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STRUDS
TUTORIALS
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The information in this tutorial Guide is subject to change without notice because of the
continuos process of software enhancement / improvement. SOFTTECH is in no way responsible
for any errors that may appear in this Tutorial Guide or due to its usage.
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INDEX
1. PREFACE
2. GETTING STARTED
3. ANALYSIS
{I.} ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
{I-1} PREPROCESSOR
{I-1.1} Creating Beam Element
{I-1.2} Creating and Attaching Section To Beam Element
{I-1.3} Creating and Attaching Loads To Beam Element
{I-1.4} Attaching Material To The Beam Element
{I-1.5} Defining Support Conditions
{I-1.6} PreAnanlysis Enquiry.
{I-1.7} Saving The Building File.
{I-2} ANALYSIS
{I-2.1} Analysing The Beam.
{I-3} POSTPROCESSOR
{I-3.1} Selecting The Structure Type.
{I-3.2} Vector Diagram Display.
{I-3.3} Creating New Load Combination.
{I-3.4} Displaying Shear Force Diagram.
{I-3.5} Using The Control Option
{I-3.6} Displaying Bending Moment Diagram.
{I-3.7} Displaying Deflection Diagram.
{I-3.8} Free Body Diagram of the beam element.
{I-3.9} Displaying Reactions
{II} - ANALYSIS OF A FIXED BEAM
{II-1} PREPROCESSOR
{III} ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAM WITH OVERHANG
{III-1} PREPROCESSOR
{III-1.1} Creating Beam Element
{III-1.2} Defining Support Conditions
{III-1.3} Creating and Attaching Loads To The Beam Element
{IV} ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE PORTAL FRAME
{IV-1} PREPROCESSOR
{IV-1.1} Creation Of The Portal Frame
{IV-1.2} Defining The Support Conditions
{IV-1.3} Creating and Attaching The Section
{IV-1.4} Creating And Attaching The Loads
{V} ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAME
{V-1} PREPROCESSOR
{V-1.1} Creating Beam Element
{V-1.2} Defining Support Condition
{V-1.3} Creating and Attaching Section To the Elements.
{V-1.4} Creating and Attaching Loads To The Beam Element
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5. BUILDING DESIGN
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{X-A 1} PREPROCESSOR
{X-A 1.1} Generating Plane Frames
{X-A 1.2} Generating Seismic and Wind Loads
{X-A 1.3} Viewing EQ and Wind Load Report
{X-A 1.4} Viewing of Frames and Horizontal Loads
{X-A 2} ANALYSIS
{X-A 3} DESIGN
BEAM DESIGN
{X-A 3.1} Creating New Load Combinations
{X-A 3.2} Beam Design
{X-A 3.3} Displaying Beam Schedule
{X-A 3.4} Displaying Bar Bending Schedule.
{X-A 3.5} Displaying Beam Quantity Report.
{X-A 3.6} Displaying Analysis Results.
{X-A 3.7} Displaying Beam Design Results.
COLUMN DESIGN
{X-A 3.8} Column Design
{X-A 3.9} Column Numbering
{X-A 3.10} Defining Column Design Parameters
{X-A 3.11} Saving Column Design
{X-A 3.12} Displaying Column Design
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{X-B1} PREPROCESSOR
{X-B 1.1} Generating Space Frame
{X-B 1.2} Displaying Space Frame
{X-B 1.3} Generating Seismic and Wind Loads
{X-B 1.4} Defining Load Cases
{X-B 2} ANALYSIS
{X-B 3} DESIGN
BEAM DESIGN
{X-B 3.1} Creating New Load Combinations For Beam Design
{X-B 3.2} Beam Design By Space Frame Method
{X-B 3.3} Saving Design
{X-B 3.4} Grouping Of Beams
{X-B 3.5} Displaying Beam Schedule
{X-B 3.6} Display of Reports
{X-B 3.7} Displaying Analysis Results
{X-B 3.8} Displaying Design Results.
COLUMN DESIGN
{X-B 3.9} Column Design
{X-B 3.10} Column Numbering
{X-B 3.11} Defining Design Properties
{X-B 3.12} Saving Column Design
{X-B 3.13} Displaying Design
{X-B 3.14} Displaying Loads
{X-B 3.15} Displaying Center Line Plan
{X-B 3.16} Displaying Column Schedule Report
{X-B 3.17} Displaying Column Quantity Report.
{X-B 3.18} Displaying Column Load Report
{X-B 3.19} Displaying Detail Report Of Column Design.
FOOTING DESIGN
{X-B 3.20} Footing Design
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PREFACE
With the positive response of the users to the STRUDS TUTORIAL GUIDE published
earlier we have decided to update the tutorial guide. This STRUDS TUTORIALS
includes the new features of STRUDS version 6.5.
The purpose of this Tutorials is to explain in brief the main features of STRUDS by working on
analysis of beams, portal frames, rigid frames and design of individual slab, beam, column,
footings. The part of analysis of beams, portal frames, rigid frames is included newly so that the
young engineers can get familiar with the use of the elementary commands. The Individual
Design part is to explain the new features added in the STRUDS. Also a sample Building design
is explained as a Project. Though all the commands of STRUDS are not covered in this, most of
the commands required for model generation, analysis and design are made use of.
In order to get conversant with the STRUDS, the user can go on exploring the various commands
the details of which are already explained in the STRUDS MANNUAL.
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Getting Started
Once you have installed STRUDS on your computer, you can now run STRUDS by using
following menu options.
Calculate the Shear Force, Bending Moment & Deflection for a simply supported
beam of 3m span (c/c).UDL of 2KN/m is acting on the span.
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{I-1} PREPROCESSOR
This module is the first module that you will be operating while using STRUDS. It accepts
all the input data provided by you in graphical form and proceeds to create a 2D or 3D
model of the structure. This is the core module of STRUDS program and is co-related with
all other modules for their working. It should be noted that unless you pre-process a
structure geometry, the analysis, post-processing or design of the same could not be done.
The Pre Processor creates a file having any name up to 8 characters as provided by you
having extension.BLD in which all the data of the building project is stored.
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Click ‘Save’.
The created beam section is listed as ‘Sec1’.
Click ‘Close’.
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Select boundary group BG2 by clicking the drop down arrow of Boundary Group list.
Click ‘Add Node’.
Click on the Node 2 with box cursor.
Click ‘Close’.
Click ‘Close’ option of the Window.
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This option allows you to verify the input for any discrepancy before saving the data files
for analysis of plane frame. When you select this option STRUDS check the input data you
have given and if any deficiency or discrepancy is found, it points out the same in a
window message box.
Click ‘OK’.
If any discrepancy occurs then rectify it and proceed further.
Here we have completed the ‘PRE PROCESSOR’ part of the ‘STRUDS '
{I-2} ANALYSIS
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Now the analysis part is over, we can see the analysis results of the given beam in the
Postprocessor.
{I-3} POSTPROCESSOR
This module of STRUDS allows you to visualize and store the graphical and text
representation of analysis results of the structure to understand its behavior.
Click ‘OK’.
Select ‘No. Of Divisions’ option.
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By default STRUDS divides every element into 16 parts for displaying and preparing the
analysis results. You can reduce these divisions to any other number less than 20 and more
than 2 to visualize and prepare the results of analysis.
Select 15 divisions.
Click ‘OK’
By default STRUDS always displays the analysis results of first floor and first level by
Plane grid method. In case you want to select any other floor for display of results,
overwrite the floor no. and the level no. in the above window and click on the OK button.
