Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications, Vol. 31, No.

5 (2019) 1950034 (9 pages)

DOI: 10.4015/S1016237219500340

DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER USING

MULTISCALE CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL
NETWORK
by UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND on 09/21/19. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Homayoon Yektaei*,§, Mohammad Manthouri† and Faezeh Farivar‡

*Department
of Biomedical Engineering
Islamic Azad University
Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun. 2019.31. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran

†
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
‡
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Science and Research Branch
Islamic Azad University
Tehran, Iran

Accepted 17 April 2019

Published 6 June 2019

ABSTRACT
The diagnosis of benign and malignant breast cancer is a challenging issue today. Breast cancer is the most common
cancer that women su®er from. The sooner the cancer is detected, the easier and more successful it is to treat it. The
most common diagnostic method is the mammography of a simple radiographic picture of the chest. The use of image
processing techniques and identifying patterns in the detection of breast cancer from mammographic images reduces
human errors in detecting tumors, and speeds up diagnosis time. Arti¯cial Neural Network (ANN) has been widely
used to detect breast cancer, and has signi¯cantly reduced the percentage of errors. Therefore, in this paper, Convo-
lution as Neural Network (CNN), which is the most e®ective method, is used for the detection of various types of
cancers. This study presents a Multiscale Convolutional Neural Network (MCNN) approach for the classi¯cation of
tumors. Based on the structure of MCNN, which presents mammography picture to several deep CNN with di®erent
size and resolutions, the classical handcrafted features extraction step is avoided. The proposed approach gives better
classi¯cation rates than the classical state-of-the-art methods allowing a safer Computer-Aided Diagnosis of pleural
cancer. This study reaches the diagnosis accuracy of 97
0:3 using multiscale convolution technique which reveals the
e±cient proposed method.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Feature extraction; Multiscale convolutional neural network.

INTRODUCTION a pathologist, and with the ever-increasing amount of

Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) is an increasing do- virtual biomedical data, CAD has now become a crucial
main through image processing.1,2 Indeed, automatic point for enabling safer and faster diagnosis.3 Cancer,
salient feature extraction by a computer can save time of being a serious threat to human life, is a combination of

§
Corresponding author: Homayoon Yektaei, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North
Branch, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: Hyektai1994@gmail.com

