
resistance to 209
selective 209
solid formulations of 223-7
specificity of 219,226
sprays 216-23,205,206
droplet size 368
stabilizers for 353-4
stickers for 347-9
surfactants for 345-7
Heterobasidium annosum 191,193
Heterorhabditis
biology 291-4, 292
Index 395
life cycle 289-90
see also nematodes
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 293-4,
304,305
Heterorhabditis megidis 293, 293
hexylamine 57, 85, 345
High Tack Fish Glue 60, 348
Hipure Liquid Fish Gelatin 342
Hirsutella thompsonii 133, 141, 142,
147,170,345-6,349
HI-SIL silica 346
Hi-Spread-Casein 57, 345
histidine 68, 80, 351, 360
HLB, see hydrophile-lipophile
balance
homomenthyl salicylate 68, 357
honey 41,155,163,269,342,353
honey bee 138
hopper-boxes 193, 237, 244, 258,
271,272
homworm 44
horse serum 163,164,165,353
host/pathogen balance in
nature 329
host plant resistance 78
host plants, land 41
host ranges 133,219,220
hot spots in substrate bulks 168
hot water treatment (seeds) 265
house fly 301,303
HPPL HiStick 269
Hugtite 348
humectants 18, 20, 45, 75, 322, 324,
326,341-4, 379
for microbial herbicides 214,214,
218
for mycoinsecticides 141,146,
173
for plant disease control
formulations 198,200
humidification, seed 264, 273
humidity 20,55, 139--42, 156-8, 173,
175, 216, 221
effects on persistence 19
high 209,210,218-19,315
low 138,139
see also relative humidity; relevant
individual entries
humidity chamber 171
HV, see sprays, high volume
hyaline mutants 330
hydramethyluon 303
hydration 216, 264
hydrocellulose 65
hydrogen chloride 199
hydrogen peroxide 322
hydrophile/lipophile balance
(HLB) 24, 25, 25, 166
hydrophilic reaction 216
396 Index
hydrophobicity 44, 56, 59, 137, 152,
162, 170, 209, 324
hydroxycellulose 65, 339
hydroxyethyl cellulose 194,265,
276,295,349
hydroxyethyl starch 164,353
2-hydroxy-4-
methoxybenzophenone 356,
357
2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4-methyl
benzophenone 357
2-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-
sulphobenzophenone 362
2,2-hydroxy-4-
octobenzophenone 144, 362
2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy-phenyl)-
phenylmethanone 356
hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose 47,
249, 250, 342
hygroscopic additives 55,97, 146
hygroscopic powders 38
Hymenoptera 108
hymexazol 274
hyphal body fragments 240, 241,
245,277
see also blastospores
hyphal growth 197
Hyphomycetes 133, 133, 153, 155,
166, 170, 171, 379
hypoxanthine 71, 360
iatrogenic diseases 213
Igepal CO-630 57, 345
Illite 154
imazethapyr 212, 213
imbibition 174,242,250,264
IMC 90-001 UV screen 362
imidacloprid 148,323
immersion techniques, seed 263-5
immunoblotting method,
colony 271
impregnated sticks 188
impregnation, seed 270
inactivation 326-7
Incide 87
inclusion bodies, see polyhedral
inclusion bodies
incompatibility 314
India ink 70, 362
Indigo Carmine 69, 76, 357
5'5-indigosulphonic acid 357
indoles 227
indulin 70
Indulin AT 342
induration 251-2, 379
inert ingredients
and aquatic larvae 95
hazard categories for 103
infectivity, retention of 154
inhalation by operators 22 insecticide traps 303
injectors 15,262 insecticides, chemical 3, 85, 290,
inocula, solid 223 300,303
inoculants 205,206,379 compatibility with organisms 93,
application of 325 148,241,301,312,325
combination 241 synergistic 304
distribution on target 208, 209 see also pesticides
dry method for 271 integrated pest control 188,279,
mortality rates and 271 300,316
mycorrhizal 277 Intercept 190
protection of 325--6 international programmes 318
rhizobiaI 265-71 international unit (IV) 88
peat-based 268 Intrawite products 71, 77, 359
soil 225, 236-53 inundation 206
inoculation, seed 256-65, 269-71 Invade 320, 325
Inopus rubriceps, see sugarcane soldier ion exchange 247, 249
fly see also calcium; potassium; sodium
inositol 68,163,353,360 ionic gradient 305
insect body temperature IPRI-DF-l cells 78
adjustments 20, 174 iron 157, 160
insect cuticle iron oxide 353
adhesion to 137, 147, 315 irradiation, see gamma irradiation
charge on 172 irrigation 209, 299
chemicals on 21 drip 199,238,299
infection through 132-3, 179 irritants 174,331
insect debris 38, 44, 73, 75, 98, 329 isolates, new 253,300,305
insect growth/moult 137,173 isoleucine 80, 351
insect growth regulators 301 iso-octyl p-aminobenzoic acid 68,
insect gut 53, 77-9, 80, 82, 84, 86, 360
173,301, 328 iso-octyl p-dimethyl aminobenzoic
dormancy termination acid 360
within 323 iso-octyl-phenyl ether 218
flora of 100 Isopar products 46,336,371
Na/K transport in 80 isoparaffins 97
oxidative/alkaline activity in 102 isophorone 47, 371
pH in 78 isopropanol 44, 199
insect haemocoel 290 iso-propanol 217,348
insect larvae, virus production 4-isopropyl-dibenzoyl methane 356
with 38-110 isostearyl alcohol 97
insect/plant interactions 78, 103 itch grass 219
insects
aquatic 19,87-9 Japanese beetle 290
biological seed control of 272 Javelin 54
boring 301 Jetcote 270
ecology of 41 jimsonweed 217,219,219,220,350
foliar-feeding 276, 299, 300, 301 Johnson grass 219
food intake of 62, 78 Jordan clay 154, 337
foraging/nesting 151
formulations for control of 33-109 kaolin 95, 207, 208, 218, 224, 224,
fungal pathogens on 133 225,226,262,262,269,338,344
hemimetabolous / Kaolin China Clay 52
holometabolous 303 kaolinite 154, 157, 197, 337, 338
humidity around 319 Karion F 164,339
peroral control of 31-109 K-carrageenan, see carrageenan
soil-dwelling 104, 149, 276, 301, Kelgin products 195, 216, 339, 342,
325 348
target species 301 kelp 195
see also larvae; individual species/ Keltose 45, 64, 342, 362
genera Kelzan 47, 153, 156, 342, 348, 353
 Index 397
kerosene 90, 161, 162, 169, 336 leaf cuticle 213, 315 lignosulphate 23, 342
deodorized 336, 371 conidia distribution on 139,315 lignosulphonate 39, 61, 70, 75, 76,
odourless 159 leaf extract 63 77,295,362
Kitchen Aid products 246, 250 leaf feeders, undersurface 41, 45, lime 57
Klebsiella 54 140 as seed coating 269,270,270,271,
KLX 343 lea f rollers 41 272,273
Kodiak products 190,193,242,272, leaf spot 214 see also calcium carbonate
273,279 leaf surfaces 377 limestone, ground 269,270,338
Kollidon 249 alkaline 66, 76, 77, 78 linoleic acid 161, 163, 336
Kolomona weed 203 chemicals on 20, 26 linseed oil 161,216,336
Kraft pine 342, 343 lipophilic/hydrophobic 137 Liparol 97
Krausella amabile, see grasshoppers upper /Iower 67, 100, 368, 373, lipid content 207,291-2,299
374 lipophilic barriers 213
labelling 319 leaf wetness 315,319,325 lipophilic surfaces 137
Labrafil 157, 353 leaf whorls 142 lipophilic surfactants 147
Lacanobia oleracea 41,57 leafy spurge 227 liquid paraffin 161, 336, 353
lactamide-B-mercaptoethylamine, see leaves Liqui-Prep 240, 271
LAMEA frictional drag on 209 loading time 104
lactic acid 53, 161, 322, 336 oil absorption by 143, 146 locust bean 61,215,348
lactose 23, 37, 51, 63,95, 155-6, 163, penetration of 222 locusts 35, 132, 135, 137, 138, 142,
197,339,353 pick-up of spores from 172 148, 151, 159, 164, 166, 172,
lactose-acetone co-precipitation 37, spore survival on 173 313, 318, 350, 370
40 spray spread on cryptic parts Lodige high-shear mixer 250
Laetisaria arvalis 194, 265, 349 of 57 looper larvae 41,42
Lagenidium giganteum 154 water repellency of 147 Lovo 192 57,345
lag period 140,166,239,240 see also foliage LUB1LOSA programme 318
l.a.i., see leaf area index lecithin 97, 164, 165,219,220,343 lubricants 249,341-4
LAMEA 214-15,214,343 Lecithin II-S 343, 353 Lubritab 249, 343
laminarin 262 Lecithin IV-S 353 lucerne 84,87,268,269
Laponite 274, 339 leek seed 260, 262 see also alfalfa
larvae legumes 190 LV, see spray, low volume
aggregation of 95 Rhizobium symbiosis with 236, Lymantria dispar, see gypsy moth
behaviour of 40-2,41 240,266 lyophilization 240-1,242
boring 301 seeds of 236, 257, 260, 261, lysine 61, 68, 80, 351
breathing of 96, 97 269-70,271 Lysine KKL 348
cryptic 59 Leonardite shale 264, 273, 339
lethal dose for, measurement Lepidoptera 35, 79, 86, 87, 108, 133, machinery
of 48-9 301 application 253
looper 41, 42 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, see Colorado batch 258
multi-instar populations of 99 potato beetle macroconidia 218, 223
neonate 41 lethal dosage 45,47, 48-9, 313, 316 macrocysts 247
noctuid on cotton 373,373 lettuce 54, 63, 65, 66, 151, 189 macrospores 250
stress in 78 lettuce seed 257, 260, 262, 262, 263, Macrotermes michaelseni 152
vomiting by 48 264,276 magnabentonite 65
larval extract 61, 348 leucine 80, 249, 343, 351 magnesium 20, 77, 78
