International Handbook of Modern Lexis and Lexicography

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-45369-4_83-1
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

The lexicography of Indonesian/Malay

Deny Arnos Kwarya* and Nor Hashimah Jalaluddinb
a
Airlangga University, Indonesia, Surabaya, Indonesia
b
Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Kebangsaan, Bangi, Malaysia

Abstract
The lexicography of Indonesian and Malay is closely related. The Indonesian and Malay language originate
from the same language called Melayu, which was the language of the people who lived on the coastal plains
of east and southeast Sumatra and offshore islands. The description of the lexicography of Indonesian/
Malay starts with the lexical characteristics of these languages. A general history of the lexicography of
Indonesian/Malay is then presented, followed by the specific further development of lexicography in
Indonesia and Malaysia, respectively. The third section deals with corpora for both languages. The
important role of the language planning institutions in Indonesia (called Badan Bahasa) and in Malaysia
(called Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka) is given due attention, with particular reference to the paper and
electronic dictionary products of these institutions. The chapter concludes with future prospects.

Introduction
The Indonesian language and the Malay language share the same origin. Both languages originated with
the Malay (Melayu) people who lived on the coastal plains of east and southeast Sumatra and offshore
islands (Sneddon 2003, p. 7). By the turn of the twentieth century, the Malay language had two different
names (Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Melayu) with only slight differences in the vocabulary. At the
Second Indonesian Youth Congress in 1928, the delegates proclaimed Bahasa Indonesia as the language
of national unity. Bahasa Indonesia then became the national language of Indonesia after its independence
in 1945. The name Melayu is retained by Malay people, and the Malay language was declared the national
language of Malaysia when it gained its independence in 1957.
The Indonesian language has a considerable number of speakers, given that Indonesia is one of the most
populous countries in the world. There are over 240 million Indonesians, so we can assume that the
number of speakers is not less than that. However, their degree of proficiency in Indonesian varies a lot
because most of them actually have the Indonesian language as their second language. The first language
of most Indonesian people is one of the hundreds of local languages that can be found in Indonesia.
According to the data from Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/), of the 7,105 languages spoken in
over 200 countries in the world, 706 are spoken in Indonesia. As for the Malay language, it is spoken by
approximately 28 million people. In a wider context, the number of people who speak Indonesian/Malay
can reach 400 million people, comprising those who live in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei
Darussalam, and Southern Thailand.
Indonesian and Malay are similar in most respects. In terms of orthography, both languages share the
same vowels and consonants, so the spellings of most of the words are the same. In terms of phonetics and
phonology, there are also considerable similarities. The pronunciation of the words at the segmental level
is the same, and the only difference that can probably be noticed is at the suprasegmental level. However,
since suprasegmental features are not distinctive features, the difference in the pronunciation will not

*Email: deny_ak@yahoo.com

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International Handbook of Modern Lexis and Lexicography
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cause any misperception of the words pronounced. Any misunderstandings only happen at the lexical
semantics level, because some of the words or cognates have developed different meanings. The
differences at the semantic level can also occur due to special contextual use. For example, in Indonesian
and Malay, the word lembu “cow” refers to an animal with four legs. However, in some contexts in Malay,
the word lembu may also connote bodoh “stupid.” In Indonesian, the word keledai “donkey” is used to
connote bodoh “stupid.”
In order to account for dialectal differences of Indonesian/Malay, particularly at the word level, a
dictionary known as Kamus Melayu Nusantara has been published by Dewan Bahasa, Brunei
Darussalam, which was initiated by Majlis Bahasa Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia (MABBIM, “the
Language Council of Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia”). This dictionary is a combination of two
comprehensive dictionaries, i.e., Kamus Dewan (Malaysia) and Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
(Indonesia), and additional corpus data from Brunei Darussalam (Omar 2008).

