International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X

AN APPROACH TOWARDS NON INVASIVE

BLOOD GROUP DETECTION
1
Arun Kumar.B, Soundariya.K, Yuvasree.S, 2Balasundaram.B
1
UG Scholar,2Assistant Professor
1&2
Department of Biomedical Engineering
1
Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering and Technology, Pondicherry,India.
Author mail id 1 : arunbass20@gmail.com
Author mail id 2 : soundariyakannan1998@gmail.com
Author mail id 3 : ss.yuvasree1997@gmail.com
Abstract : Investigation of blood type plays a vital group in the medical field for any treatment. Miss transfusion of
blood will lead to many problems. This paper provides easy and fast means of identification of blood types and rhesus
factor non invasively. Blood type is classified based on the presence and absence of certain biological substances called
antibodies and also based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic protein substances on the surfaces of the
erythrocytes in the body. Thus by using the optical properties of the antigens and the rhesus factor present in the
blood, the blood groups can be classified. In this paper, our proposed design is that the light emerges from the LED
which is made to pass through the finger and the transmitted light is received by the photo detector which gives the
output as voltage signals. These voltage signals are obtained and are coded to the LCD display the blood type based on
the voltage ranges that certain antigens possess non invasively.

IndexTerms – Blood types, Antigens, Optical properties, Voltage signals, Photo detector.

I. INTRODUCTION

Blood group plays a major key role for the transfusion of blood and for classifying persons blood during blood donation.
In 1901, Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner is the one who first identified the ABO Blood group system in human.
Blood group are identified based on the biological proteins like antigens that are present on the outer surface of erythrocytes.
The major parts of the blood group are ABO and Rh type. The determination of ABO blood is depend upon the inherited
properties of red blood cells by presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B. The four main blood group defined by the
ABO system is group A which has A antigen and anti B in the plasma. In group B which has B antigen and anti A antibodies
in the plasma. While in blood group o which has no antigen but anti A anti B antibodies are present in the plasma. In blood
group AB, it has both A and B antigens but no antibodies. The presence of Rh factor or immunogenic D antigen that give the
status of Rh factor and it is identified as Rh positive or Rh negative. The blood group are identified using normal slide method
which is a manual process. The blood is drawn out to identify the blood group and to it anti-A, anti-B, anti-D is mixed
separately. The agglutination or blood clumping can be observed from which the ABO and Rh type can be determined as A
positive A negative B positive B negative O positive O negative AB positive AB negative in which the blood group AB is the
universal receptor and the blood group O is the universal donor.

When the blood is drawn for blood test it may cause bleeding under the skin, fainting, infections at the particular region.
ABO blood groups vary among different individual in which some have resistance against an infectious diseases. Clinical
error during blood transfusion leads to common cause of death. If improper transfusion is done after or during surgeries it
leads to agglutinations, blood clumping which ends up with fatal consequences. The conventional process is a laborious and
time-consuming one. Hence we have to device a new equipment which eliminates all types of problems associated with
manual methods. The main principle on which this project is based on is that the optical properties like absorption will be
different for different blood groups and from which blood group is identified.

II. RELATED WORKS

In the improvement of blood group system that enable us to identify them in an easier and safe, even several has made
with such intention. Alternative solution to seek to offer for the lab assistance and create methods to meet their need.

Rosenfield, RE, Kochwa, SE, and Kaczera, Z(1978)proposed that blood grouping is done in laboratories or hospitals
either by manual method using slide method or by semi-automated method using gel technology [1]. Baranski G V
G(2011)proposed Optical fiber was used as a medium to transmit pulsating light. This light is then made to pass through the
blood sample and the variation in the intensity of light is measured based on which the blood groups are determined. The main
principle on which this project is based on is that the optical properties like absorption will be different for different blood
groups [2]. T.M Selvakumari, (2011) proposed that modern Electronic Communication System fibre optics based devices
plays

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 International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X
a dominant role. The Optical property variations on the blood types paved the way for determination of ABO Blood group of
human using Optics. The voltage levels of the various persons are detected and noted. Comparing the conventional method
and instrument method for blood group detection[3].