larvicidal powder 92 Leucophor products 71-2,77, 199, magnesium aluminium silicate 344
LarvXSG 92, 105 359 magnesium chloride 81, 94, 351
Laspeyresia pomonella, see codling LIFT 240 magnesium silicate 159, 362
moth lignaceous shale 338 see also talc
Later's surfactant 57,345 ligneous shale 263, 264, 276 magnesium stearate 249
latex 46, 65, 95, 347 lignin 62, 98, 101, 103, 292, 294 magnesium sulphate 81, 158, 248,
Latron CS-7 348 cross-linked 61 351,353
lauric acid 82, 351 as harmful to maize 42,107,190, 196,236
leaching 322 microorganisms 250, 338 maize dextrin 52
leaf allelochemicals 55, 66, 84, 324 kraft 53, 61, 70, 342, 343 maize oil 336
leaf angle 315 lignin sulphonic acid 362 maize seed 257, 258, 262, 270
leaf area index 367--8 lignite 195, 197, 268, 339 maize starch 151
leaf assays 80-3 lignite fly ash 142, 343 Malacosoma, see tent caterpillar
leaf attachment 59 Lignosite AN 65, 66, 362 Malacosoma neustria 61
398 Index
maleic acid 78 meniscus 262, 262 temperature and 164, 171, 174,
co-polymer 250 Merbromin 357 175,326
malic acid 82, 351 Mercurochrome 69, 357 UV susceptibility of 143
malt broth 215, 353 metabolic gradient 305 water activity and 137
malt extract 159, 171 metabolic products, nitrogenous 71, wetting of 147
maltose 63, 155, 164, 164, 170, 197, 75 young cultures of 172
248,353 metabolic wastes 174 methacrylate polymer 342
Malva neglecta 242 metabolites 247,249, 252 methacrylic acid 250
Malva pusilla, see round-leaved absorption of 159 methanol 18,45,345
mallow release of 162 methionine 80, 351
Mamestra brassicae 41,85 metalaxyl 193,302 methyl alcohol 218
Mamestrin+ 85 Metamucil 216, 343 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)
Manduca sexta, see tobacco homworm Metaquino 135 camphor 356, 362
manganese 20 Metarhizium spp. (M. anisopliae, M. methyl cellulose 61,194,197,249,
mannitol 243, 244, 248 flavoviride) 144-5, 148, 153, 250,343,348
Manoxol()T 57,345 158,326 in seed coating 273-7, 279
Manucol products 164, 215, 215, additives affecting physical methyl~thyl ketones 47
348,353 properties of 341-4 methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate 83, 351,
Manugel products 215, 215, 348 against termites 135 353
manure 150 bag method for 169 methylene bisdiamyl phenol
Manutex products 215, 215, 348 in baits 152 ethoxylate 346
markets 228, 253, 295-8 blastospores 158, 164 5-methylresorcinol 357
size of 109,170,172,317 carriers for 336-40 Metribuzin 212
specialized 312 conidia 133,141 Mexenone 145,357
marumerizers 252, 379 concentrations of 17, 165 microcapsules 39,77,96,101-2,200
masking 102-3,152,331 in emulsions 139 living 107
Mason jar 239 fresh, pre-soaked 142 methods of forming 26
matric potential/tension 136,136 on millet 169 microfiltration 40
Matricap 93 submerged 170 microgranules 152, 188
matrices 22, 43, 53, 77, 379 conidial chains 175 Micronair emission system 65
controlled-release 94 features of 133 microporous film 168
encapsulation 102, 329 fermentation, two-step 170,171 microsclerotia 207, 227
floating 93 frozen 153,155 microsponging 93
formulated 95 germination of 162,165 Micro-Ulva sprayer 139, 368
immobilization of nematodes granules against mosquito microwave 251,252
in 291 larvae 152 milk 62
mucilaginous 207 humidity and 156, 175 as dust sticker 22
polymer granular 93 in methyl cellulose 276 evaporated 269,343
wheat gluten 225 moisture content of 155, 156, 166, peptonized 72, 360
matriconditioning 263 321,330 skimmed 45,51, 61, 72, 98, 141,
matrix priming, see seed, solid-matrix in oil 138, 146, 159-60, 160, 161, 141, 146-7,153, 156, 163, 165,
priming 166, 169, 216, 312 336,348
maturation in storage 174,175 oxygen and 158,162 as membrane stabilizer 240,
Maximillion Brilliant Flavine/ in powders 159, 166, 168 242,248
Pink 357 pre-drying 158 as sunscreen 75, 76
Maywood surfactant 57, 345 rainfastness of 146 whole 61,348
Mazola oil 336 rehydration of 166, 323 milk powder 159, 351
MCPA 212 shelf-life of 174 Miller Nufilm 147,345
mecoprop 212 soil percolation by 149 millet 168, 169
melanin 71, 75, 98, 103, 329-30 spore number fluctuation in milling, wet 25, 55
genetic engineering and 106 time 149 milling qualities 169
from Streptomyces lividans 362 spread of 150 mineral oils 46,51, 141, 161, 162,
Melanoplus spp., see grasshoppers stabilizers for 353 163,216,249,252, 336-7, 351,
Me/olontha melolantha, see cockchafer surfactants/ wetters for 346 353
melt congealing 252 survival 150, 154, 162, 165 mineral soils 268
membrane inoculation 169,172 in drying 155, 156 Miragel 43, 339, 362
membrane protection 305 in field 149 Mirasperse 53
membrane stabilizers 155, 240, 242, in storage 136,319,330 Mishagi's liquid medium 262
247-8 synergists 350 misting 220,299,368

mites 133
miticides, chemical 302
mixers 22,42,92, 167, 196,220, 246,
250
see also individual mixers
mixing 250,258,263,314
wettable powder problems
with 23-4, 52
models 99,320, 321, 325, 330
mode of action 1, 2
of contact pathogens 129-285
of peroral pathogens 31-109
moisture content
equilibration of 9
optimum low 326
of soil types 136
in storage 55, 228, 320
see also water; individual
organisms
molasses 102,159,197,268
in bait 151
as binder 249
as carrier 39, 339
as feeding stimulant 21, 44, 59,
63-4, 66, 67, 351
in forest/field tank mixes 65-6
as nutrient 250, 354
as preservative 50, 102, 161
as sticker 21, 59, 61, 62
as sunscreen 20, 71, 75, 76, 77,
362
as thickener 21, 47, 341, 345
see also Dar-mol; De-mol; Dri-mol;
Mo-mix; ProMo
molasses, cane 275
molasses of peat 61, 71,348,362
mole cricket 299,301,303,305
molecular biology 228
molybdenum 241
Mo-mix 339, 351, 354, 362
Monilia laxa 191
monoacyl glycerol 343
monoculture 62, 219
monoglyceride 220-1,220
monomolecular layers
(monolayers) 96-7, 106, 109,
380
Monoxi 97
Montanox 80 52, 57
montmorillonite 151, 154, 197, 337,
338
calcium 151, 269, 337
Morrenia odorata, see stranglervine
mortality
additive 304
complementary 96
synergistic 300
Morton mixer 42, 52
Morwet 57, 92
mosquito control 23, 35, 87, 89,
90-2,96,97
mosquito larvae 19,87-8,90-1,91,
92,94,95,104-6,109
aggregations of 95
container-inhabiting 90, 92
feeding habits of 19,87,88,89-90,
316
as fungi host 133, 152
habitat 93
moth larvae 41
motor oil 216,336
moulting inhibitors 173
mowing 218
Mowiol 141, 348
mucilage 329
muck soil 194, 276, 339
Mucor pyroformis 189,193
mulberry 60, 78
Multifilm Buffer X 57,345
Musca domestica, see house fly
muscadine 133, 142
mushroom 189, 192
mushroom spawn bags 167, 168
Muson mixer 22, 92
mutagenesis 143
Mycar 141
mycelial fragments 141,152,259
mycelial homogenate 224, 224, 225
mycelial mat/pad 142,155
mycelium 132, 135
aqueous suspension of 204
biomass of 133
conidiating 151
dry-period survival of 155
entrapped (granules) 22~
fermentation of, mechanized two-
step 170, 171
growth optima of 136
harvesting of 206, 224
oxygen demand by 207
pelletized 208
preservation method for 170
as slurry 208
vacuum-filtered 170
Mycocentrosporum acerina 214-216,
217, 221-2, 222
mycoherbicides 2,131-185,198,
199,313
mycoinsecticides 2,131-176,134,
198
mycoparasites 250
mycorrhizae 236, 237, 277, 380
Mycostop 190,193,242,272
Mycotal 135, 140
Mycotrol 135,172,241
Myrothecium verrucaria 188, 190
Myverol products 220, 221, 343
Myzus persicae 140,141
Index 399
Nacrylic products 60, 348
Nalcontrol 47, 343
naphthenic oil 336
naphthol 336
heavy aromatic oil 161,336
Naturalis 135
nectarine 191
Nectria ditissima 191, 203
neem oil 161,162,351
Neemazal-T 82,351
N-gel 216, 343
nematicides 302
nematodes
applications with 295, 299-300,
301
combined 300, 304
extraction time from
carrier 295
foliage 299-300
future technology of 300-5
strategies 290
binders for 344, 352, 354
biochemistry of 292
carriers for 338
chemicals, compatibility
with 302, 304
containers for 298
cryopreservation of 298
desiccated 246, 292, 294-5, 305
desiccation of 291, 299, 300
tolerance 293, 305
droplets containing 294
drought-resistant 247
energy utilization by 293
entomopathogenic 199,287-306
entomophilic 2, 236, 246
environmental impact of 306
foraging strategies of 293, 304-5
formulations 289-306
considerations in 298-300
development of 291-8,292
future research on 300-5
granules with 246, 294-5, 295,
295-8
harvesting 291
infective juvenile
activity of 293
immobilization of 291, 294, 295
lipid content of 291, 292, 293,
298,299
mobility of 290
oxygen needs of 292, 293, 295,
298,320
partial desiccation of 294, 298,
298, 299, 322,323
phagostimulants and 350
refrigeration of 291, 293, 298
survival of 330-1
temperature and 291-2,294
400 Index
nematodes (cont.)