Description
Lexical Characteristics of Indonesian/Malay
Indonesian/Malay uses the Latin alphabet. There are 26 letters, comprising five vowels (a, i, u, e, o) and
21 consonants (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z). Of these 26 letters, only the vowel “e”
that has two different pronunciations, i.e., [e] and [ə], while the other 25 letters have regular pronunci-
ations. This means that the number of sounds (i.e., 27) is quite similar to the number of letters (i.e., 26). In
addition, its spelling system is phonemic, so the words can be read without any difficulty. For instance, the
word makan “eat” is pronounced exactly as it is written, i.e., [mɑkɑn]. Loan words with complex syllable
structures undergo phonological modifications. For example, the English words “bomb,” “method,” and
“consonant” become bom, metode, and konsonan in orthography and are pronounced [bom], [metodə],
and [konsonɑn], respectively. The modification involves vowel insertion and consonant deletion which is
triggered by the native phonological system.
Based on their position, there are three types of affixes in Indonesian/Malay, i.e., prefix, suffix, and
confix, where the prefix is the most productive one. The prefixes pose a challenge to lexicographers: how
should complex words with prefixes be placed in a dictionary? The most common method is to place the
inflections under the lemma. However, this usually confuses the users or learners because they may not
know the root of the word. Take, for example, the words mengajar “to teach” and mengejar “to chase.”
A learner, who knows the prefix meng-, will know that the root of mengajar is ajar, but this learner may also
infer that the root of mengejar is ejar. This is incorrect, because the root of mengejar is kejar. This means
that when this learner looks for the word ejar in a dictionary, he will not be able to find it. There has been a
suggestion to include all the inflected forms as headwords in a dictionary. However, this will make the
dictionary very thick under the letter M, because most of the verbs in Indonesian/Malay can take the prefix
meng-, which has several allomorphs, i.e., meng-, mem-, men-, me-, and menge-. In addition, the passive
forms in Indonesian/Malay are formed by adding the prefix di- or ter- to a verb. If these are listed as
headwords, the letters D and T in the dictionary will also be very thick. However, this is not a problem for an
electronic dictionary, because the lexicographers can put all the inflected forms as headwords and use cross-
referencing to the headwords that contain the roots of the words. For a printed dictionary, especially a learner
dictionary, Kwary (2010) suggested the use of an appendix that contains an explanation of the word
formation rules. The users, especially those who are not native speakers of Indonesian/Malay, can refer to
the appendix when they need to know the root of a particular complex word.

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# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

History of Indonesian/Malay Lexicography

Since Indonesian and Malay are basically the same language that has developed into two different names,
the discussion on the history of Indonesian/Malay lexicography begins with an overview of the history when
these two languages were still called the Malay (Melayu) language. Kridalaksana (1979), Ahmad (2002),
and Omar (2008) have written detailed histories about the development of Indonesian/Malay dictionaries.
The lexicography of Indonesian/Malay started with a bilingual dictionary in a form of a simple word list
or glossary. The first wordlist ever recorded was compiled by a Chinese trader. He gathered 482 Malay
words with Chinese equivalents from 1403 to 1511. The second wordlist was collected by Antonio Pigafetta
(1522), who listed 426 Malay words with Italian equivalents. In the subsequent years, more wordlists and
also bilingual dictionaries were produced for instrumental purposes. In 1603, there was the Spraeck ende
woord-boeck, Inde Malaysche ende Madagaskarsche Talen met vele Arabische ende Turcsche Woorden by
Frederick de Houtman. Then, in 1623, there was the Vocabularium ofte Woortboeck naer ordre vanden
Alphabet in’t Duytsch-Malaysch ende Mrilayselz-Duytsch by Caspar Wiltens and Sebastian Danckaerts.

History of Indonesian Lexicography

The first monolingual dictionary compiled by an Indonesian was the Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa iaitu
Kamus Loghat Melayu-Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga, penggal yang pertama “A Book of Language
Knowledge, that is a Dictionary of the Malay Dialect of Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga, part one” by Raja
Ali Haji of Riau. This dictionary may have existed before its formal publication year. The year 1345
Hijriah (i.e., 1928 A.D.) is mentioned in the work printed by Al-Ahmadiah Press, Singapore. However,
the author actually lived in the first half of the nineteenth century, so it can be assumed that the content of
the dictionary was already in circulation during the nineteenth century.
After the Indonesian language was proclaimed as the language of national unity in 1928, a few
monolingual Indonesian dictionaries were published. The first comprehensive Indonesian dictionary is
Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia “General Dictionary of Indonesian” (1957) by W. J. S. Poerwadarminta.
This dictionary became the main reference for the Indonesian language for many years.
In 1974, the Centre for Language Cultivation and Development (which is called Badan Bahasa since
2010) was established, based on the presidential decree numbers 44 and 45. According to Kridalaksana
(1979), in 1976, the bibliography of Indonesian dictionaries compiled by the Centre for Language
Cultivation and Development listed 101 Indonesian-foreign language dictionaries, 137 foreign
language-Indonesian dictionaries, and 204 bilingual dictionaries of the local languages.
The most significant dictionary work of the Centre for Language Cultivation and Development is
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). The dictionary was launched in 1988 at the Fifth Indonesian
National Language Congress. The driving force behind this dictionary is Anton M. Moeliono. In its first
edition, this dictionary contained 62,100 entries. This number is rather small if compared with the number
of entries in other big language dictionaries. However, it was already the most comprehensive dictionary
at that time. The second edition of this dictionary appeared in 1993. It was edited by Harimurti
Kridalaksana and contained 72,000 entries. The third edition, with 78,000 entries, appeared in 1998
and was edited by Hasan Alwi. The most recent one, the fourth edition, was published in 2008. It was
edited by Dendy Sugono, and it contains 90,000 entries.