1950034-1
 H. Yektaei, M. Manthouri & F. Farivar
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Fig. 1 New cases of breast cancer for women and the number of women dying in the last twelve years.4
Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun. 2019.31. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
diseases, and more speci¯cally unwanted and abnormal
growth of the cells of the human body is known as
cancer. Cancer can attack any part of the body and can
then be distributed to any part of the body. Among all
type of cancers, breast cancer (BC) is the most common
one among women. Statistics show the increasing rate of
BC each year. Figure 1 shows the number of females
recently facing BC, as well as the number of females who
have died in Australia since 2007. This ¯gure shows that
more and more females are newly facing BC, and the
number of females dying of it has also increased each
year. This is the situation of Australia (population
20–25 million), but it can be used as a symbol of the BC
situation of the whole world.5
Four crucial and markable indexes include: (a) Speed
and autonomation: This results in a fast method
requiring no user input. (b) Independence: The method
is not dependent on other techniques succeeding such as
segmentation or detecting other landmarks. (c) No
handcrafted features: Since features do not need to be
manually de¯ned, we avoid the di±culty encountered by
conventional machine learning algorithms in identifying
the best feature set that represents the data. It also
removes the requirement of a skilled technician to
identify such features manually which takes a consider-
able amount of time and can produce subjective results,
particularly with a large dataset. (d) Accurate simulta-
neous detection: We detect more than one position
simultaneously, retaining high accuracy for each.
(e) Robustness: The method is robust in the sense that it
continues to work well even on poor quality images. We
develop a multiscale approach to convolutional neural
networks (CNN) to focus on the region of interest.
(f) Improved Accuracy: This approach allows the
method to focus on the region of interest, removing re-
dundant background data from consideration and fa-
cilitating re¯nement of the localization. This results in
1950034-2
signi¯cantly increased accuracy in the cases of breast
tumor. Inter-dataset training and evaluation using
multiple datasets. (g) Generalization: This demonstrates
generalization of the method to new data, from separate
datasets and graders, and captured from di®erent devi-
ces. CNN are known for robustness to small changes in
inputs because of °exibility. Also, they do not require
any speci¯c feature extraction step.5,6 The proposed
MCNN architecture relies on several deep neural net-
works that alternate convolutional and pooling layers.
These deep neural networks belong to a broad class of
models generally termed multi-stage architectures.7 This
architecture of convolution interlaced with pooling lay-
ers is dedicated to the automatic feature extraction. The
¯nal classi¯cation is performed by some classical fully
connected layers stacked on top.3
This research presents multi-scale CNN for diagnosis
of breast cancer. Due to the abilities of CNN and the
creation of images in the desired size and magnitudes
with the help of a multiscale CNN, the accuracy of the
diagnosis is increased. To show the e±ciency of
the proposed method, comparison is make with other
methods.40,41 The results reveal the signi¯cant achieve-
ment of the suggested technique.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows:
Second-section describes the proposed methodology.
The results of this research are described in third section.
Fourth section is discussion part for analytical results of
the paper. And the paper is concluded in ¯fth section.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Database
The study is based on MIAS,8 referring to the patient's
imaging center. Pictures of 1024 samples of 322 patients,
 Diagnosis of Breast Cancer using Multiscale Convolutional Neural Network
Fig. 2 Image pre-processing stages.
by UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND on 09/21/19. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
including benign and malignant breast cancer, are la-
beled on this site.9 The pro¯le of 322 samples of cancer
patients in this dataset was collected in 1994.
Pre-Processing
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This project aims to detect breast cancer in breast tis-
sue, so this research needs to ignore the processing of the
image from the extra tissue of the breast, and only use
the areas of our 1024 images to become patches, zoom in
or out and resize when needed (Fig. 2).
Deep CNN architecture
In contrast to conventional shallow classi¯ers, such as
neural networks and support vector machines, for which
a feature extraction step is essential, hierarchies of sig-
ni¯cant features are learned by deep learning algorithms
directly from the raw input data. Recently, deep con-
volutional neural nets (convents) have succeeded in
improving many computer vision applications such as
image classi¯cation,10 object recognition,11 and key