life cycle 289-90
market acceptance of 295-8, 299
membrane protection 305
metabolism 291
moisture levels 294
mortality 293
nictation 293, 304, 380
packaging ?98,305
pathogenicity 298
persistence 300
in pesta 300
physiology 305
and plants 188, 189, 190
production 290-1,298,298,305
costs of 290, 291, 295, 300
quality of 290, 298-9
shelf-life of 290,291-5,293,294,
298-300,304,305
stability of 9,298, 299, 300, 305,
306
storage of 298, 298, 299
strain differences in 291
symbiotic bacteria 290
target insects 301
traps with 303, 306
UV light and 299
water requirements of 20
see also individual nematode
genera
Neodiprion lecontei 65
Neodiprion sertifer, see pine sawfly
Neodiprion swanei 65
Neosyl 51, 66, 339
nicotine 78
nicotinic acid 68, 360
see also vitamin B
nictation 293, 304, 380
Nigrosin 70, 357
Nilaparvata lugens, see brown plant
hopper
Nipasorb 357
Nitracoat 269, 343
Nitragin Gold 242, 267
see also Pelgel
nitrifying ability 317
Nitrigum 269,343
nitrogen fixation 107,199,224,236,
23~265-6,268,269,277,278
nitrogenous compounds 352,360-1
nitrogenous metabolic products 71,
75,76
NMD (number mean diameter), see
droplets, size of
No. 9209 emulsion 139
No.2 fuel oil 46, 336
No.2 furnace oil 58
nodulation 250,265-6,268,269,270,
277,278
Nogall 190,193
Nolo Bait 64
Nomuraea 133, 135
Nomuraea rileyi 67,139,149
non-oxynol surfactants 214,217
Nonoxynol 345
nonylphenol ethoxylate 345, 346
nonylphenoxy polyethoxy
ethanol 211,345
noodles 246, 252
Norbac 84C 190, 193
Norpar products 46, 336
northern jointvetch 204, 220
Nosema spp. 35, 35, 42
Nosema locustae 64
Novemol 57, 345
nozzles 99, 251, 315
air-shear 45
angled 209
blocking of 23,36,53,62, 168, 169,
299,314
exhaust 156
flat fan 65, 92, 373
flow rate of 238, 369
hydraulic 23, 18, 49
upwardly directed 45, 140, 373,
374
NPPL HiStick 267, 268, 271
nuclear polyhedrosis virus
(NPV) 35,45-6
additives for 47, 57, 60-1, 63--4,
336-52,354-62
aqueous 61
carriers for 336--40
for cotton larvae control 373, 373
encapsulated 53
multiple-embedded (MNPV) 53
oils with 46
solvents with 47
sunscreens, effects on 68-73
synergists and 82, 84, 85, 86, 102,
351-2
tank mixes, forest/field 65-6
as technical powder for maize 42
see also individual host insects
NuFilm 60-1,141,348
number mean/median diameter
(NMD), see droplets, diameter
of
nut trees 41, 190
nutrient balance/ratio 171,176,
314
nutrient granules 166, 168, 169, 170,
174,224,225
nutrient medium, solid 167
nutrient substrates 168
nutrient wash 171
nutrients 323, 353--4
absorption by fungus 168
as additives for specific
organisms 219,253,266,317,
325
agent-specific 174
bacteria survival and 330
composition of formulation 198,
324
exotic 199
leaching of 162,165,166
in mycoinsecticides 140,141-2,
141,146,172
in plant-disease control 196,
197
slow-release 176
in soil applications 225,250
Nutri-Link 245, 277
Nutrisoy 65
oak 41,60-1
defoliation of 84-5, 102-3
red 62
oat flakes 151
oat grains 208,339,354
oatmeal 198, 275, 339
occlusion bodies, see viruses
octyldodecylamine
hydrochloride 345
octyl-p-methoxycinnamate 358
octylphenol ethoxylate 344, 346,
349
octyl-salicylate 357
Odina oil EL 337, 368, 371
odour S15
oil-flowable products 172
oil seed 257
see also individual oils
oil sprays 45, 137-9, 149, 159, 169,
216-22,324,327,368
oil suspension, dormant 240-1
oils 10, 16, 17,20,46,51, 144-5, 151,
169, 172,216, 336-7
absorption by leaf cuticle 146
adverse effects of 95, 198
essential 336
and evaporation 324, 369
and feeding inhibition 104
and genetic engineering 106
as granule coating 227
handling properties improved
by 322
and hydrophobic structures 324
as nutrient 324, 325-6
organism movement in drops
of 45
oxidation in 160
palatability of 46, 173
purity of 322
rancidity of 162
specific gravity of 324

oils (cont.)
and spore carriage over/into
leaf 137-9
spreadability of 145
see also conidia, storage in oil;
emulsions; individual oils
oilseed rape 142,260
olefinic polymers 347
oleic acid 344
oleic acid monoethoxylate 97
oleyl alcohol monoethoxylate 97
olive oil 161, 216, 337
onchocerciasis programme 90
on-farm equipment/
techniques 258,265,270,271
onion seed 257, 260, 263, 264, 277
oospores 133,135,154,274,275
optical brighteners 71-2, 77, 82, 84,
143,144,145,199,359,380
see also individual compounds
orange, dried 152
orchards 133, 150
Orcin 70, 357
orcinol 357
organic powder 154
organisms ,
qualities of 2
size of 320
organochlorine 148
organophosphates 65, 148
organosilicone 56,57,58, 104, 174,
218,325,327,346
ornamentals 169, 190, 191, 193
ornithine 79,80,351
Ortho X-77 348
Orzan LS 65, 70, 76, 77, 362
osmoconditioning 263, 264-5, 380
osmotic potential/pressure/
tension 136, 136, 322
osmotic protectants/regulators 142,
157, 339, 342, 353, 354
osmoticum 208
Ostrinia nubilalis, see com borer
Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, see vine
weevil, black
Output 140, 141,351
oviposition sites 62
oxamyl 304
oxidase activity 103,352
oxidation 160
oxybenzone 144,146,357
oxygen 158,160,169,207
absence/exclusion of 156, 157,
174
consumption of 293, 320
depletion of 162,175
and dormancy 321
free radicals 77
tension, dissolved (DOT) 207
Index 401
oxygen-absorber 353 see also noodles; pesta
oxygen sink 327 Pasteuria penetrans 325
oxysorbic 345 pathogen production 97-9
oxysorbic polyoxyethylene sorbitan pathogens, human 38
monolaureate 211 pea plants 87, 189, 191
pea seed 193,262,262,265,276
PABA, see p-aminobenzoic acid peach 189
packaging peanut 189,191,195,271,272
Collego 207-8 see also groundnut oil
costs of 91 pear 41,189,193
flexible impermeable 158 peat 159,194,197,225,242,245,246,
heat-sealable 39, 239 247,260, 266-8, 269, 279, 291,
instruction labelling of 319 339
moisture-proof 321 alternatives to 267, 268
for nematodes 298 drying of 266
one-use 319 granular 244, 244, 251, 273
permeability of 322 neutralization of 267
twin 319 in pelleting (seed) 261
water vapour-proof 38, 39, 55 rhizobial survival in 268
see also bags; containers; storage sterilization of 267, 268
paddle mixer 42, 52, 220 toxicity of 267
Paecilomyces 133, 156, 236, 241 peat-based inoculants 260, 270, 271,
Paecilomyces !arinosus 136,142 273
Paecilomyces jumosoroseus 135, 139, pecan weevil 150
143, 155, 169 pectin 44, 219
blastospore survival 159 fruit 219, 351
rehydration of 166 PEG 151, 164, 166, 171, 173,343,354
young cultures of 172 see also polyethylene glycol
palatability 8, 46, 97, 151 Pelgel 193-4,269,274,276,349
palm oil 161, 337 see also Nitragin Gold
palm olein 50 pelleting 260-1,270,271
palmitic acid 96 pellets 22, 105, 142, 151, 188, 246,
Pandoraddphac~ 142,340,354 252,380
Pandora gloeospora 142 agglomeration of 93, 261
Pantorhytes plutus, see cocoa weevil alginate 151, 208, 224-5
pantothenic acid 68,360 baits with 301
-paper 63 colourless 156
paraffin compost 150
liquid 157, 161, 336, 353 conidial 224
long-chain 339, 343 mycelial 150,170,208
paraffin oil 46, 144, 161, 164, 211, seed 260-1,270,271,273,274,275
219,220,220,336,337 silica gel 156
paraffin wax 219,220,220,239,339, size grading of 261
343 slow / sustained-release 93, 95,
Parsol products 144-5,146,358 315
particles see also granules
behaviour of 370,371 penetration of leaf 213, 222
carried in water 88,89,90,104 Penicillium 188, 189, 193, 195, 198,
density, net 313 236,237
distribution among droplets 373 Penicillium bilaii 236
entrapment, filtration from Penicillium oxalicum 275
water 89 Penicillium urticae 150
floating 104-5, 152 Peniophora gigantea 194
release of 91 pentachloronitrobenzine 193
sinking 89 pepper seed 194,260,263
size of 38, 45, 51, 88, 89--:90, 104, pepper seedlings 205
109,174,197,243,266 pepper-pot shakers 13
texture of 95 peppers 199
pasta maker 226 peptides, water-soluble 360
402 Index
peptone 163,171,218,354
Perfekthiom EL Oil 371
performance of organisms in
field 204, 205, 320
perlite 92, 197, 244, 245,252,261,
339,342
peroral mode of action 31-127