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Here the load combination created as 1.0DL gets saved. (We have created this load to follow the
evaluation of problem otherwise the software will consider the default load combination as
1.5DL+1.5LL. If you want to delete this load combination, select it from right side dialog box &
press the ‘Delete’ button of the dialog box.)
Click ‘Close’.
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Note that if you have not deleted the load combination 1.5DL+1.5LL previously, then both the
load combinations will be present (i. e.1.5DL+1.5LL AND 1.0 DL) so if you have not selected
1.0DL then by default the1.5DL+1.5LL will be taken by the computer.
To view the results and diagrams of shear force diagram, bending moment diagram, deflected
shape of the beam and respective deflection values, free body diagram of the beam, reactions at
the supports, click on the respective menu option of the Struds Post Processor window. We can
also view the analysis report of the beam by clicking the ‘Report’ menu option.
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Click ‘Sfd’.
Here the drop-down menu of Sfd will display the various options as follows.
Full –By clicking this option SFD of the beam will appear on the screen.
ELEMENT-By clicking this option the SFD of the element will appear on the screen.
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On right side distances and the corresponding values of shear forces are displayed. As we have
defined 15Divisions the same can be seen in the results.
Value - By clicking this option a dialog box will be displayed. If you want to see the maximum
and the minimum values of the sfd, bmd, etc., you can click on the corresponding check boxes.
Distance – By clicking this option a dialog box will be displayed. If you want to see the distances
for the corresponding values for maximum, minimum and zero sfd / bmd /deflection, etc., click
on the corresponding check boxes.
Precision – By clicking this option a dialog box will be displayed. Two types of precision are
available, Value Precision and Distance precision. Default setting for both is 3. It means that the
values will be displayed as three digits after the decimal point. You can change any type of
precision if you want. Note that you can give the value upto 5 only.
Scale Factor – By clicking this option a dialog box will be displayed. Default setting is 1. You
can change the value so as to view the various diagrams as per your desire.
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Multiplication Factor – By default its value is 1. For our example we don’t have to change this
value.
Font – By clicking this option you can change the properties of display of various factors.i.e. You
can change Font / font style / size / colour etc.
Full – By clicking this option you can see the full Bmd of the beam.
Element – By clicking this option you can see the Bmd as well as the B.M. values and the
corresponding distances from the left node of the beam element.
Selection Set – By clicking this option you can see the Bmd of selected elements from the
geometry. To define the Selection Set use the options CONTROL- DEFINE SELECTION SET
from the menu.
Grid – By clicking this option you can view the bmd of a grid.
From the Bmd we get the Max. B. M. Value as –2.250 KN/M at a distance 1.5 m.
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For this example the max. deflection occurs at 1.5 m and its value is -0.00006 m.
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The free body diagram will be displayed on the left side, and it shows the S.F., B.M., AXIAL
FORCES values on RHS.
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{II-1} PREPROCESSOR
The steps to solve this problem are same as that of previous problem except the steps to provide
supports condition.
For that,
Click ‘constraint’ menu option of preprocessor.
STRUDS displays window for support conditions.
Click ‘Define Group’ button.
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All the steps to solve this problem will be the same as in the previous problem except the
construction of beam, creating/attaching supports & loads in the preprocessor.
{III-1} PREPROCESSOR
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Again click the right button of the mouse; select ‘Node’ option.
Click the fourth node / type 4.
‘Enter second point of Element’: 16.5 5
Press ‘Enter’ key.
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{IV-1} PREPROCESSOR
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The rest of the steps for the preprocessor, Analysis and PostProcessor are the same as described
in the previous example.
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All the steps to solve this problem will be the same as in the previous problem except the
construction of frame &creating/attaching supports, loads in the preprocessor.
{V-1} PREPROCESSOR
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By default system will consider self-weight but in this problem we do not require to consider it,
for that,
Click ‘Property’ option.
Click ‘Create’ option.
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The rest of the steps to solve this problem are same as the previous problem of simply supported
beam.
For this, select the ‘Design’ option of the STRUDS control menu.
Click ‘Stand Alone Design’ option.
STRUDS displays a design option window for individual design of slab / beam / column.
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At the top of the right side of the ‘USER SLAB PROPERTIES’ window, ‘Slab Design
Parameters’ button is present. By clicking this button you can change the grade of concrete, grade
of steel.
Also in ‘SLAB DESIGN PARAMETERS’ window, at the right top ‘Reinforcement Parameters’
button is present. Clicking this button you can change the clear, minimum and maximum spacing
of main / distribution reinforcement, type of reinforcement i.e. bent-up / curtailment, minimum
diameter for main and Other span.
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Click ‘OK’.
Click ‘OK’.
Select the Load Transfer Type. [i.e. second option for one way slab.]
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Click on the floppy option to save the design. Save the design in strudwin / data folder, by
giving a file name.
Click ‘Detail’ option to see the reinforcement details and the detail data reinforcement window.
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Click ‘Design Sketch’ option to see the design sketch of reinforcement on the slab plan.
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Select ‘Stand Alone Design’ option of the Design menu from the STRUDS main window.
STRUDS displays Individual Design Window Application.
The window displays grid name; ‘Grid1’ and beam identity number; ‘ID: 1'.
Key in level height: 3m.
Click ‘Add’ button of span.
STRUDS displays another window ‘Input element data’.
Key in beam span 4m in the ‘Element Span’.
Click ‘OK’.
Now this beam is listed as ‘B1’ in the span list of ‘Define User Beam’ window.
Click ‘OK’ button of the ‘Define User Beam’ window.
The beam element ‘B1’ will be displayed on the screen.
{VII-1.2} Defining The Beam Supports
Click ‘Define’ option.
Select ‘Support’ option.
Struds displays ‘Give Beam Support Data’
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This option allows you to visualize the analysis results of the beam graphically. It has following
options.
Click ‘BM Diagram’ option from the ‘View Results’ menu option.
STRUDS displays the Bending Moment Diagram & the corresponding values for the beam.
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STRUDS displays the SF Diagram/BM Diagram for the beam considering all the beams as
simply supported.
Click ‘Def diagram’ from the ‘View Results’ menu option.
STRUDS displays the deflected shape diagram for the beam.
This option allows you to see the design results in graphics and text form of the selected grid.
You can also change some parameters to redesign the selected beam. This menu has again
following options.
Design Results – Dsg loadcombi
This option allows you to select the load combination to redesign the selected grid. You may have
selected say 1.5DL+1.5LL for the beam while setting initial parameters, but now you may want
to see the design results of a particular beam for some other load combination, say for in such
case, Worst Load Combination you can select the load combination and STRUDS will redesign
the beam for the selected load combination.
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This window displays the list of all defined load combinations. Select the load combination for
which you want to redesign the beams in the grid and click on the OK button. STRUDS redesigns
the beam and the corresponding design results shall be displayed in the graphics and text reports.
Design Results – Settings
This option allows you to change the settings for the selected grid that you had specified for
design of all the beams. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.
This window at the left displays the beam cross section and the conventions used for various
parameters like cover, grade of concrete, grade of steel and maximum aggregate size. At the right
are the drop down menus and fields where you can specify the parameters by overwriting default
values.
Concrete (fck):
At the right top is a drop down menu, which shows the various grades of concrete. Select the
grade of concrete that you want to use for redesigning the beams.
Main Steel (fy):
The second drop down menu indicates the grades of steel available such as Fe250 – Mild Steel,
Fe415 – Tor Steel, Fe500 – High Strength Tor Steel. Select the grade of steel that you want to use
for the main reinforcement i.e. the longitudinal reinforcement at the top and bottom of beam from
this drop down menu.