point localization.12 Also, some impressive results have
been seen in biomedical applications such as neuronal
membrane segmentation13,14 and other applications.15,16
A typical CNN comprises one or more convolutional
layers alternated with pooling layers (subsampling lay-
ers) and then followed by fully connected layers (FC) and
¯nally a classi¯cation/regression layer. CNNs can be
considered as special forms of feedforward multilayer
perceptron neural networks (MLPs). However, the
number of parameters that need to be tuned is reduced to
a level that becomes tractable for the current computing
power. For example, in convolution layers, a limited
number of convolutional kernels is needed.
Multiscale CNN (MCNN)
It is well accepted that human insight is a multi-di-
mensional process. In this work, N CNNs have been
created with di®erent sizes of breast cancer tumor ima-
ges. A given input pattern is rescaled N-times to ¯t
the breast cancer tumor of the CNNs. The question of
optimizing the outputs of classi¯ers is a recurrent ques-
tion in the pattern recognition ¯eld. For handwritten
digits, it is shown17 that a simple average gives better
1950034-3
Fig. 3 The general architecture of the proposed. MCNN approach is
in this way we examined the mammography method, which, based on
our shape, increases the composition of the coulomb layer and creates a
multi-scale convolution, the same as the method. The pyramid once
the convolution on a large image is once again smaller and smaller,
therefore, it is better for us to be able to determine the number of our
convulsions because we want to identify the endocervical or malignant
mass of the mass.
classi¯cation results than a linear combination whose
weights learned over a cross-validation set.18 However,
in Ref. 17 there was no reason to weigh the classi¯ers
since they act at the same resolution and only di®er from
the distortions applied to the training set. In our case, a
reasonable hypothesis is that the classi¯er at the lowest
resolution may be less salient than the one at full reso-
lution. Final outputs are computed as a linear combi-
nation of the outputs of the N CNNs. The overall
architecture of the MCNN is shown in Fig. 3.
Convolution layer
In these layers, the CNN network uses di®erent kernels
to convolve the input image and also the middle map
feature, and this kind of map features di®erent mappings
than what you see in Fig. 4. Performing convolution
operations has three advantages.19
(1) The weight sharing mechanism in each feature map
will reduce the number of parameters.
(2) The local connection recognizes the relationship
between neighboring pixels.
(3) Provides change and stability to change location.
Due to the bene¯ts provided by the operation, convo-
lution used some of the renowned research papers to
replace fully connected layers to increase the speed of
the learning process.20,21 One of the interesting meth-
ods for managing the layers of the convoys is Network
 H. Yektaei, M. Manthouri & F. Farivar
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Fig. 4 Convolution layer.26–28
Fig. 5 Max pooling operation.29,30
in Network (NIN), in which the main idea is to replace the
convoys with a small perceptron neural network, which
consists of several fully connected layers with nonlinear
activation functions. In this way, linear ¯lters are
replaced by nonlinear neural networks. This method
produces good results in image categorization (Fig. 4).
Fig. 6 Block diagram of a CNN.
1950034-4
Pooling layers
A pooling layer is usually located after a convolutional
layer and can be used to reduce the size of the feature
maps and network parameters. Its overall goal is to re-
duce the size of the data and reduce the volume of the
calculations. Like the convoys, the pooling layers
are stable (stable) to change neighborhoods in their
calculations. The pooling layer is placed after the
convolutional layers, and the data size is halved or
smaller. Implementing the Pooling layer using the max
pooling and the Average pooling (Average) function are
the most common implementations. In Fig. 5, you can
see a sample of the process of max pooling. Using A max
pooling ¯lter of 2  2 and 2 stride sizes, and an 8  8
feature map creates an output of 4  4.22,23
Given an input volume of size Ni  Ni  Di,
max-pooling window size R  R, and the stride para-
meters, the number of neurons in the output volumes
No  No  Do is calculated by the formula (1)24:
Ni  R
N0 ¼ þ 1; D0 ¼ D1 : ð1Þ
S
Fully connected layer
This usually represents the ¯nal layers of a deep neural
network architecture. Each node in the fully connected
layer is completely connected to all of the nodes in the
previous layer and the weights of these links are speci¯c
to each node. The number of neurons in the fully con-
nected layers is considered as a hyper-parameter to be
empirically chosen (Fig. 6).25
Experiments
In this section, some related works on diagnosing breast
cancer are discussed. In all cases, the focus is on reducing
the error and increasing the accuracy of tumor detection.
 Diagnosis of Breast Cancer using Multiscale Convolutional Neural Network
Bermain Sahir et al. used arti¯cial neuronal classi¯ca-