peroxidase 73,360
peroxide radicals 74, 76, 362
peroxides 360-1
persimmon tree 203
persistence 48,59,108,210
environmental 19-21,98
persistence ratio 56
pesta 151,199,225-7,226,300,301,
380
pesticides, chemical 191,205,259,
305,317
application techniques 11
compatibility with
organisms 147-8, 212, 300,
302,304,314,325
co-formulation with
biologicals 279
shelf-life of 9
water-soluble 58
see also individual pesticides
pest generation asynchrony 327
pest population dynamics 330
pests
food store 104
soil 104
Petrol AG 57, 345
petroleum distillate 47
petroleum extracts, crude 159
petroleum-based oil 161
Petro Morwet EFW 57, 345
Pfr 97 135
PGPR, see rhizobacteria, plant
growth-promoting
pH 9,54,55, 170, 171
buffers for 157, 163, 249
leaf surface 20, 76, 77, 78
manipulation of 98,167,168,322
optima 50, 249, 268, 273, 276
in storage 314-15
see also major organisms
Phaedon cochleriae 142
phagocytes 82
phagostimulants 21,52,55,59,
62-7,63-4,75,83,98,99,105,
315,331,336,350-2,380
as masks 102
and non-target fauna 328
synergizing 79
see also major organisms
Phagus 190
Pharmamedia 63
phase separation 26
Pheast 63, 351 toxin-producing 86
phenolic compounds 83, 352 transgenic 36,86, 103, 106-7
phenylacetic acid 83, 351 plasmids 199
phenylalanine 68, 80, 352, 360 Plasrnopara viticola 191
2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic plaster, moulding 93
acid 356 plastics, UVB penetration of 19
phenylthiocarbamide 73, 361 plasticizers 92, 380
phialides 175 Pleurotus spp. 190
Phlebia gigantea 191, 193 Plodia interpunctella 107
Phorna aquilina 215 Plurafac A-24 57, 345
Phorna exigua 214 Plutella rnaculipennis 107
Phorna proboscis 217 Plutella xylostella, see diamondback
Phornopsis spp. 190,193 moth
Phorwite products 72, 77, 199,359 Plyac 57,60-1,147,346,349
phosphate buffer 77, 248 Poa annua, see annual bluegrass
phosphates 236, 266, 271, 277 POE, see polyoxyethylene
phosphatidylcholine 353 Poisson distribution 373
photoinactivators 67 polyacrylamide 94, 216, 245, 247,
photoprotectants, see sunscreens 267, 268, 273, 292, 338, 339,
photoreaction 143 341,343
see also sunlight; ultra violet polyamide 339
radiation polycarboxylic acid 341
Photorhabdus 290, 291 polyethylene 96, 158, 167
phthalic glyceryl alkyd resin 346 A-C 346,349
Phthorirnaea opercullela 42 polyethylene glycol 57, 142, 198,
phylloplane bacteria 54 249,250,263,343,354
phylloplane chemicals 20, 77 see also PEG
Phyllosticta 224 polyethylene glycol oleate 347
Phyllotreta cruciferae, see crucifer flea polyethylene monostearates 249,
beetle 343
Phytophthora spp. 189,190,191,193 polyflavonoid, natural 362
Phytophthora palrnivora 204, 207 Polygandron 190,193
see also DeVine polyglucine 61, 71
phytotoxicity 160 polyglycosamine 54
PIB, see polyhedral inclusion bodies polyhedral inclusion bodies 59,75,
picloram 212 373,374
Pieris brassicae 41, 53, 57 see also viruses, occlusion bodies
Pieris rapae 41 polyhedrin 55
pigments 143,329,330, 362 polyhydroxyl alcohols 276
see also melanin polymer binder 194
pine forest weed control 223 polymerizers 338-40
pine lignin 343 polymers 245, 247, 258, 275
pine needles 59, 60 anionic powder 341
pine sawfly 59,61 aromatic 347
pineapple 195 in encapsulation 26
pink bollworm 63 hydrophilic 216
Pinolene 1882 57, 345 olefinic 347
Pinopsida 48 synthetic 24
pinto bean 267 water-soluble 343
Pinus radiata seed 277 Polynox products 194,349
piperonyl butoxide 103, 352 polyol content 140, 171, 176
Pitsulin 58, 345 Polyox 276
plant disease, control of 187-200 polyoxyethylene (POE) 24, 217
plant extracts 21, 62, 67, 78, 350 polyoxyethylene glyceryl
plant nutrition 236 monooleate 157
plant residues as carriers 22 polyoxyethylene sorbitan
plant secretions 20 monolaurate 211, 214
plants polyoxyethylene sorbitan
growth habits of 209 monooleate 214
 Index 403
polyoxypropylene 24 coarse 278 trends in 320-1
polyphenol oxidase 79 dry 172,242 yield-optimized 326, 329
polyphenols 78 wettable 241-2 Proflo 63
Polyplasdone 249,343 moist 242-3, 243 proline 68,79,80,159,352,361
polypropenoic acid 94 size grades of 261, 266 ProMo 65
polypropylene 92,93,341, 343 spore, pure 168 Promot 188
polypropylene carbonate 343 storage of 321 propagules 198,206-8,217
polypropylene microporous see also dusts; wettable powders antagonist on leaf surfaces 199
film 168 powdery mildew 140, 188, 189 see also conidia; spores; etc.
polysaccharides 215, 249, 262,276, PRECEP 189,193 propanil 212
339,341-2,348,353 precipitation, post-spray 48 prophylactic treatment 151
Polysuif 274,339 Precirol 249,343 proprionate 50, 354
Polysurf-e gel 194, 349 pre-drying 156, 158, 159, 160 propylene carbonate 49
polythene blackouts 140 preservatives 50, 98, 102, 240, 322, propylene glycol 161,339
Polytran 274,339 351, 352, 35~ propyl gallate 73, 77, 361
polyvinyl acetate 64,258 bacteriostatic 354 Propyltex 92, 343
polyvinyl alcohol 45,46,58,66, 141, see also acidification; anti- protease 54
274,343,346,348,349,362 microbials; individual types alkaline 55,98
polyvinyl sticker 61, 62, 349 pre-soaking 142, 173,323 inhibitors 79, 80, 83
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 65, presporangia 154 Protec 65, 71,362
249,250,260,269,343,349 pressure damage 218 protein hydrolysates 361
polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate prills 96,169,195, 195--6,262,274, protein solubilizing reagents 83
(PVP/VA) 343 380 proteinases 98
pome fruit 188, 189, 193 see also alginate prills; granules proteins 312-13,353
Popilia japonica, see Japanese beetle Primojel 249,343 anti-viral 78
poplar bark 197,339 processes, unit 205 conidial 207
post-application life 109 processing methods 250-3 denatured 351
post-harvest disease 194--5 products 380 precipitation of 78
potassium 24 aqueous 101 stabilization of 164,305
transport of ions in gut 79,80 characteristics of 239 as sunscreens 72,75,76,329,360-1
potassium carbonate 79, 81, 84, 85, combination 241 proteolysis 79
352 commercial 135, 188-93 protoxins 79
potassium-channel blocker 79 complementary 316 Protozoa 35,35,54,98,99,108,242,
potassium chloride 38,163,164, development costs of 253 247
166,354 dry 22-4,97,98 additives with 56, 6~, 361, 362
potassium dihydrogen efficacy and application Prunus serotina 223
. phosphate 81, 83, 163, 354 methods 237 Pseudaletia unipuncta, see armyworms
potassium hydrogen carbonate 81, failure of 135 Pseudomonas 54,197,236,237,240,
352 liquid 98 245,262,273,279
potassium nitrate 263 multipurpose 109,228,316 carriers for 337-9
potassium phosphate 83, 158, 263 proprietary 108 stabilizers for 353
potassium polyacrylamide 94,198 spore-free 100 Pseudomonas cepacia 54,190,193
potassium polyacrylate 94 spore quality and 175 Pseudomonas fluorescens 189, 193,
potassium sorbate 37,48,354 types of 377-81 194,262,273
potassium tartrate 82, 352 see also individual products artd Pseudomonas putida 194,199,261,
potato 189, 249, 276 groups 262,273
pests of 41 production Pseudomonas solanacearum 191
. transgenic 86 costs of 24, 98, 176, 204, 241, 253, Pseudomonas syringae 189,193
potato dextrin 348 266,291,295,317 Pseudomonas tolassii 189, 190, 192,
potato de,.;trose agar 141,352 of fungi 166-72 193
potato seedpieces 193,194,197,273, industrial flow lines for 134 Pseudoperonospora subensis 191
275 liquid fermentation 170-2 pseudoplasticity 342, 348, 353, 380
potato starch 246, 249, 344 mass 236,261,290-1 Psorophora columbiae 91
polato tuber stores 42 of mycelium 170 PSSOL 191
potency 37, 49, 88, 96, 320 optimal 36-40 pteridine 76
powder balls, unwetted 23 run-length in 175 Pteridium aquilinum, see bracken
powders· 159,241-3 semi-automated 259 published information, lack of 3
adherence to leaf by 315 solid-substrate 166-70, 176 pumice 95, 168
application of 259 of technical powder 167 pumping problems 90
404 Index
pumps 12,13,137,172
putrefaction 105
PVP, see polyvinylpyrrolidone
PVP/VA, see polyvinylpyrrolidone/