Stirrups (fys):
The third drop down menu indicates the grades of steel available such as Fe250 – Mild Steel,
Fe415 – Tor Steel, Fe500 – High Strength Tor Steel. Select the grade of steel that you want to use
for the stirrup reinforcement i.e. the vertical reinforcement along the beam in the form of rings.
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Below the drop down menus are three fields for specifying concrete covers.
Tension (Ct):
In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for bottom bars in the beam.
Compression (Cb):
In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for top bars in the beam.
Side (Cs):
In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for stirrups along the side face of
the beam.
Max Agg SIZE:
This field denotes the maximum size of coarse aggregates in concrete that will decide the
minimum spacing between bars.
No. Of DIVISIONS:
This field denotes the no. Of divisions in an element at which the design results are to be
displayed. For analysis, STRUDS divides each element into 16 parts. For design you can consider
the divisions equal to or less than 16. While preparing the reports for design, STRUDS will
display the results as per the number of divisions specified by you.
Reinforcement Parameters
At the left is a button by this title which enables you to decide the basic pattern of providing
reinforcement in the beams. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.
There are three drop down menus. The first drop down menu has the grade of steel that you can
select for stirrups.
From the second drop down menu you can select the bar diameter to be used if the spacing is less
than specified.
From the third drop down menu you can specify the number of legs that should be used if the
spacing is less than specified.
At the right are two options for design considerations. The check marks before these options
denote whether they are active or not. By default both these options are active.
Design as Doubly?
When this option is active, STRUDS will design a beam as doubly reinforced if the available
depth is not sufficient to design as singly reinforced. If you deactivate this option by removing the
check mark from the box, and continue the design, STRUDS displays a message if the available
depth for beam is not sufficient for singly reinforced design.
You can then click on the `Yes’ button to design the beam as doubly reinforced. If you want to
change the properties of beam, click on the `No’ button. STRUDS displays following window.
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You can then click on the `Yes’ button to design the beam as doubly reinforced. If you want to
change the properties of beam, click on the `No’ button. STRUDS displays following window.
This window shows the beam number, its span, section, current grade of concrete and grade of
steel. There are also two drop down menus for grade of concrete and steel. You can change the
grade of concrete by selecting a higher grade from the drop down menu and select `SAVE’ and
`CLOSE’ options. STRUDS will then redesign the beam. The change of grade of concrete, grade
of steel or section can be done for the current beam or all the beams in the floor. If you want to
change the size of beam, click on the `CHANGE’ button. STRUDS displays following window.
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In this window you can ask the program to increase the width, depth or both by providing the
increment value. Click on the option for width, depth or both and overwrite the value of
increment in the field given below.
If the section is a T section or L section, the options at the down portion of window become
active and you can type the dimensions of section in the fields to redesign the beam.
Select `CLOSE’ button to save & close the window. Now the previous window of `Change Beam
Properties’ is again active. Select the buttons `SAVE’ and `CLOSE’. STRUDS will redesign the
beam for the revised section.
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This window has two drop down menus at left top to specify the material properties of concrete
and steel for the beams in the grid. You can select the beam in the grid to which these properties
are to be applied by selecting the beam number from the menu list at top right of the window.
Section Geometry
By clicking on this button, you can change the sectional properties of a selected beam. When you
select this option STRUDS displays following window.
This window displays the beam number and its section Ids at the top in two fields. Below
this is a checkbox for `Apply to all Beams’ option. You can click on this check box to apply the
new section to all the beams in the selected grid.
At the left is the drop down menu from which you can select the new section type that you want
to assign to the beam. At the right you can specify the values of width and depth of the new
section. The options for Bf – width of flange and Tf – thickness of flange will be active if you
have selected T or L section type. Click on the on the OK button to apply the new section. You
can click on the CANCEL button to abandon the assigning of new section.
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Detail Data
This option allows you to change the bar-detailing pattern of the selected grid. When you select
this option, STRUDS displays following window.
You can select the detailing type of bars as Bent Up, Curtailed or none of these by selecting the
corresponding options in this window. If you select `None’ options; STRUDS will provide the
maximum required steel at top and bottom uniformly without curtailing the bars.
The window also has options for design considerations that can be put on off by selecting their
check boxes.
Click on the OK button to save the detailing type and proceed for design. Select Cancel
button if you want to consider the default detailing for design.
Steel Diagram
This option allows you to see the graphical representation of steel areas required at different
places in the selected grid. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following screen.
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This screen displays the gridline at top and the diagrammatic representation of areas of steel
required at top and bottom of the selected grid below it.
At the top of the screen STRUDS shows the load combination for which the Steel Diagram is
displayed and the span of beam of which the text description of steel areas are displayed at the
right side in two vertical columns.
You can select the beam in the gridline form the list menu below the text columns to see the
corresponding areas of steel.
Detailing
This option allows you to see the detailing of reinforcement for the selected grid. it has following
sub-options.
BottomBars
This option allows you to see the detailing for bottom reinforcement in the selected grid. When
you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
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This window shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top. Below this at left is a list menu
from which you can select the beam number to see the bottom bar detailing. The span of the beam
and its section type / section dimensions are displayed in front of the beam list menu. STRUDS
also displays the grade of concrete and steel used for the design of this beam.
Below this STRUDS shows the minimum steel area required for the selected beam in the gridline
as per code provisions and the name of the design load combination.
The detailing of bottom bars is displayed at the bottom of this window. STRUDS shows two rows
for two different bar dia and their numbers / types. The area of each bar type is calculated by
STRUDS and displayed at the end of the row. The sum of areas due to both the bar dias is
displayed at the bottom. STRUDS also displays the surplus area i.e. the difference between the
provided and required area of steel.
You can change the detailing provided by STRUDS by overwriting the dia and number of bars in
their respective fields and clicking the `SAVE’ button. STRUDS will recalculate the steel area
provided. If this area is less than the theoretically required area, STRUDS displays a message.
You can then click on the OK button to provide your own steel area. These changes will
automatically be reflected in design schedule and quantity reports by STRUDS.
At the right side of window STRUDS displays the text values for the areas of steel required at
eleven different places in the selected beam. Below it are two buttons for BM VALUES and TOP
AREA.
BM VALUES
When you select this button, STRUDS displays the bending moment values for the selected beam
at eleven places.
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TopBars
This option allows you to see the detailing for top reinforcement in the selected grid. When you
select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
This window shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top. Below this at left is a list menu
from which you can select the beam number to see the top bar detailing. The span of the beam
and its section type / section dimensions are displayed in front of the beam list menu. STRUDS
also displays the grade of concrete and steel used for the design of this beam.
Below this STRUDS shows the minimum steel area required for the selected beam in the gridline
as per code provisions and the name of the design load combination.
Below this STRUDS shows the detailing of top bars in three rows. In the first row, the dia of
anchor bars, numbers, length and total steel area provided are shown in different fields. Below
this the extra bars provided at top and bottom at left and right support are displayed in different
fields.
At the bottom of the window STRUDS shows the provided area of steel at top at both the
supports and at midspan. The outstand area or surplus area i.e. the difference between provided
and required area of steel are also displayed in the window.
You can change the detailing provided by STRUDS by overwriting the dia and number of bars in
their respective fields and clicking the `SAVE’ button. STRUDS will recalculate the steel area
provided.
At the right side the top areas of steel required at eleven points are displayed in a text column for
the selected beam. Below this are the buttons to see the BM values and BOTTOM AREA of steel
of the selected beam.