History of Malay Lexicography

The first Malay monolingual dictionary was Kamus Waman Yatawakkal which was arranged by Syed
Mahmud bin Almarhum Syed Abdul Kadir Al Hindi and published in Singapore in 1894. Strictly
speaking, the first monolingual dictionary was compiled after Malaysia got its independence. Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka (Language and Literary Agency), henceforth DBP, which was established in 1956,
was given the responsibility to produce an authoritative Malay monolingual dictionary for national usage.

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Fig. 1 Excerpt from KBBM

Teuku Iskandar was the chief editor of the first edition of Kamus Dewan, and he was assisted by A. Teeuw,
a Dutch scholar who was appointed by UNESCO as an advisor to this project. The drafting started in 1967
and was completed in 1970 (Baharom 2007).
DBP’s first attempt to produce a bilingual dictionary dates from 1979. It was followed by a joint effort
with Australia National University to compile a comprehensive English-Malay dictionary, which mate-
rialized in 1992. This dictionary serves as a useful tool for translators, especially translation from English
to Malay. It focuses on polysemy and word choice in different contexts.
To date, DBP has produced nine Malay monolingual dictionaries and six bilingual dictionaries, namely,
English-Malay, French-Malay, Thai-Malay, Russian-Malay, Tamil-Malay, and Mandarin-Malay (Padilah
2012). In addition, DBP also engaged in coining terminologies which are subsequently compiled in the
form of dictionaries. These dictionaries are discipline-specific references, such as those for physics,
chemistry, biology, medicine, banking, economy, and linguistics, and the main objective of this compi-
lation is to accomplish one of the national aspirations in that the Malay language as a national language is
the language of knowledge and is the language of national unity.
As far as lexicography is concerned, DBP’s greatest endeavor was to produce Kamus Besar Bahasa
Melayu Dewan (KBBM) which is estimated to have about 100,000 entries. Each entry is rich in
information, including phonetic transcription, grammatical category, etymology, and jawi transcription,
as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Electronic Corpora of Indonesian and Malay

Corpora for Indonesian

Until very recently, electronic corpora did not receive much attention in Indonesia. The discussion on
creating an Indonesian language corpus started in the 1990s, but it was only on a small scale and was not
available in a proper electronic form. One of the reasons for the lack of electronic corpora is the lack of
“proper” Indonesian language data to build the corpus. Alwi et al. (1998: 1) state that the number of
Indonesian L1 speakers is smaller than that of local languages, such as Javanese and Sundanese. In
addition, many schools in Indonesia use English as the medium of instruction in order to get the title
“international standard school.” Therefore, when a general corpus is created from the actual language use,
especially from websites, the result will mostly show nonstandard Indonesian. This will be against the
policy of Badan Bahasa (the national language body), which implements a prescriptive approach in order
to improve the Indonesian language proficiency of the people in Indonesia.
Not surprisingly, therefore, the first Indonesian language corpus was created outside Indonesia by
Adam Kilgarriff and his colleagues (2010). The corpus, which is called Indonesian WaC (Indonesian Web
as Corpus), consists of approximately 100 million words taken from websites that use the Indonesian