vinyl acetate
PVP /VA-S-630 269, 343
pycnidial parasites 188
pycnidiospores 153, 156,380
Pyrax 154,242,275,338
pyrazosulfuron ethyl 213
pyrethrins 103
pyrethroid insecticide 350
pyridoxine 68, 361
pyrimidine dimers 74
pyrophyllite 154, 193, 195-6, 196,
197,225,275,338,354
pyrrolidone 258
Pythium 188,189,190,191, 193,194,
245,250,264,273,274,276
Pythium oligandrum 190,193,194,
261,274-5,275
Pythium ultimum 190,194, 199,273,
274,276
quality control 174,305,320-1
quality standards 268, 279, 298, 299
quantification, in-field 173
quantification units 56
Quantum 4000 242, 272
quartz flour 194, 275
radish seed 265, 276
raffinose agar 63
rain 209, 217
simulated 59,60-1
see also wash-off
rainfastness 53,60-1,101, 146-7,
315,327
rainsplash, dispersal by 206
Ramularia rubella 218
rancidity 25, 322
rapeseed oil 46,139,141,216,221-2,
221,222,223,336,337,347,350
ratios 56, 75
Raymix products 70-1,76,362
Reax 907 70, 343
reflectors 20, 72, 359
refrigeration 10, 135,239, 239, 291
refugia 107
registration 188, 268, 317
rehydration 166,173,174,242,305
relative humidity 138, 153, 158,217,
227,319,324,326,380
equilibrium 13~, 153
see also humidity
release kinetics 93
reliability trials 318
research
analytical 324
basic 328-31 Rhizoctonia 189, 191, 245, 265, 272,
costs of 200 274
future 97-109, 172-6, 199-200, see also damping-off
227-8,253,277-9,300-6, Rhizoctonia solani 188, 189, 190, 191,
311-331 194,195,199,274,275,276
joint/partnership 228,319 Rhizogen luteolus 277
resins 21, 59 Rhizo-Kote 270
resistance 78,86,106-8,209 rhizomes 209
resorcinol 83,352 rhizoplane 237
respiration 162,225,295 Rhizopus stolonifer 191
as measure of energy use 320-1, rhizosphere 237,238,278,380
326 Rhodamine B 70, 269, 358
in store 322, 326 Rhoplex products 60-1,65,349
retention of spray 21 riboflavin 68, 76, 361
Rex clay 154,338 rice 102, 107, 135, 141, 147,154, 168,
rhinoceros beetle 108 171, 191, 204, 249
rhizobacteria as bait 152
herbicidal 227 rice fields/paddies 90,91,216
plant growth-promoting 194,245, rice flour 225, 339
272,273,277 rice hulls 342,353,360
rhizobia rice starch 249, 344
in broth cultures 266 Richard's medium 207
carriers for 266-8 Ringer's solution 164, 164, 171, 354
coated 260 Risella oil 46, 337, 371
in gypsum granules 245 rodlet layer 137
harvesting of 240 root dips 188, 194
nutrients for 323 root exudates 278
pre-inoculation of 261 root growth, inhibition of 250
production of 240-1,243,246 root knot 190
and seed inoculation 269-72,318, root rot 189, 193, 245, 274
325 RootShield 188,191
shelf-life of 240 rootworms 299,301
standardization 269 Rose Bengal 196,248,354
stickers for 268-9 roses 193
storage of 240 Rotstop 191, 193
survival of 268, 269, 278 Rottboellia cochinchinensis,see itch grass
temperature and 20 round-leaved mallow 212, 242
rhizobial inoculants 259,260,262, Rumex spp., see docks
265-71 run-off 208, 210, 315, 327
oil-based 267 rutin 78
Rhizobium 87,197,198,224,236,242, rye 64
243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, ryegrass seed 273,276
267,268
binders for 342-4, 349 Sabouraud dextrose agar 141, 146,
carriers for 337, 338-40 352
dormant 240-1 Sabouraud dextrose broth 163, 165,
early commercial production 354
of 238,240 Sabulodes aegrotata 41
nitrogen fixation and 236 Saccharomyces 198
sunscreens for 358 safety 108,317,319,324
symbiosis with legumes 236, 240, sales 188,204
266 salicylate 199,317
synergists 350 salicylic acid 82, 352
Rhizobium japonicum 243,244,245, Salmonella 358
246, 269, 337 salts, synergistic 81-2, 82
Rhizobium leguminosarum 197, SAN-285-WPG 6 352
266 sand 90, 92, 105, 159, 247, 261, 301,
Rhizobium meliloti 266, 269 303,338
Rhizobium phaseoli 267 blasting 91, 92
 Index 405
sand-and-oil granules 96 storage of 279 shale 194, 339
Sandovit 57, 346 transgenic 107 see also Leonardite shale; ligneous
Sandoz products 40, 65 treated shale
sandwich technique 260 as bait 325 Sharples A5-16VB centrifuge 39
SAS 90 oil 140,141,346 user-friendly 325 shear 10, 49, 49
saturation, soil-water 136 treatments for 193-4 sheets, crop-cover 140
Saturn Yellow 358 chemical 261 shelf-life 9, 50, 52, 90, 94, 204-5
sawdust 152,242,245,246,247,339 for insect control 272 carriers affecting 197
sawfly 65 weight increase of 260 of dormant suspensions 240
sawfly NPV 46 yields of 269 dry vs liquid 99
scale insects 133 see also matriconditioning; of epiphytes 107
scale-up 36,37, 170, 175, 266, 291, individual seeds/crop types of flowables 101, 109
317 seed coating 242, 243, 247, 258-61, of fungi 154-6,158,159,172,
Scapteriscus vicinus, see mole cricket 269, 276, 277, 380 174--6,228
scarab beetles 304, 320 compounds for 22, 95, 227, 242, humectants and 198
see also individual species 247,250 of monolayers 106
Schistocerca gregaria, see locusts lime 270 of mycelia 206
sclerotia/microsclerotia 265,380 machinery for 15 of nematodes 305
sclerotial homogenate 250 multi-layered 258, 278 perlite and 245
Sclerotinia 189 seed dressing 87 in pesta 227
Sclerotinia homeocarpa 191 seed encapsulation 262-3 production factors, influence
Sclerotinia minor 189,274 seed extracts 63, 79,83 on 326-7
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 189, 191, 250, seed filmcoating 276, 380 of suspensions 104
275 binder system for 261,274 of wettable powders 101
sclerotinia wilt 276 particle grade for 278 see also storage; individual
Sclerotium rolfsij 191, 194, 198, 265 pelleting and 273,274 organisms / formulations
screening 168,169 techniques for 258-60 shellac 250
screens, thermal 140 side-vented drum 259 Shell Risella oil 337
seal oil 46 spouted-bed 258-9 Shellsol products 46,47, 139, 159,
search, power of 287-308 seed pelleting 194, 260, 270, 273 161,337,356,358,359,368,
Seaton products 46,337 seed priming 173,194,263-4 370,371
seawater 94 bio-priming 194 showy crotalaria 219
sedimentation 24, 25, 51 drum 263 sicklepod 217,219,220,225,226,
see also settling solid-matrix 194, 263, 264, 264, 226
seed 273,276 ·silage inoculants 240
application of microorganisms seedling emergence 270 silica 23, 154
to 247, 255-279 seedling necrosis 217 amorphous 295
costs of treatment 257 seedling pathogens 191 fumed 97,152,227,295,343,349
as delivery vehicle 238, 241, 247 seedlings, pregerminated 265 in granule formulations 292, 294
germination of 263, 265 semolina 226 synthetic 51,339
humidification for 264, 273 sentering 252 silica dusts 22
hydration of 264 separator, vibrating 39 silica gel 9, 153, 159, 174, 198,218,
immersion techniques for 263-5 Sepiret 260 224, 336, 340, 344, 350
impregnation of 270 serine 79,80,352 indicator grade 156
inbibition damage to 174 Serratia 320 pellets 156, 158, 159, 160, 161
incubation of 263 Serratia entomophila 273, 338, 341 silica powder 42, 91, 157, 157, 168,
in-furrow applications of 237,238 sesame oil 216, 337 218,339,340,341,344
inoculation of 269-71 Sesbania exaltata, see hemp sesbania silica zerogel 159, 167,339,342
mycorrhizal 277 Setaria spp., see foxtail silicate 20
rhizobial 265-71,318 sethoxydim 212 silicobenzone 75, 346
techniques for 256-65 settling silicon anti-foams 23
machinery for 256-65, 271, 278 during storage 50, 104, 172,314 silicon dioxide
on-farm application at sowing 271 in spray tank 24,44,45,50,314 fumed 249,341
as phagostimulants 62 in water after application 88, 89- synthetic amorphous 342
pre-inoculation of 269-70, 271, 90,105 silicone oil 152
318 see also sedimentation silkworm 41,60,78,142
quality parameters for 257 sewage 92 Siloid 344
steeping of 265 Shade 60, 63-4, 65, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, Silverson mixer 48
sterilization of 265 362 Silwet products 58, 147, 214, 346
406 Index
Simulium spp., see blackfly
sinking, see settling
Sipernat 22 92, 344
Sitona spp. 87
size enlargement 251-2
skinning 224
slime mould 247
slow / sustained-release
formulations 19,224,225,
227,250,344,353,360
for use in water 91-5,97, 106