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BM VALUES
When you select this button, STRUDS displays the bending moment values for the selected beam
at eleven places.
BOTTOM AREA
When you select this button, STRUDS displays the values of area of steel required at bottom for
the selected beam at eleven places
Shear
This option allows you to see the detailing for shear reinforcement in the selected grid. When you
select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
This window shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top. Below this at left is a list menu
from which you can select the beam number to see its shear bar detailing. The span of the beam
and its section type / section dimensions are displayed in front of the beam list menu. STRUDS
also displays the grade of concrete used for the design of this beam. The maximum allowed
stirrup spacing for the selected beam in the gridline as per code provisions and the name of the
design load combination are also shown by STRUDS.
SF VALUE
When you click on this button, STRUDS shows the shear force values for the selected beam. The
following window is displayed on screen.
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This window at the top has a list menu from which you can select the beam number to see its
shear force values. Below the list menu STRUDS displays the span of the selected beam. The
values of area are shown in a text column. Select `CLOSE’ button to close this window.
STRUDS displays the shear force diagram for the selected beam. The beam is divided in three
zones depending upon the required stirrup spacing. The length of these zones is shown in the
diagram.
Below this STRUDS shows the shear detailing in the form of dia of bars, number of legs of the
stirrups, grade of steel, number of stirrups, spacing of stirrups and the shear capacity of provided
stirrups in three rows. The first, second and third rows denote the shear detailing for left zone,
middle zone and right zone in the beam respectively.
You can change the detailing provided by STRUDS by overwriting the values of bar dia, stirrup
legs or grade of steel and clicking on the SAVE button. STRUDS will recalculate the stirrup
spacing and stirrup numbers. The change in detailing will automatically be reflected in design
schedules, quantity reports and section drawing.
At the right side STRUDS displays a column of text values for theoretically computed stirrup
spacing at eleven points in the selected beam.
SAVE
Select this button to save the changes, if any, you have made in the detailing. Unless you use this
option, your changes will not be reflected in design schedules & quantity reports.
CLOSE
Select this button to close the window of shear bars detailing.
SideBars
This option allows you to see the detailing for side reinforcement provided in the selected beam.
As per IS: 456, sidebars are to be provided in case the depth of beam is more than 750 mm. When
you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
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This window shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top. Below this at left is a list menu
from which you can select the beam number to see the side bar detailing. The span of the beam
and its section type / section dimensions are displayed in front of the beam list menu. STRUDS
also displays the grade of concrete and steel used for the design of this beam.
Below this STRUDS shows the design load combination. The detailing of sidebars along both the
faces – left and right is shown in two rows. STRUDS displays the bar dia, number, spacing,
required steel area, provided steel area and outstanding /surplus steel area for the side
reinforcement of selected beam.
SAVE
Select this button to save the changes, if any, you have made in the detailing. Unless you use this
option, your changes will not be reflected in design schedules & quantity reports.
CLOSE
Select this button to close the window of sidebars detailing.
Combined
This option allows you to see the combined detailing for bottom bars, top bars and stirrups for all
the beams in the selected grid. When you select this option, STRUDS displays a window which
Shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top with beam labels. Below this a text table is
shown describing the detailing. This table shows the beam numbers (Ids), Span of beam (L),
Width of beam section (B), Depth of Beam Section (D), bottom steel in the form of dia and
number of bars, top steel at left/right/middle and stirrup spacing as per the zones.
You can not make any changes in this table. It is displayed for viewing purpose only.
Section Graphics
This option allows you to obtain the graphical representation of the steel detailing and section
geometry of all the beams in the selected grid. When you select this option, STRUDS displays
following screen.
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This screen displays the longitudinal section of the selected gridline of beams in the top half
portion. The section diagram shows the bars at top, bottom and stirrups for all the beams in the
selected grid. The span of each beam and the zones for shear steel are also shown. The dia and
number of bars as provided are also indicated in this drawing.
In the bottom half portion, the cross sections of first beam in the selected grid at midspan, left
support and right support are displayed. If you want to see the cross section of other beams, select
CROSS SECTION – NEXT options from the menu bar.
At the top of this screen, STRUDS displays a menu-bar with several menu options to visualise the
sectional graphics.
Cross Section
This option allows you to choose the display of cross section diagram of beams on the screen. It
has further two options.
NEXT
When you click on this option, STRUDS will display the cross sections of the next beam in the
grid.
PREVIOUS
When you click on this option, STRUDS will display the cross sections of the previous beam in
the grid.
Zoom
This option allows you to enlarge the drawings for viewing/printing purpose. It has further three
options. Zoom option by default is active in the top half part of screen i.e. for longitudinal
section. You can press `Tab’ key from keyboard to make it active in the lower half part of
window i.e. for cross section diagram.
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WINDOW
When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Select the portion that you want
to enlarge by creating a window with the cursor. STRUDS will display the portion in an enlarged
manner on the screen.
ALL
Select this option to see the entire full section graphics when you have already used the ZOOM –
WINDOW or PAN options.
PREVIOUS
Select this option to return to the previous zoom status of the diagram.
Pan
This option allows you to move the graphics on the screen in any direction for better
visualization. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Select the starting
point and the destination point by cursor to shift the sectional diagrams on the screen.
Flushing
This option allows you to modify the detailing and longitudinal section diagram of the beams in
the grid if the beams are positioned at different levels. When you select this option, STRUDS
displays following window.
Center
If you select this option the longitudinal section will be displayed in such a manner that the centre
level of beams remains same.
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(Optional) you can change the width & depth of the column.
Click ‘Save’ button.
Click ‘Close’ button
Click ‘Close’ button of ‘Column Section’ dialog box.
Click ‘Material’ menu option.
STRUDS displays ‘Change material for floor’ dialog box.
(Optional) Click the check box of ‘change material’ to change the grade of concrete or steel.
Click ‘Save’ button.
Click OK’ button.
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This option allows you to change the load combination for design results. STRUDS by
default designs all the column for worst load combination. In case you want to specify
some other load combination as worst load combination, you can use this option. This
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change will be reflected in the design schedules by STRUDS. When you select this option,
STRUDS displays following window.
This window displays a drop down menu for the floors in the building. The worst load
combination for this floor is also displayed by STRUDS. Select the floor for which
youwant to change the load combination for design. Click on the `Select Load
Combination>>’ button.
This window displays the list of defined load combinations. Select the load combination
that you want to apply to the selected column at selected floor. Click on the OK button.
STRUDS will then display the design results due to this load combination in the table. You
can click on the CANCEL button to close the window without selecting the load
combination. This change in table will be reflected in design schedules by STRUDS.
This option allows you to modify the units for the values displayed in the table.
When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
This window has two drop down menus. The left drop down menus displays the list of
items in the table for which you can change the units. The right drop down menu displays
the list of unit types available for selected item. Chose the unit you want to apply for the
selected item and click on the CLOSE button. STRUDS will change and display the values
of the item in the table corresponding to the modified unit.
This option allows you to modify the default properties of the selected column.
When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
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You can then modify the properties or design parameters of the selected column by using
various options in this window. For detail explanation of this window, refer to the pages for
PROPERTIES menu in Column Design Module.
This option allows you to visualise the cross sectional diagram of a column.
When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. The column by cursor.
STRUDS displays the cross section diagram of the column on screen.
In the left portion of screen, STRUDS displays the cross section of selected column with
placing of reinforcement. In the right portion of screen, STRUDS displays a list menu
indicating the floor number. You can select the floor number from this list menu to see the
cross section of selected column at that floor. Below this STRUDS shows the size of
column, diameter + number of main bars and dia + spacing of stirrups. Select on the
CLOSE option from menu bar to put off the display of cross section.