tion of convolution to classify the masses and natural
tissue of the breast. Initially, they captured the area of
interest (ROI) and placed on the average in a subset.
Second, Gradient di®erence (GLDS) and Spot Gray
Dependence (SGLD) characteristics from di®erent
regions are calculated, and ¯nally, the calculated char-
acteristics were introduced as inputs to the convolu-
tional classi¯cation.26
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In Ref. 27, the diagnosis of breast cancer in
DCE-MRI was investigated using a combination of
CNN, which included a new computer diagnostic (CAD)
system in contrast magnetic contrast resonance imaging
(DCE-MRI) Panasonic appears. The CAD system is
Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun. 2019.31. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
based on a combination of neurotransmitter (ME-CNN)
designed to distinguish between optic and malignant
tumors of the breast. ME-CNN is a modular, image-
based group that can split large-dimensional image
space through concurrent and competitive learning of its
modules. The proposed system in our database evalu-
ated 112 DCE-MRI studies including rigid breast masses
using a wide range of classi¯ed measures. The ME-CNN
model, which consists of three CNN experts and a can-
nula-shifting network, has a precision of 96.39%, a sen-
sitivity of 97.33% and an 87.94% gain. Experimental
results also show that there are competing functions,
in contrast to the three existing methods, of a single-
integer and two-way convolutional groups. The pro-
posed ME-CNN model can be an e®ective tool for radi-
ologists to analyze breast DCE-MRI images.27
Most image categorization is based on CNN method
based on global features extraction techniques. Recent-
ly, researchers have also shown an interest in how local
features can be utilized with the CNN model for data
classi¯cation. Both global and local features have been
used by Rezaeilouyeh et al.28 for Histopathological
image classi¯cation. For local features extraction,
shearlet converters and transmitters have been used to
obtain a precision of 86
0:00. To extract local features,
Sharma et al.29 used the GLCM method, GLDM, and
then fed local attributes to a CNN model for mammo-
gram image classi¯cation and obtained a precision of
75.33% for the classi¯cation of adipose tissues.
For local feature extraction, the authors utilized the
Shearlet transform and obtained an accuracy of 86  
3.00%. For local feature extraction, both global and local
features have been used by Jiao et al.30 for mammogram
image classi¯cation and they obtained 96.70% accuracy.
Kooi et al.31 utilized both global features and hand-
crafted features for Mammogram image classi¯cation. In
their experiment, they also utilized the transfer learning
method.4
1950034-5
Pak et al. also utilized Non-subsampled CT for
breast-image (MIAS dataset) classi¯cation and obtained
91.43% mean Accuracy and 6.42% mean False Positive
Rate (FPR).32
This research has proposed a new approach to CNN
in detecting breast cancer using the minimias data to
maximize accuracy. This proposed method is multiscale
convolution. Also, the proposed approach has yielded
promising results and outperforms conventional neural
networks, which demonstrates that deep learning tech-
niques will be able to detect the strong and accurate
diagnosis of benign and malignant lumps.
RESULTS
Initially, this research considered the mammography
images from the relevant data (MIAS) and made them
smaller patches. We made all our photos in 50, 50, 60,
60, 70, 70, 80, 80, 90, 90 and 90, respectively, and then
used convolutional polysaccharides, respectively. Multi-
variate images in di®erent sizes and zooms to the con-
volutions were taken at the end of the survey to show
that it is optimistic or malignant. In the following, we
will use some of the images in which the textures and
details are clear.
In the data, they write a series of photographs and
have extra areas or have no resolution, so the so-called
variable form must be double. So that disturbing areas
do not a®ect our detection. Because our photos are pairs,
left breast and right chest were all in one direction. The
mirror method is used to create the chest part (Fig. 7).
In each image, MCNN has a series of intruder points
and a series of ideal or ROI points, so it can use the same
polygonal method to separate it from a 6-dot on the
image (Fig. 8).
To remove the area associated with the background,
gray levels of less than 21% are not considered the highest
gray level. An example of a histogram of mammograms, in
which gray levels of less than 21% are observed, are shown
in Fig. 9. The histogram is prescreened and used to opti-
mize and eliminate light and to equalize the brightness
range of the image that aims to enhance clarity.
The average of all gray levels of residual pixels in each
window is considered as the threshold level of T and is
obtained from Eq. (2).
P
i0:2Imax hðiÞ  i
T ¼ P : ð2Þ
i0:2Imax hðiÞ
in which i represents the gray level, hðiÞ the histogram of
the selected Imax window represents the highest gray
level in the image. CLAHE algorithm, one of the image
 H. Yektaei, M. Manthouri & F. Farivar