slugging 252
slurries 37,98,261,269, 272, 276,
278
ex-fermenter 50, 100
inoculation of 271
mixing of 250
mycelial 208
storage 165, 175
SMA-2625A 77, 340, 343, 349, 362
smectite clay 341, 344
smell, termite rejection for 331
snap bean seed 264, 272
soap 23, 24, 342
sodium, gut transport of ion 79, 80
sodium acetate 82, 352
sodium acrylate 94
sodium alginate 164,166,195,195,
197,215,220,224,224,262,
262, 322, 340, 344, 348, 349,
353
see also alginate
sodium alkyl aryl sulphonate 94
sodium ascorbate 73, 159, 165, 361
sodium azide 248, 354
sodium benzoate 50, 83, 249, 344,
352,354
sodium carbonate 79,81,352
sodium carboxymethylcellulose
249,338,339,341, 347
sodium caseinate 269,340
sodium chloride 163,354
sodium citrate 293, 294
sodium CMC 340
sodium 2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-
dimethoxy-5-
sulphobenzophenone 358
sodium dioctyl
sulphosuccinate 345, 346
sodium dodecyl sulphate 80, 84,
352
sodium formate 82, 352
sodium glutamate 157, 163, 164,354
sodium glycerophosphate 83, 84
sodium hydroxide 48, 244
sodium lauryl sulphate 344, 352
sodium lignosulphonate 362
sodium nitrate/nitrite 81,352
Sodium Omadine 40
sodium polyacrylate 341
sodium salicylate 82, 352
sodium salts 342
of alkylosulphonated alkylate
of polycarboxylic acid 341
of polypropenoic acid 94
sodium silicate 163,276,354
sodium starch glycolate 249, 339,
343
sodium stearate 24
sodium sulphate 22 . sorghum silage 349, 354
sodium tetraborate 21, 85
sodium thioglycolate 79, 83, 352
soil
accidental movement of 236
application of agents to 149-52,
197,225,227,236-53,324-5
fungal control of pests in 174
as mechanism for spread of plant
disease 236
moisture content of 136
penetration of 325
spraying of
direct 299
droplet size for 368
sterile ISO
subsurface of 40, 325
'suppressive' 236
water relations in 136
waterlogged 151
soil biota
action of 150
competitive 325
population dynamics of 278
Soil Implant 244
soil injectors 15
soil inoculants 210,236-53
basic formulations for 237-47
as granules 243
ingredients for 247-50
placement of 237
processing methods for 250-3
subsurface 325
soilborne crop diseases 189-92
SoilGard 188, 191,245,249
Solanum ptycanthum, see black
nightshade
Solenopsis invicta 301
solid-matrix priming, see seed
priming
solvents 47
Sorba Spray Zip 77, 354
sorbic acid 50, 82, 248, 352, 354
sorbitan monolaurate
ethoxylate 345
see also Tween 20
sorbitan monooleate 340
sorbitan monooleate ethoxylate, see
Tween 80
sorbitan monopalmitate
ethoxylate 347, 352
sorbitan monostearate
ethoxylate 347, 352
sorbitan trioleate 346
sorbitan trioleate ethoxylate 347
sorbitol 47, 60-1, 164, 164, 166, 214,
215,219,248,339,344,349,354
sorghum 191, 195
sorghum powder 142,340,354
sorghum straw 223, 340
Sorghum halepense, see Johnson grass
Southern blight 265
see also Sclerotium rolfsii
Sovix 346
soya (soybean) flour 62,63,65-6,
198,225,340,352,354
soya hydrolysate 68, 361
soya meal 250
soya (soybean) oil 46,63,65,
159-60, 161, 162, 216, 219,
220,220,337,343
soya polysaccharide 342
soybean 103,189,191,204,216,240,
243,246,248,259,262,264,
265,269,270,274,353
soybean capsules 102,262
soybean lecithin 97,220,220
soybean seeds/seedlings 193,227
Soy-Dex 219, 344
space-planting 260
Span products 46, 57-8, 65, 340, 345
Speswhite china clay 51, 66, 338,
344
sphagnum moss 264, 340
spheronization 252
Spicaria 133
spindle oil 46,336
spiny cockleburr 217
split-pill process 275
Spodoptera 41,79,84,86
Spodoptera exigua 57-8, 107, 300,
304,319
see also beet armyworm
Spodoptera Jrugiperda 42, 84, 166
Spodoptera littoralis 45,46,46, 47, 55,
58, 63, 66, 84, 85, 373, 374
GV 86
~PV 39,51,59,61,65-6,84
spoilage, autolytic 55
sponges 22, 291, 292
spores
additive toxicity to 200
adhesion of 215
aerial 241
ageing 176
allelochemicals and 103
annular aggregates of 209

spores (cont.)
aqueous suspensions of 205
centrifuged 157, 206
clumping 209
concentration of 162, 165,207,
208,313,322
count of 61
'dead' 106
dehabilitating metabolism of 162
dehydration of 272
delicate 135,176
deterioration of 175
dispersion of, in water 218
dormant 240
endogenous 323
dusty 166
environmental resistance of
204-5
fission type 207
floating 152
flocculation of 23
free water and 205
frozen, survival of 165
germination of 153, 162, 163, 218
delayed 166
inhibition of, 79, 162, 164,
211-13,214,215-16,217,248,
325
in oil 223
optimal 136
premature 55,169,322,323
speed of 140,165,173
stimulation of 54,142,172,216
storage effects on 161, 165-6
water content for 221
half-life of, dry fungal 164
harvesting of 241
humidity and 205
hydrophobic 56, 165, 218
irradiated 106
irritants and 174
on leaves
growth 140
pick-up from 139, 172
lipophilic fungal 25
moisture content of 155
mutagenesis of 143
number fluctuations of 149, 373
nutrients and 174
in oil 137, 216, 241
pigmentation of 143
preservation of 211
pre-soaked 140
production of 133,175-6
water activity and 136
quality of 175-6
rehydrated 173
resting 133, 170
separation of 206
Index 407
shelf-life of 168, 174,207 retention of 17,327
soil penetration by 149 to run-off 205, 210
stability of 164, 207 spore-free 219
sunlight effects on 74 standing before use 55
survival of 145, 146, 155-6, 159, timing of 209
162, 163, 165, 173, 251 ultra low volume (VLV) 18, 45, 47,
synergists and 103 48,90, 100-1,104,137,140,
thick-walled 242 160,170,241,313,315,316,
VV radiation and 172, 205 324,327,368,369,371,373
viability of in storage 53 underleaf coverage 46
vigour, optimizing 171-2 very low volume (VLV) 18,140,
virulence 166 368,374
yield of 207, 225 viscosity of 21, 172, 372
see also blastospores; conidia; fungi; see also viscosity
individual species/genera volumes, optimum 46-7, 221, 299
spore-free mutant 100, 104, 106 see also drift; droplets; oil sprays
Sporidesmium 250 spray drying 37,37,39-40,98, 100,
sporulation 150 101,153,156,241-2,250-1,
induced 208 258,259
submerged 206 for encapsulation 53, 102
spouted-bed drying 258-9 Spray Oil 435 147,346
spraying/sprays sprayers 11,12-13,219,323
accumulation on leaf 208 accuracy of 11
aerial 90, 100, 172, 299 aerosol 210
application 223 air-assist 223
factors for 205, 206 airblast 13, 368, 373
fluid suspensions for 237-41 atomizer, electronically charged
of fungal 137-48, 149 rotary 141
interaction with boom 12, 238, 313
formulation 228 tail 46
parameters of 205,206,223, centrifugal disc 138
228,315,367-374 compressed air 12
rates of 206, 367-9 drop-leg 209
to water bodies 89 efficiency of 327
applicators, coating 259 electrostatic 45, 209, 299
aqueous 139,142,151,169,210, exhaust-nozzle 156
216-22,259 fan-assisted 374
dormant 240 flow rate from 369
bulk 100 hose-end 12
climate effects, dry 137-42 HV 44
coarse 97 hydraulic 12, 239
controlled droplet (CDA), see knapsack 12,46,373,374
droplets Micro-Viva 139
costs of 50, 139 rapid loading of 172
coverage factors 16 spinning cage, 12, 18
deterioration of 24, 55 spinning disc 17, 46, 369, 370,
dilution of 164 373,374
dispersal of 313 syringe/piston/stirrup pump 12
driers 37 trigger pump 12
early 140 Turbair 374
formulation trends for 99-102 VLV 13,17
high volume (HV) 44, 101, 137-S, see also nozzles
140, 313, 327, 368 Spreader 57
impaction of 16,17 spreaders 141, 238, 347-9, 381
for insect control 44-51,99-102 Spreadite 57, 346
low volume (LV) 45,47,101,140, spring-loaded pellet hammer 203
313,368 spruce budworm 41, 47, 48, 49, 50,
penetration of leaf tissue by 222 60,65,356
ready-to-use 172 spurred anoda 217,219,224
408 Index
stabilization 9-10 for mycoinsecticides 141, 146--7, strawberry 189,191,193
aqueous emulsion 48, 50 151 Streptomyces 197,236, 242,261, 339,
baculovirus 38-40 for plant-disease control 151, 353
fungal spore 207 193-4, 197 Streptomyces griseoviridis 190, 193,
membrane 242,247-8 for seed formulations 268-9, 271 272,279
problems of 8 see also individual types Streptomyces lividans 103, 362
protein 164 sticking, preventing in cereal streptomycin 265
