CHAPTER 5

Chapter Outline
5.1 Units of Gas Laws, Temperature, and Pressure
5.2 The Ideal Gas Law
5.3 Partial Pressure
5.4 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Reactions
GASE
S
5.5 Gas Mixtures: Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions
5.6 Kinetic Theory of Gases
5.7 Real Gases

Prepared By:
John Kenneth Millano
Shawn Bodoraya
Edeevalyn Madoro
 B
#Measurements on Gases A
C
-to completely describe the state of a gaseous substance, its volume,
Amount, temperature, and pressure are specified. K

Volume, Amount, and Temperature

Volumes of gases can be expressed in liters, cubic centi-
meters, or cubic meters:
1L=10cm

Expressed in terms of the number of moles (n). In some

Cases, the Mass in Grams is given instead. These two
quantities are related through the molar mass (MM).
mass
Temperature n= MM
Ordinarily measured using a thermometer marked in degree
Celsius. But, it must be expressed in Kelvin Scale.

TK= t°c + 273.15

#The Ideal Gas Law
PV=nRT or P
=1
nR
V
Where; T
• P = is the pressure of the gas
• V = volume taken up by the gas
• T = is the temperature of the gas
• n= is the number of moles of the gas
• R = is the gas constant

- Combination of all simple gas laws (Boyle’s Law, Charle’s Law, and Avogadro’s Law)
~UNITS TO USE FOR PV=nRT

J L· atm
R = 8.31 R = 0.082
K· mol K· mol

Pressure in pascals Pa Pressure in atmospheres atm

Volume in m3 Volume in liters L

Temperature in Kelvin K Temperature in Kelvin K

Conversion
1 atm = 1 stp ► 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.7 psi
= 760 torr
= 760 mm Hg ► 1 liter = 0.001m3 = 1000cm3
= 1.01325 Pa ► 0° C = 273 K = 32° F
= 14.7 lb in² / psi

1 torr = 133.32 Pa STANDARD TEMPERATURE

= 1 mm Hg 273 K

bar = 100,000 Pa STANDARD

= 750 torr PRESSURE
= 750 mm Hg 1atm
= 0.987 stp
= 14.5 psi
Boyle’s Law
- Describes the inverse proportional relation between pressure and volume at a
constant temperature at a fixed amount of gas.

- P1 V1 = P2 V2
Charle’s Law

► Describes directly the proportional relationship between the volume and

temperature (in Kelvin) of a fixed amount of gas, when the pressure is held
constant.

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
Avogadro’s law

► Volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas at a constant

temperature and pressure.
► V1 V2
=
n1 n2
 B
A

Ideal gas Law Application C

K

-There are various type of problems that will require the use of the Ideal Gas law
► Solving for the unknown variable
► Initial and Final
► Partial Pressure

NOTE: Know what Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) values are.
 B
A

#Partial Pressure C
K

► The pressure exerted by an individual gas in mixture is known as its partial

pressure
► We assume that the gas molecules take up no volume
► We assume that the molecules have no intermolecular attractions, which means
they act independently of other gas molecles
► States that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial
pressures of the component gases:

PTOTAL = Pgas1 + Pgas2 + Pgas3 …

Pgas1 = x1
 B

#Stoichiometry of Gaseous Reactions A

C
K

► Balanced equations can be used to relate moles or grams of substances taking part
in a reaction. Where gases are involved, these relations can be extended to include
volumes.
 B
#Gas Mixtures: Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions A
C
K
► Because the ideal gas law applies to all gases, you might expect it to apply to gas mixtures.
Indeed it does. For a mixture of two gases A and b, the total pressure is given by the
expression

Ptot = ntot R =( n + n ) R
A B
TV TV

Separating the two terms on the right,

R R
Ptot = nA + nB V
TV T

The terms nA RT/V and nB RT/V are, according to the ideal gas law, the pressures that gases A and B
would exert if they were alone. Each quantity is referred to as having a partial pressure, P A and PB

PA = partial pressure A = nA RT/V

PB = partial pressure B = nB RT/V
#Kinetic Theory of Gases
► The fact that the ideal gas law applies to all gases indicates that the gaseous state
is relatively simple one from molecular standpoint. Gases must have certain
common properties that cause them to follow the same natural law.
► Between about 1850 and 1880, JAMES MAXWELL, RUDOLF CLAUSIUS,
LUDWIG BOLTZMANN and others developed the Kinetic Theory of gases.
❑ Molecular Model
-by the use of the kinetic theory, it is possible to derive or explain the experimental behavior of gases. To do ths we
start with a simple molecular model, which assumes that:
► Gases are mostly empty space
► Gas molecules are in constant, chaotic motion
► Collisions are elastic
► Gas pressure is caused by collisions of molecules with the walls of the container
❑ Expression for pressure (P)
B
A
C
-applying the laws of physics to this simple model, it can be shown that the pressure (P) exerted by a gas
K
in a container of volume (V) is;

Where;
N(mass)u2
P= • N = the number of molecules
3V • u = is the average speed

The ratio N/V expresses the concentration of gas molecules

in the container. The more molecules there are in a given
volume, the greater the collision frequency and so the
greater the pressure.
 B
A
C
# Real Gases K
- real gases deviate at least slightly from the ideal gas law

o2 CO2
P(atm) 50ºC 0ºC -50ºc 50ºC 0ºC -50ºC
1 -0.0% -0.1% -0.2% -0.4% -0.7% -1.4%
10 -0.4% -1.0% -2.1% -4.0% -7.1%
40 -1.4% -3.7% -8.5% -17.9%
70 -2.2% -6.0% -14.4% -34.2% Condenses to
liquid
100 -2.8% -7.7% -19.1% -59.0%

(Vm - V֯ºm )
Percent deviation= x 100 %
V֯ºm