processing methods, is used to optimize images and

uniformize the histogram.

Networks Architectures
Construct 5 di®erent CNNs that act at di®erent reso-
lutions. The size of the images at full resolution is
80  80. This size is successively divided by a factor
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Fig. 7 Mirror method.

(Fig. 10).
Then the original image is given to MATLAB and
from the ideal regions, like the canvassing method, we
give a number of patches that vary in size and shape.
Since we want patches that give us useful and accurate
Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun. 2019.31. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

information, we used File Extraction. Our coding ar-

rangement is CPCP, and we use the SoftMax method for
the classi¯cation in the fully connected layer (SVM
method can also be used). Formula (3) was used to
calculate the system's ERROR:
Fig. 8 Polygonal method. 1 X
mean square: Lðy; y~Þ ¼ ðyi  y~i Þ2 : ð3Þ
N i

TEST and TRAIN using Cross Validation, and included

80% to 20%.
At the end of the steps, as in Table 1, we were able to
recognize the accuracy, sensitivity and speci¯city, and to
conclude that the larger our patches (like the pyramid)
the higher precision conveyed. For this reason, we used a
multiplicity.

Fig. 9 A histogram of mammogram images.
DISCUSSION
As the literature shows, di®erent methods and techni-
ques for categorizing images in di®erent types of breast
data have been used. However, the state-of-the-art
image classi¯cation technique of the CNN has put its
strong footprint in the image-analysis ¯eld, especially

Fig. 10 The architecture of the CNN80.

1950034-6
 Diagnosis of Breast Cancer using Multiscale Convolutional Neural Network

Table 1. The Properties and Percentages of the Multi-Level

Convolution Method.

CNN1 CNN2 CNN3 CNN4 CNN5 CNN-VOTE

ACC 84.17 87.21 92.07 88.66 92.99 95.05
SEN 86.52 87.92 91.98 87.72 94.44 95.87
SPE 85.42 87.78 93.40 86.93 92.39 94.70
PER 84.94 97.95 92.10 90.76 91.31 97.33
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the image-classi¯cation ¯eld. Though the \AlexNet"
model proposed by Krizhevsky has gained new mo-
mentum in the CNN research ¯eld, a CNN model was
¯rst utilized by Fukushima et al.33 who proposed the
\Necognitron" model that recognizes stimulus patterns.
For the mammogram image classi¯cation, Wu et al.
Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun. 2019.31. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
Fotin et al. also utilized the CNN method for tomo-
synthesis image classi¯cation and obtained an Area
Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.93. Transfer learning
is another important concept of the CNN method,
which allows the model to derive attributes from the
beginning and not use a weight sharing concept to teach

¯rst utilized the CNN model.34 Though little work had
been done on the CNN model until the end of the 20th
century, this model is only obtained from the AlexNet
model. Advanced engineering techniques have been
used by research groups such as the Visual Geometry
Group and Google, which have modeled the VGG-16,
VGG-19 and GoogleNet models. Arevalo et al.35 clas-
si¯ed benign and malignant lesions using the CNN
model, and this experiment was performed on 766
mammogram images, where 426 images contain benign
and 310 malignant lesions. Before classifying the data,
they utilized preprocessing techniques to increase the
image enhancement and obtained a 0:82
0:03 Re-
ceiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) value. Google-
Net and AlexNet methods have been utilized by Zejmo
et al.36 for the classi¯cation of cytological specimens
into benign and malignant classes. The best accuracy
obtained when they utilized the GoogleNet model was
83.00%. Qiu et al.37 used the CNN method to extract
global features for Mammogram image classi¯cation
and obtained an average achieved accuracy of 71.40%.
a model. This method is helpful when the database
contains fewer images. Jiang et al.38 utilized a transfer
learning method for Mammogram image classi¯cation
and obtained an AUC of 0.88. Before utilizing it in a
CNN model, they performed a preprocessing operation
to enhance the images. Suzuki et al.39 also used the
bene¯t of transfer learning techniques to train their
model to classify mammogram images and obtained
sensitivity of 89.9%. They performed their experiment
with just 198 images. Most image categorization is
based on the CNN method based on global features
extraction techniques. Recently, researchers have also
shown an interest in how local features can be utilized
with the CNN model for data classi¯cation. Both
global and local features have been used by Rezaei-
louyeh et al.28 for Histopathological image classi¯cation.
For local feature extraction, the authors used the
Shearlet transform and obtained an accuracy of
86
3:00%. For local feature extraction, Sharma et al.29
used the GLCM, GLDM methods and then fed the local
features to a CNN model for the Mammogram image

Table 2. Summary of Discussion.