Vijay A. Kanade (2013) proposed a method to automatically determine human blood type by applying image processing
algorithms to the optically captured images of superficial capillaries underlying the skin surface. The technique embeds
Multiwavelengths of Light (MWL) scattering method as light passes through the capillaries for rapidly classifying blood cells
based on specific antigens on the erythrocyte (RBC) surface. The portable optical device (camera) along with the photo-
detectors form the basic detector structure: Used to detect the scattered light distribution/pattern produced by the blood cells to
determine the blood type without drawing the blood samples from the body[4].1Pramod Kakarla, 2Murari Yashwanth K,
3Srikanth Pvnk, 4Rishi Kumar R 5Pratibha N (2014)proposed that the light from the pulsating infrared LED is passed
through the blood sample through an Optical Fiber Cable and the transmitted light is detected, processed, conditioned and is
converted into an voltage signal. The intensity variation of the received signal as a result of the absorption of blood for
different blood groups are converted into corresponding voltage changes, to classify the blood types[5].

Suzanne Hodsden(2015) is a Scientist who created a specialized equipment for fast, versatile and accurate detection of
blood type by paper based method. Study involves that 3500 samples which resulted in high precession rate. It is easy to
interpret test for classifying sample into common ABO and Rh Blood groups in less than 30 Sec. Hong Zhang and his
colleagues made use of chemical reactions between blood serum protein and bromocresol green dye. The result appeared like
colour changes when the antigen is present in the sample and appears brown if not. This method is done using only the paper
strip and no centrifugation process is involved[6].

Fig. 1. Epitopes present in the antigen

III. METHODOLOGY

In this proposed system, absorption is the only optical property that is taken into consideration for the detection of
blood group. If other optical properties like scattering and reflection are taken into account, then we can also measure the
other factor of the blood group and hence distinguish positive and negative blood groups. In this paper, the Arduino UNO is
connected to the sensor to detect the blood group. This Arduino provides a fast means of process. This proposed design
include the following components
1. Battery power supply/adapter
2. LED light
3. Photo detector OPT101
4. Arduino UNO
5. LCD (16 * 2)

3.LED

Light emitting diodes emit either visible light or invisible infrared light when it is biased in forward condition. Here,
powerful white led is used for our design which is 1mm in size.
Features of led
 High brightness
 Low power consumption
 Large operating voltage range

3.2 Photo detector

The photo detector works by converting light optical signals when they hit the junction to a voltage or current. The
photodetector used here is OPT101. The OPT101 is a light-to-voltage conversion device which has large number of
photodiodes integrated with an operational amplifier; it is compact and easy-to-use. The photodiode detects a significant
amount of light, and hence it allows for high-sensitivity measurements. The photodiode can be used from the range of 300 nm
to 1100 nm, wide spectral response with a maximum peak in the infrared region. The power-supply ranges from 2.7 V to 36
V. at low light levels onchip voltage source helps the amplifier in a good operating condition.

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3.3 LCD

The LCD is an electronic display screen that is used widely in many applications. A 16*2 display is a primary module which
is used to display 16 characters in a row. It consists of 2 rows and has 16 pins. The display is interfaced with the Arduino to
perform the required task or function. The power supply of LCD is +5V. It is given using an adapter cable.It consists of a
potentiometer the contrast and brightness of the screen. The backlight of the LCD is switched on by giving supply to the two
pins that are present in the LCD.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED DESIGN

3.4 Arduino UNO

The Arduino UNO is an open-source design of electronics based on user easy hardware and software. Arduinos are able
to read inputs. Arduino designs has a variety of microprocessors and controllers. They consist of sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various extension boards or Breadboards. The boards feature interfacing of
serial communications, including Universal Serial Bus (USB), which are used to load programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed using features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using
traditional compiler tool chains for programming which are complex, the Arduino provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language. Some of its advantages over microcontroller are

 Inexpensive
 Cross-platform
 Simple, clear programming environment
 Open source and flexible software and hardware

Fig. 3. Schematics of interfacing LCD with the Arduino UNO

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FLOW DIAGRAM

THE TIP OF THE MIDDLE FINGER IS PLACED ON THE LIGHT

TRANSMITTED LIGHT IS PASSED INTO THE PHOTO DETECTOR

THE PHOTO DETECTOR DETECTS THE OPTICAL SIGNALS THAT HAS BEEN
TRANSMTTED

OPTICAL SIGNALS CONVERTED TO DIGITAL VOLTAGE SIGNALS

VOLTAGE SIGNALS ARE PROCESSED BY THE ARDUINO UNO

ARDUINO
ARDUINO UNO IS PROGRAMMED WITH PREDEFINED VOLTAGE RANGES FOR
THE BLOOD GROUPS

LCD
THE DETECTED BLOOD GROUPS ARE DISPLAYED

Fig. 4

3.5 Methodology explanation

. The tip of the middle finger is placed on the LED light. The light which is emitted from the LED is passed through the
finger .The transmitted light from the finger is detected by OPT 101 as optical signals which are processed and is converted as
voltage signals by the detector. These signals are sent to the Arduino which processes them using the predefined program with
the voltage ranges of the blood groups. The program checks for the match in the obtained voltage signal and the voltage
ranges that are programmed to it. Then, the blood group is displayed in the LCD for visual confirmation.