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Teks Digital
dari Internet

Pemilihan teks
melalui Sistem
Korpus

Data Teks Mentah

Teks Digital (Subpangkalan)
Korpus
Pangkalan Data Teks

Sistem Konkordans Sistem Analisis Teks

Baris Konkordans Maklumat Statistik

Fig. 2 The Malay corpus

language. The corpus can be accessed at the website of the Sketch Engine, i.e., http://www.sketchengine.
co.uk/. The second corpus of the Indonesian language, also consisting approximately 100 million words,
was also created outside Indonesia, namely, at Leipzig University in Germany (Quasthoff and Goldhahn
2013). The corpus is available at the website http://corpora.informatik.uni-leipzig.de. The texts for this
corpus were taken from the websites of Indonesian newspapers and Wikipedia.
These two corpora were used by Kwary (2013) to create the first high-frequency list of the Indonesian
language. The first base list consists of 500 word families. This base list is embedded in the modified AWP
software, which was originally created by Laurence Anthony from Waseda University. The original
software can be downloaded from the website http://www.laurenceanthony.net/software.html (Anthony
2012). The modified version that can be used to check the profile of an Indonesian text is called AWP-IWL
(Indonesian Word List) and is available from http://www.kwary.net/iwl.html. Analyzing several general
texts shows that the first base list (which consists of only 500 word families) covers more than 60 % of the
words in the general texts. Further, work on the creation of a second base list and an academic word list
needs to be done so that the profile of the general texts can be analyzed properly.

Corpora for Malay

In Malaysia, corpus work started earlier than in Indonesia. DBP first moved to promote the use of corpora in
dictionary compilation in the 1980s. The main sources of the corpus were the texts from daily newspapers,
books (fiction and nonfiction), magazines, classical texts, and translated texts. The process of building the
Malay corpus is shown in Fig. 2. This corpus is available online at http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/ and has been
widely used for Malay language planning and development (Ghani et al.; 2008). The corpus serves as an
input for researchers, lexicographers, and academics who are looking for authentic data. The grammarians
have used the corpus to describe the canonical behavior of Malay words and phrases based on the natural
settings and usage. They can also retrieve information on lexicons, root words, derived forms, and phrases,
based on the analysis of concordance lines and collocations (Baharom 2007).
As shown in Fig. 2, the digitized texts from the Internet together with other sources are kept as an
archive. This comprises the raw data that have to go through a selection process done by a corpus system.
The data that pass the selection process become the corpus. The corpus can then be run by using the
concordance system or the text analysis system (Ghani et al. 2008). Until today, the Malay corpus has stored
more than 100 million words. The Malay corpus has been a great help for dictionary compilation. A definition

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Fig. 3 The web page of KBBI

of an entry has changed from intuition-based description to a corpus-based description. The citation of
examples is more natural and authentic. The lexicographers have also been able to look for more appropriate
synonyms and polysemies. The corpus has made the job of lexicographers much easier but simultaneously
also more challenging. Hence, Malay dictionaries have become more reliable and respectable.

The Language Planning Institutions in Indonesia and Malaysia

Planning in Indonesia
In Indonesia, the language planning institution is called Badan Bahasa. The main task of Badan Bahasa is
to develop, cultivate, and preserve Indonesian languages and literature (http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.
go.id/lamanbahasa/sejarah/). Badan Bahasa is under the ministry of education and culture. Badan Bahasa
has two divisions: the Centre for Language Development and Preservation and the Centre for Language
Cultivation and Socialization. The dictionary work is handled by the subdivision called standardization
and preservation under the Centre for Language Development and Preservation. The latest dictionaries
produced by this subdivision are as follows (http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/lamanbahasa/jenis_
produk/Kamus%20Bahasa%20Indonesia):

1. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). This is the comprehensive Indonesian dictionary already
mentioned. The dictionary is available in printed form and online; it can be accessed at http://
badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/kbbi/. The front page of the website is shown in Fig. 3.
2. Kamus Bahasa Indonesia untuk Pelajar. This is a student dictionary which can be used as a reference
for students at junior high schools and senior high schools in Indonesia. This dictionary contains
31,200 entries and is only available in printed form.
3. Glosarium. This is a bilingual dictionary that focuses on scientific terms. It includes terms related to
religion, linguistics, mathematics, biology, psychology, etc. It is the main reference for translators who
want to know the Indonesian equivalents of foreign terms. This dictionary is available in printed form,