This option allows you to redesign the column if you change the properties of
column by using any of following options.
1. By selecting PROPERTIES button
2. By changing P, Mx, My values in the table.
3. By changing the dimensions of column by overwriting in the table.
4. By changing bar diameter in the table.
If you have used any of the above options, first click on the SAVE button and then use this
option to ask STRUDS to redesign the column with changed properties.
Select this option to save any of the changes you have made in the values in the
table. You should also select this option, if you have changed any of the properties of the
column to redesign it.
Select this option to close the window of VIEW DESIGN.
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of screen is a pull down menu showing the list of floor numbers. You can select the floor
from this menu to get the diagram and details of column at that floor. The menu bar at the
top has following options to specify your own properties and parameters for this selected
column.
Settings
This option allows you to specify the basic parameters for design of selected column. It
further has following options.
Settings – Properties
This option allows you to set the basic parameters for design of column. When you select
this option, STRUDS displays the window for `Design Parameters’. For details of this
window, refer to the explanation given for PROPERTIES menu of the main menu of
Column Design Module.
Settings – Diameters
This option allows you to select the bar diameters for placing in the column. When you
select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
This window shows the list of all available bar diameters in a vertical text column at the
left side. Select the bar diameter that you want to provide for column main bars by mouse
and press on the SELECT button at the right side. The selected bar diameter is shown by
STRUDS in the right text column. This way you can specify the diameters that you want to
provide for the column. You can specify maximum two types of bar diameters. If you want
to remove any bar diameter from the list of selected bar diameters, select it by mouse and
click on the DELETE button. Click on the OK button to proceed for design with chosen
bar diameters. You can also click on the CANCEL button if you want to abandon the bar
diameters’ selection.
Settings - Step Value
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Bars
This option allows you to specify the placing of reinforcement in the selected column. It
has following sub-options.
Bars - Add Dia1 Bar
This option allows you to place the bars of first diameter type in the cross sectional
geometry of the column. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen.
Move the cursor and click it at the positions where you want to put the bars of first type in
the cross section diagram of the column.
Bars - Add Dia2 Bar
This option allows you to place the bars of second diameter type in the cross sectional
geometry of the column. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen.
Move the cursor and click it at the positions where you want to put the bars of second type
in the cross section diagram of the column.
Bars – Delete
This option allows you to remove the bars placed in the cross sectional geometry of the
column. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Move the cursor
and click it on the bar positions which you want to delete from the cross section diagram of
the column.
Bars - Delete All
This option allows you to remove all the bars placed in the cross sectional geometry of the
column. When you select this option, STRUDS will remove all bar types placed in the
column.
Zoom
The details of this option are given in Appendix A.
Save
When you select this option STRUDS saves he changes.
Print
The details of this option are given in Appendix B.
Close
When you select this option STRUDS closes the Current window.
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This window displays a list menu indicating the floor numbers in the building. Select the
floor number for which you want to modify the effective length of the selected column.
Below this are two fields indicating the factor for effective length about X and Y-axis for
the column. By default the factors for effective length are 1 for both axes. However you can
modify this by specifying the factor by overwriting the default values in the fields.
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Select the type of footing from the default individual footing type section. The default
setting is 'Trapezoidal’. Keep the same option active.
(optional) You can change the footing covers, offset at bottom, offset at top, minimum depth
from the ‘Trapezoidal footing section’. Similarly you can change-
1) Grade of concrete/steel from ‘Grade of material’ section.
2) Spacing between bars i.e. maximum and minimum spacing values.
3) Rounding factor for size and depth.
.4) depth from ground level.
5) Minimum steel percentage.
Click the ‘Select bar Diameter’ dialog box.
Select the bars from the available bar diameter by using select button or you can directly
double click on the dia. to select it. Select 8mm bar diameter.
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You can change any option and click ‘Redesign’ button to redesign to the change parameters.
(optional) If the new values are not acceptable, then the previous values will be displayed again.
Click ‘Save’ button if you make any changes.
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SAMPLE BUILDING
DESIGN
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Click the `Preprocessor' option from menu bar at the top of Main Menu.
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STRUDS displays a dialog box and asks you to enter the project information such as name,
location etc.
You can fill up the relevant information in the fields available. If you do not want to write any
information, just click the `OK' button from the dialog box.
Select floor no 1 from the drop down list of Floor No. ------------------( plinth / ground floor)
By default Height of floor is 3m and the Level of floor is also3m.
Click ‘Save’ button.
The entered data gets saved and listed in the list box.
Select floor no 2 from the drop down list of Floor No. ------------------( 1st floor)
The level of floor changes automatically to 6.0 m according to the floor no.
Click ‘Save’ button.
Select floor no 3 from the drop down list of Floor No. ------------------( 2nd floor)
Click ‘Save’ button.
Select floor no 4 from the drop down list of Floor No. ------------------( 3rd floor)
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In STRUDS the input is done by using 2d plane grid method. You are required to draw the floor
plans of the building by defining slab panels.
A box cursor with hair lines is displayed on screen. You can move this cursor by using mouse or
Up, Down, Left and Right arrow keys from the key board. At the bottom of the screen, STRUDS
displays the command to be given by the user.
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You have given the starting point of slab at X co-ordinate 3.0 meters and Y co-ordinate 3.0
meters from the bottom left corner of the screen. The slab dimensions given are X length 4 meters
and Y length 5 meters.
STRUDS now displays a dialog box in which you can specify the properties and loading on this
slab.
Change the thickness of slab from 100 mm to 120 mm by overwriting in the field denoting
`Thickness'.
Click `OK' button from the dialog box.
The slab panel is displayed on the screen. Press F7 key from the key board. This key is the
shortcut to redraw the graphics on the screen. By pressing the key the node numbers, element
numbers and slab numbers become visible on screen. To put on / off these numbers you can use
F4, F5 and F6 keys.
You are still in the slab create mode. You will remain in this mode till you press Esc key or click
some other option from the menu.
`Enter First Point of the Slab': Press F2 key from the key board (or press the right button of
the mouse.)
This key is the shortcut to define a point with respect to a node. STRUDS displays a small menu
list.
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Again the dialog box inquiring properties of slabs is displayed on the screen.
Change the thickness of slab from 120mm to 100mm in the field provided for thickness.
Here you may note that once you change the value in any of the field, that value is taken as
default value while defining the next slab panel.
Click the icon for automatic decision for one way or two way spanning of the slab.
Click the `OK' button from the dialog box.
The second slab panel is displayed on the screen.
Select the node no. 4 by moving the box cursor on it and clicking the left button of mouse.
STRUDS displays command
`Enter Dimension / Click second point of the slab' :
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Press F2 key.
Select `Node' option.
Select node no. 7 by using mouse.
STRUDS displays command
`Enter Dimension / Select second point of slab' :
Type 1.2 1.2 press enter key.
Click icon for slab denoting slab spanning one way vertically.
Click `OK' button from the dialog box.
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Press F2 key.
Select `Node' option.
Select node no. 8 by mouse.
Press F2 key
Select `Node' option.
Select node no. 13 by cursor.
Click option from slab properties dialog box.
Click 'Sunk Depth' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 0.23
Click ' Material Density ' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 20'
Press F2 key.
Select `Offset' option.
STRUDS displays command
`Enter Node Id / Select a node' :
Type 4 and press Enter key.
STRUDS displays command
`Enter X offset': Type 0 press enter.
`Enter Y offset': Type 0.6 press enter.