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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION

4.1 Result

Fig 5 consists of the light and the detector connection using the bread board. The detector is an optical detector which
detects the optical signals and convert them to digital voltage signals. These voltage signals are measured using the
multimeter. The model of the proposed kit is designed using a Pulse oximeter clip as like a glucometer. This design is very
easily portable. The LED and the detector are fixed inside the clip. As per the schematics of interfacing the LCD and the
Arduino, they are connected. And accordingly the clip is connected to the LCD and Arduino interface.

Fig. 5

Fig. 6 Fig. 7

Fig 6 & 7 shows the model kit that is designed for the detection of the blood group non invasively.

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Fig. 8. THE PROPOSED KIT MODEL

OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGES FOR THE BLOOD GROUPS

NO NAME SEX AGE BLOOD GROUP VOLTAGE RANGE

1 GEETHA.G F 21 B 0.59-0.60

2 NANDHINI.S F 20 O 0.47-0.48

3 MOHAMMED M 20 A 0.35-0.36
ASIF.K

4 ARUNKUMAR.A M 21 AB 0.65-0.66

TABLE 1

The voltage readings for some of the students have been tested. The ranges are then averaged to the readings that are shown in
table 1.

4.2Discussion

It is very useful for the laboritarians to find the blood types of the patients very efficiently. Although some factors like
finger size, colour of the skin and blood pressure should be considered prior to testing. This will serve very useful for the
hospitals to detect the blood groups at times of emergencies.

V. MERITS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

 It is easy and precise to handle.

 The blood group is displayed on the LCD for visual convenience.
 It is a time saving process and is cost effective.
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 It consumes very low power and has a battery backup if power supply is cut.
 All the elements are combined and kept in a same kit i.e. it does not require a separate software and skilled persons.

VI. CONCLUSION

From the analysis, it is concluded that the blood group can be easily identified using non invasive method with tolerable
error. Thus by using the optical properties of the antigens and the rhesus factor present in the blood, the blood groups can be
classified and also tested successfully. This paper plays major role in biomedical field where the transfusion of blood, loss of
blood and other blood diseases can be nullified. From the analysis and samples it is proved that the blood group can be
identified effectively using non invasive method.

REFERENCE

1. Rosenfield, RE, Kochwa, SE, and Kaczera, Z: gel technology for the study of human erythrocyte antigen-antibody reactions.Proceedings, Plenary Session,
25th Congress, International.

2. Society Blood Transfusion. Paris, 1978.Baranski G V G, ‘On the Modeling of Light Interactions with Human Blood’, University of Waterloo, Technical
Report CS-2011-30, December, 2011.

3. T.M. Selvakumari, “Blood Group Detection Using Fiber Optics”, Armenian Journal of Physics.2011, vol. 4, issue 3,pp. 165-168,(2011).

4. Vijay A. Kanade, Bio-Optics: “Blood Type Determination based on Image Processing Techniques by utilizing anOptical Sensor Device”, Index Copernicus
Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor(2015): 6.391.

5. Blood group detection using fiber optics 1Pramod Kakarla, 2Murari Yashwanth K, 3Srikanth Pvnk, 4Rishi KumarR, 5Pratibha N, International Conference,
Indonesia, 04th December 2014.

6. Suzanne Hodsden, Non invasive device for WBC monitoring, (2015), [Med Device].

7. Shyqyrihaxha; Jaspreet jhoja, Optical Based Non invasive Glucose monitoring sensor prototype, IEEE Photonics Journal,(2016), Vol:8,issue:6.

8. Edward jaywalg; William li; Doug Hawkins; Terry Gernsheimer, Colette Norvy-Slycord, Shwetak N.Patel, HemaApp: Non invasive Blood Screening of
Haemoglobin using Smartphone cameras,(2016).

9. Zhang et al, A dye-assisted paper-based point-of-care assay for fast and reliable blood grouping, Zhang et al., Sci. Transl. Med. 9, eaaf9209 (2017)
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 572.

10. To Provide an Easy and Fast Means of Identification of Blood Group Using IR Sensors, Sandip D. Sahanend IEEE International Conference On Recent
Trends In Electronics Information & Communication Technology, May 19-20, 2017.

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