Researcher Methods Accuracy AUC

Krizhevski Alexnet  

Fukushima et al. Necognitron  

Wu et al. utilized the CNN model  

Arevalo et al. classi¯ed benign and malignant lesions using the CNN model 0:82
0:03 

Zejmo et al. GoogleNet and AlexNet methods have been utilized 83.00%. 

Qiu et al. used the CNN method to extract global features for Mammogram image classi¯cation 71.40% 

Fotin et al. utilized the CNN method for tomosynthesis image classi¯cation  0.93
Jiang et al. utilized a transfer learning method for Mammogram image classi¯cation  0.88
Suzuki et al. used the bene¯t of transfer learning techniques to train their model to classify mammogram  89.9%.
images
Rezaeilouyeh et al. for Histopathological image classi¯cation 86
3:00% 

Sharma et al. ] used the GLCM, GLDM methods and then fed the local features to a CNN model 75.33% 

Jiao et al. Both global and local features have been used for mammogram image classi¯cation 96.70% 

Kooi et al. utilized both the global features and the manipulated features were used to classify the 
 

mammography image

1950034-7
 H. Yektaei, M. Manthouri & F. Farivar
classi¯cation, obtaining 75.33% accuracy for the fatty
and dense tissue classi¯cation. Both global and local
features have been used by Jiao et al.30 for mammogram
image classi¯cation, and they obtained 96.70% accura-
cy. Kooi et al.31 utilized both the global features and the
manipulated features to classify the mammography
image. In their testing, they also used the transfer
learning method (Table 2).
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A new approach based on a multi-dimensional deep
learning technique is suggested for benign diagnosis of
lump in breast mammary imaging. Designed by CNNs
by discovering sophisticated images of breasts without
human supervision, the performance of our proposed
system can improve the competitive approach and play
Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun. 2019.31. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
to a much higher degree of precision. In this section, we
reviewed a few examples of convolutional work in this
¯eld. In all of the work that worked on the masses and
used the Mia data, the method of coupling of multi-
variate convolution has had the best performance.
CONCLUSION
This paper describes a breast cancer diagnostic system
using image and network processing techniques. This
work is based on MCNN. In the proposed method, before
the canvassing, the processing of the mammography
image of the surplus areas, the pectoral muscle and the
labels (if any) are removed, and since working on the
chest, we are forced to mirror the images to pair them.
This research improves the quality of mammogram
images using the CLAHE algorithm. Depending on the
breasts, we split the image into 5 di®erent sizes. Using
the multi-dimensional method, each image is convoluted
to a di®erent size, and the number of convolutions to get
the result. Using convolutional multiscale method, the
mean accuracy of the proposed method was 97
0:3%,
the sensitivity of detection, 95.9%, speci¯city of 94.8%
and the detection error of 3%. The results indicate that
preprocessing operations on mammographic images
signi¯cantly increase the speed and precision of the
system. At the end of the process, MCNN will be able to
detect and, as far as possible, to improve the accuracy,
sensitivity, speci¯city, and accuracy. To conclude, the
larger our patches (like the pyramid) would be, the
higher the precision conveyed. If we increase the number
of convolutions from 5 to 7 and even more, our precision
will also increase in the multiscale convolution method.
In the further work, the purpose of this study is to in-
crease the convolutional layers, which, as a result of the
investigation, increases the layer thickness, in a multi-
scale CNN, accuracy also increases.
1950034-8
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