semi-solids 36 grain 168 streptomycin sulphate 354
virus 98, 100-1 stilbene derivatives 20 stunt virus, see Helicoverpa armigera
stabilizers 336, 353-4, 381 stilbene optical brighteners/ styrene maleic anhydride half-
enzyme 156 sunscreens 71-72,77,84,85, ester 53, 340
food-grade 55 144, 145, 173,359 succinate 252, 340
Staganospora sp. 221,223 stimulants, feeding, concentrations sucrose 53,60,63,66--7,70-1,93,99,
standardization 319,320-1 of 62 152, 155, 157, 163, 164, 167,
see also quality control stolons 209 171,208,219, 225, 227, 248,
starch 98, 211, 218, 227, 249, 292, storage of bulk food 40, 42 248,250,301,344,352,354
.294,295,322,340 storage of formulated products 134, Sudan IV 60
in encapsulation 26,53,103,227 154-66,167,174-5,314 sugars/sugar solutions 47,155
gelatinized 199,340 bacterial activity in 90 as dispersants 52
microcapsules 101 cold 153 in encapsulation 53
as multifunctional additive 102 costs of 10 for freeze-drying 156
palatability of 66--7 deterioration in 54-5 in granules 24
pre-gelatinized 249, 340, 344 dry 154,155,156,198,224,227, humectant action of 219
as storage protectant 164 326 as nutrients 323
as UV blocker 146 dry products vs liquid in 99, as phagostimulants 63-4, 66
see al$o com starch; potato starch; 321-2 as preservatives 50
rice starch; wheat starch fermentation during 243 as stickers 54
starch granules 64, 99 high-temperature 326 as stimulants of feeding 54
starch matrices 77 humidity during 136, 175, 176 in storage water 164
starch polymers 22 maturation in 174 sugar-starch buffers 78
Star-Tab 340 moisture content during 228, 326 sugarbeet 190, 191, 193, 194, 257,
Sta-Rx 1500 340 in oil 152, 159-62, 160, 160, 161, 258, 260, 261, 262, 262, 263,
steam, see sterilization 169,227 265, 273, 274, 275
stearic acid 96, 249, 344 on-farm 271 sugarcane soil 150
steeping 265 problems of 8, 204 sugarcane soldier fly 150
Steinernema 289-90, 292, 293, 293, refrigerated 135 sugarcane stem borer 54
301 with silica 168 sulisobenzone 71, 77, 362
Steinernema carpocapsae 291, 292, surfactants and 25 sulphated alkyl carboxylate 94
293, 293, 294, 294, 296, 297, survival in sulphates, fatty alcohol 24
298,300,302,303,304-5 doubled by formulation 317 sulphonated alkyl naphthalene 94
Steinernema feltiae 291, 292, 293, 360, temperature during 9,154-5,158, sulphonated kraft pine lignin 343
361 159, 164, 244 sulphuric acid 48
Steinernema glaseri 291, 292, 293, trends in 321-2 sunflower 189, 191
293,294 vacuum 157, 158, 167 sunflower oil 161, 216, 337
Steinernema riobravis 291, 292 virulence and 165-6 sunflower seed 257,274
Steinernema scapterisci 292,293,299, in water 51, 162-5, 163, 164, 175 sunlight
303,305 see also bags; containers; packaging; artificial/simulated 64,74,143,224
sterculia tree 348 individual formulations types damage by 67, 315
sterility 158 and organisms inactivation by 19-20,93
sterilization 252-3 strain slants 171 mode of action of 74,143
electron beam 252 strain specificity 172 protection from 143
heat 225-6 strains 279 see also sunscreens
steam 239,243,247,252,265,267 with different temperature test conditions for 74-5,100
Sterotex 249, 344 ranges 174 in water 89
stickers 21,22,59,60-1, 315, 327-8, selection of 211,314,327,329-30 wavelengths 19,67, 143
347-9,381 variation between 253,272,277-8, see also ultra violet radiation;
for herbicides 215-16,215 318 individual organisms
for insect control 52, 55, 59-62, variability of 172 sunscreens 20, 44, 55, 315, 355-62,
92,97-8,102 stranglervine 204 381

sunscreens (cont.)
cosmetic 68-9,391, 355-8, 378
costs of 76, 101
droplet size and 17
effects of different 75-7
encapsulation and 26, 53
in floating granules 105
fungi and 142-6, 144-5, 173
insect control and 65,67-77,68-73
limitations of 8
multifunctional 102, 103
oil-soluble 145
synergists and 84
in traps 108
trends in 328, 329
in water bodies 89,145
Sunspray Oil 139
Superfloc 37
Supernat 22 52
supernatant, cloudy 37
superoxide dismutase 73,361
Supersorb products 93, 344
superspreaders 56, 58
supersurvivors 327
super-wetters 104
supplement, compatible salts 158
suppliers of formulants 363-5
suppressants
contaminant 240, 248
growth 240, 248
Supresivit 188, 191
surface tension 23, 56, 76, 166, 209,
216, 218, 315, 362
surfactants 23,24-5,52,57-8,92,
104,301,314,345-7
amphoteric 24
anionic/cationic 24
compatibility of 56
deterioration, as causes of 54
evaporation and 209
for hydrophobic spores 165
ionic 25, 242
lipophilic 147
low-foam 52
in mycoherbicides 213-14,214,
216,217-18
in mycoinsecticides 141,147,166,
170, 173, 174
non-ionic 24,25, 171, 213, 214
non-oxynol 214
potential harm from 175
with sunscreens 75
see also detergents; emulsifiers;
wetters
Surfino products 346
Surfynol products 48, 52, 58, 157,
346
suspenders 10,48,314,341-4,381
suspensibility 104
Index 409
Sutro 61, 349 in spray drying 10,55, 156,251,
swelling 36, 169, 197, 249 259,266
Syloid 249 tolerance of 245, 245
symbionts 2, 277, 290, 329 insect body 174
Synacril White 72, 359 light inactivation and 74
synergism 213, 300, 314, 325 low 175,239
synergists 21, 341-4, 381 nutrients and 168
allelochemical 103 optima for organism
costs of 84 activation 20,50
fungal 147-8, 173 ranges for different strains 174
in insect control 54, 55, 56, 78-86 relative humidity and 136
mode of action of 80-83 shelf-life and 154
multiple 102 soil 150
research, future 102-3 during spraying 315
transgenic plants and 86 storage 52-3, 153, 154-5, 158, 159,
trends in 328, 331 160,164,204,244,268,326
viral 84 survival and 268
System 3 191, 193 ultra violet light and 143
systemic action 10, :40, 86-7, 106-8 virus inactivation and 74,329
Tenac 57,349
T-22G 188, 191 Tenn K clay 338
T-22HB 188, 191 tent caterpillar 45, 139
T-400-100 oil 161, 337 termites 331
tablets 95, 218, 246, 249, 252 terpene 141,345,348
effervescent (rapid-release) 91, terpolymers 258
249 Terraclor 193
see also pellets testing
take-all disease 189, 194, 197, 236 reliability 318
Talaromyces flavus 193, 194, 197, 275, safety 317
338 statutory, rhizobia on seed 271
talc/talcum powder 20,42, 71, 74, toxicity 317
93, 154, 159, 194, 197, 242, 249, Tetrahymena pyriformis 105
273,338 Texas blast sand 92
tallow amine ethoxylate 211, 345 Texas gourd 198,225
tank mixes 1,56,57,84-5,314,327 Thelaviopsis basicola 197
chemical compatibility in 302, Thermospora curvata 346, 347, 352,
304 354
economics of 101,318 thiamine 68,361
forest/ field 65-6 see also nicotinic acid
technology research on 109 thickeners 10, 21, 47, 47, 59, 220,
tanks, bulk transport 50 314,315,341-4,381
tannic acid 79, 85, 352 thidiazuron 213,352
tannins 78, 84, 103 thinners 314
taste 315 see also diluents
technical concentrate/material/ Thiodan CO oil 371
powder 23, 37, 37, 49, 52, 53, thiram 264, 265
91, 92, 100, 101, 105, 167, 169 Thixcin 152, 154, 340
see also concentrates thixotropic gel 329, 381
Technical Protein Colloid 90014 92 threonine 80, 352
Teepol 56,57-8,65-6,346 Thuricide 57, 60
teflubenzuron 148 Tinopal LPW 66,72,77,144,145,
Teknar 90 146,199,359
temperature feeding inhibition by 102
in agar cultures 238-9 synergism of NPV 82, 84-5, 102,
deterioration caused by 54 331
dew and 209 Tinopal products 65,72,76,359
growth and 171 Tinuvin products 145,359
high titanium dioxide 72, 77, 359
and disease curing titanium oxide 20
410 Index
tobacco 41
tobacco budworm, see Heliothis
virescens
tobacco hornworm 78
a-tocopherol 164,165,353
tolerance 198-9,206
toluene 47
Tolypocladium cylindrosporum 133,
142, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164,
165, 166
tomato 41, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193
ortho-hydroxy phenolics 78
tomato seed 194,260,262,262,
263,264,264,265,273,275,
277
Top oil 46,337
Topwet 61,349
toxicity, additives 210-16,333-362
toxicity assessment 211
toxicity testing 317
toxin genes 86, 87, 106-8
tragacanth 249