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Fig. 4 The web page of Glosarium

on CD, and online at the website http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium/. The front page of

the dictionary is shown in Fig. 4.
4. Kamus Bidang Ilmu. This is a set of monolingual dictionaries with scientific terms. It provides the
explanations of the scientific terms of several disciplines. It is only available in printed form.
5. Kamus Bahasa Daerah. In this project dictionaries of the local languages in Indonesia are produced.
Currently, over forty such dictionaries have been compiled.
6. Kamus Dwibahasa. In this project several bilingual dictionaries are produced. The first dictionary in
this project is an English-Indonesian dictionary. The dictionary is expected to provide the standard
Indonesian equivalents for general English words. This dictionary is still being compiled.
7. Tesaurus. This dictionary provides lexical relations among words in the Indonesian language. For each
headword, we can find its synonym, antonym, hyponym, and meronym. This dictionary is available in
two printed versions based on the arrangement of the headwords, i.e., alphabetical and thematic.
8. Kamus Pemelajar Bahasa Indonesia. This is the Indonesian learner dictionary. It is the first Indonesian
dictionary created by consulting various Indonesian language corpora. This dictionary is created with
the needs of the foreign people who are learning Indonesian in mind. This dictionary is expected to be
completed in 2015.

Planning in Malaysia
Even though DBP is not the sole guardian of producing dictionaries in Malaysia, the task of compiling a high-
quality dictionary is shouldered by them. The Department of Language Development at DBP comprises a
lexicography division, a lexicology division, and a dictionary division. These have a complimentary task in
ensuring profound dictionary activities. In parallel with today’s technological advances, DBP has become a
user-friendly counterpart in encouraging users to interact and give responses to their dictionary work. As an

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Fig. 5 The web page of PRPM for Dictionaries Information

initial effort, DBP has set up Sistem Bahasa Melayu Bersepadu (SBMB) or Integrated Malay Language
System. SBMB incorporates all the systems, including the dictionary management and organization system,
the corpus management and development system, the terminology management and development system, the
encyclopedia management and development system, the minority language management and development
system, and a “hotline” language service. Users are free to interact with the staff.
DBP’s Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) has become the most popular language website in
Malaysia. Its website address is http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/. PRPM serves as a one-stop center for all language
information seekers. Any language user can search for a specific section of the site, and the search engine
will bring the user to the desired page. Figure 5 shows a page in the dictionary-specific section. There are
twelve dictionaries that can be retrieved, and information can be extracted from each of them. This has
become a great help to all users in obtaining any Malay language inquiries within a split second.
Another promising and exciting avenue is DBP’s Gerbang Kata section. This section is specifically
designed for e-dictionary (e-kamus) services. Gerbang Kata is reachable at the website http://ekamus.dbp.
gov.my/. It serves as a platform for users to interact with the lexicography unit to discuss, give feedback,
contribute ideas, and introduce new words to the unit. Figure 6 is the front page of the website of
Gerbang Kata.

Future Prospects of Lexicography in Indonesia and Malaysia

Only very recently, lexicography has become one of the taught courses at the tertiary level in Indonesia
and Malaysia, from undergraduate to postgraduate levels. In Indonesia, Deny Kwary is assisting a
doctoral student from the University of Indonesia to create new principles in order to compile better
Indonesian dictionaries for Indonesian language learners. In Malaysia, Jalaluddin et al. (2012) have
carried out action research with an attempt to instill interests in dictionary work among postgraduates.
This research attempts to motivate students to appreciate the art of compiling a dictionary by introducing

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Fig. 6 The web page of Gerbang Kata (e-kamus)

lexicographic practice and theory, blending them together in order for students to have a better compre-
hension of this discipline. Consequently, we may be looking at brighter prospects for lexicography in
Indonesia and Malaysia.
There are a number of possible future tracks for lexicography in Indonesia and Malaysia. Considering
the number of local languages in both countries, we should be looking at digitalization of these local
languages, especially the endangered ones, and further studies on the role of a local language in the
society.
In Malaysia, Jalaluddin et al. (2013) have ventured into an endangered language, where her research
team members attempt to relate lifelong learning with the understanding of an aboriginal community, with
specific focus on compiling a dictionary of that aboriginal language. Apparently, a combination of field
research and knowledge of compiling a dictionary provides a method toward useful insights into an
aboriginal people’s language. In addition to the language of the aboriginal people, we are exposed to their
intellectual, economic, social, and personal contexts from which their language and values arise.
Therefore, this compilation is a two-way learning process: on the one hand, new information is disclosed
during fieldwork; and on the other, new insights about aboriginal world views are revealed.
Fieldwork as conducted by Jalaluddin et al. has also been conducted in Indonesia by Badan Bahasa
through their local units called Balai Bahasa. However, further lexicography training is needed for the
staff members of Balai Bahasa in order to document the lexicon of the local languages properly and to
reveal the insights of the local people about their lives and their surroundings. The proper documentation
of the lexicons of the hundreds of local languages in Indonesia will no doubt enrich the comprehensive
Indonesian dictionary which “only” consists of 90,000 entries in its latest (fourth) edition (2008).
In 2015, a new publication called the Frequency Dictionary Indonesian (Quasthoff et al. 2015) was
published by Leipziger Universitätsverlag. This work is the first to use the 100-million-word corpus of the