`Enter Z offset': Type 0 press enter.
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Select the icon displaying which is for cantilever slab the load of which is transferred
on right side beam.
Click `OK' button from the dialog box.
The seventh slab is displayed on the screen.
Press F2 key
Select `Node' option.
Select node no. 5 by cursor.
STRUDS displays command
`Enter Dimension / Click second point of slab':
This way you have generated all the eight slab panels of the floor plan.
Please note that this is a curved beam and not a circular slab. If you need to have a circular slab,
the same can be defined by drawing a curved beam and providing the slab load on this beam as
UDL. Also the point to be noted while drawing a curved element is to select the three points
(Start, mid and end) in anti clockwise manner.
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After drawing the floor plan, the next stage is to locate positions of columns. The columns can be
located on nodes or anywhere along the elements.
Also available is a list of icons which you can click by mouse. Or you can press Y N L R U D O
S letters from the keyboard to specify your selection.
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Press N
Cursor blinks at node no. 10
Press N
Cursor blinks at node no. 6
Press N
Cursor blinks at node no. 12
Press N
Cursor blinks at node no. 11
Press N
Cursor blinks at node no. 13
Press N
Cursor blinks at node no. 18
Press N
Cursor blinks at node no. 17
Press N
Cursor blinks at node no. 9
Press Y
Cursor blinks at node no. 8
Press y
Cursor blinks at node no. 14
Press Y
Cursor then blinks at nodes 22 to 28 along the curved element.
Press N at all these nodes.
This way you have located columns by using `Auto Add' option.
Now if you want to locate column away from node.
Press F2 key
Select `Offset' option
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Now from the observation of the floor plan you can see that at nodes 16, 17 and 21 the cantilever
beams are projecting from main beams. The boundary condition at these nodes is by default taken
as a simple support. To provide fixity at these nodes, you should follow following steps.
Presently the boundary group defined is BG1 only which denotes columns at (W - zero)the
specified nodes. You can specify any type of boundary group and attach it to the required node.
From the floor plan geometry it can be seen that at nodes 16 17 and 21, we need to provide fixity
about Y axis i.e. rotation about Y axis is restrained (Ry = 0).
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Now you have drawn the floor plan, located the columns and specified the support conditions
wherever required.
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STRUDS displays two fields for width and depth of the ‘Sec1’.
This way you have defined three rectangular sections Sec1, Sec2 and Sec3 which you can provide
to any of the beams in the floor plan. Please note that Sec3 is a hidden beam section or dummy
beam. Since it is imperative that every element must have a section for the analysis to be
performed. So some times we need to provide a nominal section to an element where a beam is
not required. For example, a cantilever slab is defined by four surrounding elements. The load of
the slab is transferred on one of the element which acts as a beam. The other three elements do
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not act as a beam. In such case we need to provide a hidden beam or dummy beam section at
such elements.
A small window appears on the screen with a pull down menu and menu buttons to allow you to
attach the defined sections to the beams.
Select element numbers 21,23 and 24 by clicking the cursor along these elements.
Select ‘Sec1’ from pull down menu.
Click ‘Grid’ button.
Select element No. 4,10,27 & 1 by clicking the mouse along these elements.
Select ‘Sec2’ from the pull down menu.
Click ‘Rest’ button.
All the remaining elements, which do not have any section, are attached with sec2 by this
process.
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All the remaining elements, which do not have any section, are attached with Sec2 by this
process.
In STRUDS you can attach the walls on beams as per your requirement. STRUDS will
automatically calculate the weight of walls on beams as UDL as per the physical attributes
provided by you. Now to generate walls follow following procedure
‘BRK’ stands for brick masonry. The density of brick masonry 19 kn/m3 is automatically taken
by the program. If you want to change the density, you can simply click in the field and
overwrite new value of density.
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This way you have defined three walls W1,W2 &W3 of brick masonry and thickness 230
mm,100mm and 100 mm respectively.
Click ‘Close’.
Select ‘Property’ from menu bar.
Select ‘Attach’
Select ‘Wall’ and click the mouse.
A small window appears on the screen. You can use the various options in this window to attach
the defined walls to the elements in the floor plan.
The flag for Consider Element section is always true by default i.e. while attaching a wall to an
element, the program will automatically, deduct the depth of the beam from the wall height while
calculating the wall load on that element. If you do not want to deduct the depth of beam section
from wall height, you can do so by clicking the box of consider element section.
All the elements in line of these elements are attached with wall W2.
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Select element numbers 26, 28,21,24 and 23 by clicking the box type cursor along these
elements.
Select ‘Curve’ button from the window.
Select the curved element by clicking the box type cursor along it.
Select ‘Close’ button from the window.
A window is displayed on the screen with several fields and small boxes to On/Off the flag. You
can put On/Off the display of any of the entities listed in this dialog box by clicking the small box
before these entities.
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In case you want to provide any extra load on the elements; for example, in this plan the circular
slab is defined by a curved beam. There physically is no slab enclosed by this curved beam.
Here as we want to attach the load of the slab on curved beam, we can do the same by following
procedure.
A Window appears on the screen with a pull down menu and few buttons.
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Select ‘Property’.
Select ‘Attach’.
Select ‘Loads’.
Select ‘G1’ from the pull down menu
Select ‘curve’ button from the window.
Select the curved element by taking box cursor anywhere along the curved element and
clicking the mouse.
Select ‘Close’ button.
Now you have defined the complete typical floor of the sample building.
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Here we get the information regarding boundary conditions, whether they are defined or not. Are
the elements are attached with sections, material or any zero length element formed.
Note that the three list boxes should be empty. Otherwise do the necessary corrections.
Click ‘OK’
A window appears on screen having a series of fields which allows you to copy the floor plan
from one floor to other floor.
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We can now change the data in any particular floor by selecting and editing that floor level.
The floor plan at bottom most level or level1 is displayed on the screen. Let us assume that this
‘Sample’ building has plinth beams at first level. Which means that there are no slabs in this plan
(or) the load of slabs in this plan is not transferred on the beams. In other words, the beams are
designed only for their self weight and imposed loads like wall load. To accomplish this, follow
the below procedure.
By default the flag for ‘Compute Loading from slab to beam automatically’ is always on.
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Select ‘Slab’.
A box type cursor appears on the screen.
Delete the slabs S7 and S8 by moving cursor on these slabs and clicking the left button of
mouse.
STRUDS gives a warning message
Select ‘Edit’
Select ‘Delete’
Select ‘Element’
Select any element in the curved beam by moving cursor along them and clicking the mouse.
As there is no sunk at the last slab as being a terrace follow the next steps.
Select 'Edit' from menu bar.
Select 'One Slab' option.
Select the Slab 'S4' by clicking on it with box cursor.
STRUDS will display the 'Slab Property' window.
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Click 'Sunk Depth' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 0.0'
Click ' Material Density ' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 0.0'
Click 'OK' button.
Click 'Sunk Depth' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 0.0'
Click ' Material Density ' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 0.0'
Click 'OK' button.
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As there is no sunk at the last slab as being a terrace follow the next steps.
Select 'Edit' from menu bar.
Select 'One Slab' option.
Select the Slab 'S4' by clicking on it with box cursor.
STRUDS will display the 'Slab Property' window.
Click 'Sunk Depth' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 0.0'
Click ' Material Density ' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 0.0'
Click 'OK' button.
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Click 'Sunk Depth' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 0.0'
Click ' Material Density ' box from the Sunk Slab option and enter ' 0.0'
Click 'OK' button.
Considering there is parapet wall on fifth slab we have to detach the wall load from it and then to
attach the parapet wall load.