transgenic algae 107
transgenic plants 11, 86, 106-8
see also genetic engineering
transport 50,91
traps 15, 108
nematode 300,301,306
sound 301,303
see also baits
tree inoculation 15,216
tree wounds 189
trefoil 270
trehalose 171, 176, 247-8, 305, 330,
354
Trematoda 108
trends 97-108,309-331
see also individual subjects
tributyl citrate 163, 354
Trichoderma 188,189,191, 194, 197,
236,241,250,261,264,265,
275-6, 279, 326
Trichoderma 2000 188
Trichoderma hamatum 199
Trichoderma harzianum 188, 189, 191,
194,195,197,198,199,276,
337,339,343,349
Trichoderma koningii 276
Trichoderma polysporum 189
Trichoderma viride 188,191
Trichodex 188, 191
Trichodowels 188, 191
Trichoject 188, 191
Trichopel 188, 191
Trichoplusia ni 41, 64, 86, 304
Trichoseal 188, 191
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid 351
3,7-trimethylxanthine 350
Tri-philizer freeze-dryer 39
Triton products 56, 57-8, 65, 346
Triton X-100 56,146,147,165,323,
344
Tropaeolin 00 357
tropical conditions 20,55,67,74,96,
97,153,210,268,328
trypsin inhibitors 79, 83
tryptophan 68, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80,
352,361
excited moieties 74
tumble-drying 224
turmeric 355
turnip moth 304
tussock moth NPV 53
Tween 20 52,57,147,171,211,214,
214, 217, 346
Tween 40 80,214,216,217,221,222,
347,352
Tween 60 79,80,214,217,347,352
Tween 70 147, 347
Tween 80 56,58, 79, 80, 137, 138,
139,146,147, 164, 165, 171,
214,214,217,323,347,352,354
Tween 85 214, 217, 347
tyrosinase gene 103,361
tyrosine 68, 75, 76, 80, 352, 362
ultra violet (UV) radiation 19-20,
67, 68-73, 75, 77, 85, 98, 357
baculovirus and 329
blockers of 145, 146
entomopathogen protection
from 199
fungi and 143-5,144,172,173
nematodes and 299-300
protectants, mixtures of 328
spore inhibition by 205
viruses and 98
in water 89, 96
see also sunlight
ULV, see spray, ultra low volume
VIva sprayer 373
Univul D49 145
Uranine 358
urea 71, 83, 199, 340, 352, 361
uric acid 71, 82, 361
user, cost savings to 316-17,318
user education 319,323,324,327
user flexibility 109
user-friendliness 98,100, 102,318,
322-3,326,327
Uval 362
UVA/UVB, see ultra violet radiation
Uvinal 358
Uvinul 65, 69, 358
Uvitex 65, 69, 358
vacuum drying 155,251
vacuum filtering 170
vacuum storage 157, 158, 159, 167,
321
vacuum suction 241, 270
Vairimorpha necatrix 67
valine 79, 80, 85, 352
Valmic 168
VAM, see vesicular-arbuscular
endomycorrhiza
van der Waal's forces 59,247
vapour pressure 136
VatsolOT 347
Veegum 48,344
vegetable extracts 63
vegetable oils 25, 46, 51, 90, 93, 95,
104,139,152,161,162,163,165,
211,211,216,217,247,249,268,
336, 337, 343, 344, 350, 351, 362
vegetable pests 41,189,190
vegetable seed 265
see also individual vegetables
velvetleaf 213, 219, 226
ventilation of packaging 322
vermiculite 36,150,154,168,194,
196,197,198,208,224,225,
242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 246,
247,248,248,252,261,267,
268,274,291,292,338
Vertalec 135,140,141
Vertal products 154,338
Verticillium 133, 135, 140, 148
Verticillium biguttatum 194,276
Verticillium dahliae 197,275
Verticillium lecanii 151, 173,329
additives for 336,347-9,350,352
blastospores 135,142,155,162,
163,164,165
conidia 133, 146, 147, 153, 164,
170, 172,329
growth on leaf 140
hosts 133
mycelium 174
naturally occurring 173
nutrients for 140, 141
production of 133
wettable powder 140,141
vesicular-arbuscular
endomycorrhizae
(VAM) 236, 245, 277
Vespula spp., see yellowjacket
Vesuvin 355
vetch seed 270
viability, measuring 320
Vicchem EOP 141,349
Victus 189, 192, 193
see also Conquer
vine weevil 146,150
black 304
vinyl acetate 271, 276
see also PVP IVA
 Index 411
vinyl chloride polymer, wall formation on capsules 26 for plant disease control 187,
colloidal 60, 348 wallpaper glue, see glues 194-5
vinylpyrrolidone 271, 343 walnut oil 216, 337 pre-soaked 142
vinylpyrrolidone/styrene 269,338 wash-off 44, 169,215, 327 production of 51, 52, 157
see also Aatara 430 water for soil inoculations 241-2
Viola arvensis, see field pansy applications to 19, 23, 104-9 storage of 156-9
virions 35,35,55 bacterial 87-97 user-friendly 100
virulence fungal 152-4 wetters 55,56-9, 147,241,242,314,
effects of additives/formulations availability of 20,198,322,381 325-7,345-7,381
on 152, 164, 219 buffers in 140 concentration and effects 57
effects of storage on 165-6 chlorinated 23, 44 mixing problems 323
nutrition and 197 deionized 164, 164 non-ionic 56
system-dependent 330 distilled 165 super- 327
viruses free 54, 140,205, 209, 210, 218, see also organosilicones
additives for 350-2 221, 241, 305, 324 see also surfactants
on blackfly 105 polluted 96 wetting 371
carriers for 336-40 retention of 228 wetting agents 24, 157, 295
harvesting 321 soft 314 WGS 72
humidity and 20 sunlight and 20, .89, 96 Wheast 352
inactivation water activity (aw ) 136, 137, 146, wheat 189, 208
by leaf alkali 77 171,176,198,259,272,298, as bait 21
over time 373 324,380 wheat bran 36,64, 142,196,197,
for insect control 2, 20, 21, 35-6, water bodies 87,104-5 198,223,225,244,245,246,
35 insect targets in 87-9 247, 249, 250, 340, 352, 354
leaf adhesion by 59,331 larval targets in 19 wheat fields, fallow 151
liquid produ~ts 100-1 small 93,96,97, 105 wheat flour 42, 88, 95, 225, 226, 250,
nematodes combined with 304 water environment 340,354
occluded, in water 51 problems of 87-9 wheat gluten 72, 196,225,361
occlusion bodies 35, 38, 44, 56, 77, water hyacinth 209 wheat leaves 222
98,101,321,331,380 water potential 263, 326, 381 wheat seed, coated 194
oils and 51 water relationships 135-6, 136, 293 wheat starch 249,344
phagostimulants 55 water reservoirs, domestic 95 wheat straw 340, 354
production methods for 98 water tension 136, 136 wheatgerm 63,250,352,354
shelf-life of 99, 109 water-soluble pesticides 58 .wheatgerm oil 161, 162,337
stabilizers and 353-4 wax moth 41 wheatgrass 145,146
stickers for 59, 347-9 waxes see also crested wheatgrass
storage bees 56,57 whey 57,247,266
pH in 98 epicuticular 59 whitefly 135, 140, 148
deterioration in 55, 355 paraffin 219,220 whitening agent, see optical
sunscreens for 77, 355-62 waxy foliage 327 brightener
surfactants 345-7 waxy targets 315 white rust disease 141
synergism 84, 102,331,350-2 WOC, see granules, water-dispersible Wiley mill 243
thickeners 341-3 weather, formulation for 142, 324 wilt 189, 203, 276
transformed 108 weathering resistance 65 wilting point 136, 136
wetters for 57 weeds wind 18,21, 43, 59, 91, 96, 105, 241,
see also baculovirus control of 203-38 315, 328, 369
viscometer 17 see also herbicides dispersal by 206
viscosity 17,49,51,53,139,162, 172, defence mechanisms in 319 Witconol H-31A 57, 347
209, 220, 221, 313, 369-72, 370, regrowth of 209 wood chips 154, 340
371,372 Welgro 147 wood decay 189
measuring 90 Wessalon S 42,52,91,157,340,344 wood derivatives 362
vitamin B 68, 75, 76, 353, 360-1 wettable powders 23-4,314 wood fibres 261
vitamin C 350, 353, 360 fungal 135, 140, 141, 142, 156-9, wood inoculation 203-4
VK2 carrier 18,45 169,170 wood-rot fungi 188
Volck Spray Oil 46 herbicidal 218 woody weeds 203, 211, 223
volume median diameter (VMD), see improved 101 wounding 218
droplets, diameter of for insect control 51-53,89-90,
vomiting, larval 48 93,104 xanthan, see gums, xanthan
vortex mixing/washing 146,220 xanthine 71,292,361
412 Index
Xanthium spinosum 210, 217, 218, xylol 50, 103 Z-blade mixer 42, 52
221 zein 250
see also Bathurst burr; spiny yeast 93,95,96167,171,242,245, zeolite 197, 227, 338
cockleburr 351 zerogel, see silica zerogel
Xanthomonas 240 brewer's 71,360 zinc 79
Xanthomonas campestris 218, 342, yeast extract 142, 266 zinc oxide 20
348 yeast-mannitol broth 243, 244, 248 zinc sulphate 79, 81, 84, 352
xanthopterin 68, 76, 361 yellowjacket 301,303 zinc sulphite 79, 82, 352
Xenorhabdus 290, 291 yield optimization 176,320 zinnia 199
X-Link 2873 60, 349 YpSs agar 154 zoochromes 360, 361
xylene 354