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Indonesian language. It includes both the most frequent 1,000 word forms in order of frequency and data
on the relative frequency of 1,000,000 word forms. This publication is now being considered by Badan
Bahasa in order to inform the revision of the comprehensive Indonesian dictionary and to prepare for its
fifth edition.

References
Ahmad, I. (2002). Perkamusan Melayu: suatu pengenalan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Alwi, H., Dardjowidjojo, S., Lapoliwa, H., & Moeliono, A. M. (1998). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa
Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Anthony, L. (2012). AntWordProfiler (Version 1.4.0) [Computer Software]. http://www.laurenceanthony.
net/antwordprofiler_index.html
Baharom, N. (2007). Perkamusan di Malaysia. In N. H. Jalaluddin & R. Baharudin (Eds.), Leksikologi
dan Leksikografi Melayu (pp. 18–52). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Ghani, R. A., Husin, N. M., & Chin, L. Y. (2008). Pangkalan data korpus DBP: Perancangan, pembinaan
dan pemanfaatan. In Z. Ahmad (Ed.), Nahu Praktis Bahasa Melayu. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.
Jalaluddin, N. H., Zainudin, I. S., Ahmad Z., Mohamad, F., Sultan, M., & Radzi, H. M. (2013). The
dictionary as a source of a lifelong learning. Paper presented at the 5th Word congress on educational
sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Jalaluddin, N. H., Zainudin, I. S., Sanit, N., & Yusoff, Y. M. (2012). Teaching and learning lexicography:
from impressionistic to systematic understanding. Paper presented at U.K.M. teaching and learning
congress, Bentong, Pahang.
Kilgarriff, A., Reddy, S., Pomikálek, J., & Avinesh, P. S. V. (2010). A corpus factory for many languages.
Paper presented at the seventh international conference on language resources and evaluation, ELRA,
Malta.
Kridalaksana, H. (1979). Lexicography in Indonesia. RELC Journal, 10(2), 57–66.
Kwary, D. A. (2010). Bilingual dictionaries in language cultivation. Paper presented at the Language
Planning Symposium, Badan Bahasa, Jakarta.
Kwary, D. A. (2013). Creating and testing the Indonesian High Frequency Word List. In Paper presented
at the 11th KOLITA (‘Annual Linguistics Conference’), Atma Jaya University, Jakarta.
Omar, A. H. (2008). Perkamusan Melayu: dari jejak pengembara ke pembangunan negara. In
N. H. Jalaluddin & R. Baharudin (Eds.), Leksikologi dan Leksikografi Melayu. Kuala Lumpur:
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Padilah, A. (Ed.). (2012). Meneliti Jejak Membaharui Babak. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.
Quasthoff, U., Fiedler, S., Hallsteinsdóttir, E., Kwary, D. A., & Goldhahn, D. (2015). Frequency
dictionary Indonesian. Kamus Frekuensi Bahasa Indonesia. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag.
Quasthoff, U., & Goldhahn, D. (2013). Indonesian Corpora. Leipzig: Universität Leipzig. http://asv.
informatik.uni-leipzig.de
Sneddon, J. (2003). The Indonesian language: Its history and role in modern society. Sydney: UNSW
Press.

Dictionaries
de Houtman, F. (1603). Spraeck ende woord-boeck, Inde Malaysche ende Madagaskarsche Talen met
vele Arabische ende Turcsche Woorden. Amsterdam: Jan Evertsz.
Gerbang Kata. http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/

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# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Glosarium. http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium
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