Select ‘Property’ from menu bar.
Select ‘detach’.
Select ‘Wall’ & click by mouse.
A window is displayed on the screen
Select ‘All’ from ' Select Wall ' from the menu.
Select ‘All’ from ' Select Elements ' from the menu.
Select ' Detach from selected element '
STRUDS displays the following window
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The default width and depth are taken as 230mm. You can change this by overwriting in the
fields. This means that at the uppermost floor column, the size of column is 230m x 230mm.
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Select the `Increment' option given below the Column sizes title. The other fields below this
are activated.
The default increment is 75mm. Which means that after every floor the from top, the depth of
column is taken as 230 + 75 = 305mm, 305 + 75 =380mm etc. So the column sizes shall be 230
x230, 230 x 305, 230 x 380...from top to bottom. Similarly you can specify the parameters and
STRUDS will take column sizes accordingly.
Select `Column'
Select `Orient' option.
STRUDS displays a new screen with a menu bar and some buttons and icons at the right hand
side. You can use these options to specify the orientation of column. You can also change the
sizes of any column. The icons at the top right are to specify the flushing of column with respect
to beams.
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Now you can rotate the column by pressing enter key repeatedly. You can select the horizontal
and vertical position of column as per your discretion. You can also flush the column with beam
by clicking the icons at top right.
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STRUDS displays a window where you can specify the directory in which you want to store
these analysis files.
1. PLANE GRID METHOD - In this method the beams shall be designed as continuos
beams with end supports as simple supports and the intermediate supports as continuos supports.
The columns and footings will be designed for axial load only. Slabs will be designed as panels.
Many consultants for low-rise buildings adopt this method with simple grid like floor plans.
This method is used by most of the consultants for multistoried building where analysis
for horizontal loads is desired and the floor plans are such that the plane frames are distinctly
generated. However where the plans are irregular and frames are not generated along all primary
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beams, this method may prove to be erroneous. For example if a grid has only one column, the
frame can not be generated.
3. SPACE FRAME METHOD - STRUDS automatically generates and analyses the space
frame. The results are then automatically taken to design module for design. The stiffness of
columns is taken into account for analysis. Beams are designed as continuos beams with fixity at
end supports. Columns will be designed for axial load and moments in X and Y directions.
Footing shall also be designed for biaxial bending. Also in this method STRUDS can
automatically generate horizontal loads like Wind Load and Earthquake Loads on the frames as
per the basic parameters provided by the user.
This is the most accurate and desirable method for analysis and design. This method is
difficult to adopt for manual calculations, but is most suitable for computer aided design.
STRUDS displays a message box containing the files for analysis. Every floor has a separate file
for analysis. Please note that Samp011 means that floor grid data file for first floor first level.
Similarly samp021 means floor grid data for second floor 1st level. In STRUDS a floor can have
more than one level ( as in
case of stilt floor ). In such building a floor may have more than one files.
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Now if you want to see the analysis results, you can operate the PostProcessor module. If you do
not want to see the analysis results, you can directly go to the Design option by using control
menu of STRUDS
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The bottom most floor plan of the sample building is shown on the screen. The menu bar displays
the various design modules.
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You can select any level for which the slabs are to be designed.
STRUDS starts designing all the slabs in this floor one by one. If any slab fails in design.
STRUDS displays a warning message.
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Select `Change Thickness' button and change the thickness to 130 mm.
Click 'OK'
STRUDS designs all the slabs.
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STRUDS displays the schedule for reinforcement to be provided for every slab. You can print
this schedule by using the `Print' option from the menu.
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Select `Report'
Select `Detail'
A box cursor appears on screen. You can select any slab of which the design details are to be seen
by moving this cursor along the slab and clicking mouse.
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Select `Close'
If you want to see the support and midspan moments of any slab, you can adopt the following
procedure.
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In this way follow the above all steps to design the remaining floor slabs.
Select `Close' from menu to come out of the slab design module.
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In some cases if the beams have more than one element and you have attached different sections
to those elements, STRUDS can not merge the elements to form one single beam. So you should
take care while attaching sections that a beam having more than one element should have uniform
section for all its component elements.
In some cases, the program is not able to judge from the analysis results whether the elements
should be merged together to form a single beam. In such cases, you can use your own judgement
and mark the beams by using `Marking' - `Manual' option from the menu.
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Similarly you can view / print the 'Beam Schedule' from the Report option.
Select `Close' from the menu.
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Now you can select any gridline (continuos beam) in the plan and see its analysis and design
results.
Select B1 by cursor.
The entire continuos beam comprising B1and B2 appears on the screen. A menu is displayed at
the top.
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Select the check boxes of GridLine, Shear Force and Bending Moment by cursor.
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Select `Close'
Similarly you can use options `Def Diagram' and `Tor Diagram' to see the deflection diagram -
values and torsion diagram - values of the selected gridline.
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Select the Bar Diameters from the 'Available' list by double clicking on the required bar
diameter.
Select 16, 20.
Click 'OK'
You can change the parameters by overwriting the values in the field of this window.
In this sample building, we have specified the column sizes 230x230 mm ; for Grid design
STRUDS will automatically compute the column sizes taking one side as 230 mm. The other
dimension of the column is computed by the program from the axial load coming on the columns
and axial load capacity of column section with one dimension as 230mm. You can however
specify the column sizes by using option `Column' - `Orientation' from control menu of STRUDS
or `Column' - `Orientation' option from main menu of Design module.
Select 'Design'
Select 'Save'
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STRUDS displays a window showing the floor-wise design results of column no.5. The floor
nos, axial load on column, the moments on column in X and Y direction, grade of concrete, grade
of steel, dimensions of columns, reinforcement provided, area of steel required, percentage of
steel etc. are shown in the tabular form. You can also change the section and redesign the
column.
STRUDS automatically redesigns the column for revised section and provides the steel
accordingly. Similarly you can change the bar diameters and STRUDS will automatically
recalculate the no. of bars required.
Select 'Close' button.
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Select 'Close'.
Select 'Report' from menu.
Select 'Column Quantity' option.
STRUDS displays the concrete and steel quantity required for all floors and all columns.
Select 'Close'
STRUDS displays the summary of overall quantities of concrete, diameterwise steel and
shuttering area required per floor of the building for every column.
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Select 'Close'.
Select 'Report'.
Select 'Column Design' option
STRUDS displays a text report of column design details. All the basic parameters for designing
are displayed in this report.
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STRUDS displays a window having several fields and buttons. You can specify by the basic
parameters for footing design by exercising different options provided in this menu.
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STRUDS designs all the footings in one stroke. If any footing fails for any of the design checks,
STRUDS displays a warning message box. In this case the bond check for column bars fails.
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You can get a print out of this schedule by using the `Print' option from menu. You can also see
the print preview of this report by using options `Print' - `Preview' from the menu.
Select `Close' from the menu bar.
Select `Close'
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{X-A 1} PREPROCESSOR
You are now working on the Sample building project. For plane frames generation, it is essential
that you must have analyzed all the floor grids in the building so that the secondary load values
on primary beams are available to the program.
STRUDS can also automatically generate earthquake loads and wind loads on the frames as per
the basic parameters provided by you.
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STRUDS calculates the earthquake load coming on the building in both X and Y directions and
gives the message.
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Click 'OK'
Click 'OK'
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Select `Close'
Select `Close'
Select `Load'
Select `Wind Load Report' option.
STRUDS displays the intermediate results for wind load generation and their distribution.
Select `Close'
Select `Close'
This way you have generated the Plane Frames and applied Seismic and Wind loads on them.
You can also view the generated Plane Frames by using following options.
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STRUDS displays the building plan at the bottom most floor and a frame generated at the right
half of the screen. In the plan the names of frames generated and their locations are shown.
Below the menu bar, at top left hand four icons are shown.
The first three icons are for display of plan and frame simultaneously or separately. The fourth
icon is for selection of frame. When you click this icon, a cursor appears on the screen. You can
click any of the grid lines and the frame formed along that grid is shown in the right half portion
of screen.
Also at top center two pull down menus are available. In the left menu you can select the floor
plan which is to be displayed. In the right hand menu you can select the frame which is to be
displayed.
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directions is taken by horizontal frames and the seismic load in Y direction is taken by vertical
frames.
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In the Right hand half portion, STRUDS displays the graphical representation of Base Shear on
the frame. Similarly you can select different frames and see the values of EQ load and base shear.
You can select the loacases for which you can analyze the structure. By default, STRUDS
analyses all structures for DL and LL. If you want to add more loadcases, you can do so by
following procedure.
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Select `Analysis Files' - `All' options from the pull down menu.
STRUDS displays a window where you can specify the location where the *.ctl file is to be
saved. It should be noted that the files of plane frame should be saved only after defining the load
combinations. If you first save the files and then define load cases, the frames shall be analyzed
for default load cases of Dead Load and Live Load only.
Select `Save' button from the window.
Select `Building' - `Close' option.
STRUDS gives a warning message.
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You can specify the load combinations for which the beams are to be designed.
Select `Load Combination' from menu bar.
Select 'Beam' option.
STRUDS displays a window with the list of defined load cases at the left.
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Similarly you can create any other load combinations as desired by you. STRUDS can design the
structure for any of the load combination or the worst load combination.
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STRUDS displays the floor plan and the frames on the screen.
Select the fourth icon at top left corner below menu bar.
A box cursor appears on the screen.
Select any of the frames by moving cursor along any grid line in the floor plan.
That frame is displayed in the right half portion.
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Select B1 by cursor.
The entire continuos beam comprising B1, B2 appears on the screen. A menu is displayed at the
top.
Select the check boxes of GridLine, Shear Force and Bending Moment by cursor.
Select `OK' button.
STRUDS displays the gridline and its SFD & BMD on the screen.
Select `Close'
Similarly you can use options `Def Diagram' and `Tor Diagram' to see the deflection diagram -
values and torsion diagram - values of the selected gridline.
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Please note that here the analysis results remain same. The effect of change in analysis due to
change in beam section is not considered. Only the design is changed as per revised section. If
you want to take into account the effect on analysis due to change in section, you can change the
section of that beam in preprocessor, reanalyze and redesign the beam.
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STRUDS reads all the reaction files from the analysis of all plane frames. The floor plan of
bottom-most floor is displayed on the screen.
Select the Bar Diameters from the 'Available' list by double clicking on the required bar
diameter.
Select 16, 20.
Click 'OK'
Click on the check box for 'Change Size Internally'
Click on the check box for 'Consider Live Load Reduction'
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You can change the parameters by overwriting the values in the field of this window.
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OR
Select `Ignore’ button. (optional)
Similarly you can select `Ignore’ when ever the check for bar spacing is not satisfied and you can
increase the column size when the maximum steel percentage exceeds the limit.
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STRUDS displays the column design schedule for all the columns. Floor-wise sizes,
reinforcement of main bars, stirrup steel and grade of concrete is shown in the schedule. You can
obtain a hard copy of this schedule by using 'Print' option from the menu.
Select 'Close'.
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Select `Report’
Select `Schedule’ option.
Select `Worst Load Combination’ option.
STRUDS displays a text report of the floor-wise worst load combination for every column. A
table is displayed for floor -wise design output and the load cases with factors for the worst load
combination in the last column of the table.
Select `Close’ from menu.
The main menu of Design windows application again appears on the screen.
{X-A3.21}Footing Design
Select `Footing’
Select ‘Plane frame’ option.
The main menu of Footing Design module appears on the screen. STRUDS displays the floor
plan of the bottom most floor.
Select ‘Grouping’ option to group the footings as per the loads and the type of footings
(optional).
Select 'Properties' option.
STRUDS displays a window having several fields and buttons. You can specify by the basic
parameters for footing design by exercising different options provided in this menu.
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STRUDS designs all the footings in one stroke. If any footing fails for any of the design checks,
STRUDS displays a warning message box. In this case the bond check for footing bars fails.
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STRUDS displays the reinforcement plan and cross sections about both axes of the selected
footing. At the top, below menu bar, three icons are displayed. You can click these icons to see
the plan and cross sections simultaneously or separately.
Select `Close' option from menu bar.
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{X-B1} PREPROCESSOR
This is the most desirable method for analysis and design. STRUDS automatically generates a 3-
d space frame from the floor plans defined by you. You can also generate Wind and Earthquake
loads as in Plane Frame Method.
At the top two pull down menu are available which show the floor no. and level no. of each floor.
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Four icons are displayed in the form of left / right / up and down arrows. You can select these
icons to move the display of structure to left, right, up or down.
There are two icons shown by + and - sign. These icons indicate Zoom-in and Zoom-out option.
You can select these icons to enlarge or compress the view of structure.
Below this another pair of icons is present. The left icon is for Zoom-all option. The right icon is
for Zoom-Window option. You can select these icons to view the full structure or enlarge the
selected portion of structure.
You can also rotate the 3-d space frame by using the Rotation option.
At the top left corner, four icons are arranged horizontally.
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STRUDS displays the element nos. and node nos. of all the elements and nodes of the structure in
display.
Select `Building’ from menu.
Select `Close’ option.
STRUDS puts off the display of space frame view.
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You are required to fill in the values for basic parameters for seismic load consideration.
STRUDS generates loads as per IS:1893. If you do not know about the values to be fed in -
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STRUDS calculates the earthquake load coming on the building in both X and Y directions and
gives the message.
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Click 'OK'
Click 'OK'
Select `Load'
Select `Wind Load Report' option.
STRUDS displays the intermediate calculations for wind load generation and their distribution.
Select `Close' option.
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STRUDS displays a window where you can specify the location where the *.ctl file is to be
saved.
In case of beams, they will be designed for entire space frame. But their results will be displayed
floor wise as in Plane Grid method.
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Select Floor ID ; 1
Click ‘OK’
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Select B1 by cursor.
The entire continuos beam comprising B1, B2 appears on the screen. A menu is displayed at the
top.
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STRUDS displays the Shear Force Diagram of the continuos beam. The shear values are shown
at the right hand side in a small window. STRUDS displays the SF values the first beam from left
end. You can see the SF values of other beams by using the up and down arrows of the beam
labels field.
Select the check boxes of GridLine, Shear Force and Bending Moment by cursor.
Select `OK' button.
STRUDS displays the gridline and its SFD & BMD on the screen.
Select `Close'
Similarly you can use options `Def Diagram' and `Tor Diagram' to see the deflection diagram -
values and torsion diagram - values of the selected gridline.
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Please note that here the analysis results remain same. The effect of change in analysis due to
change in beam section is not considered. Only the design is changed as per revised section. If
you want to take into account the effect on analysis due to change in section, you can change the
section of that beam in preprocessor, reanalyze and redesign the beam.
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Select the Bar Diameters from the 'Available' list by double clicking on the required bar
diameter.
Select 16, 20.
Click 'OK'
Click on the check box for 'Change Size Internally'
Click on the check box for 'Consider Live Load Reduction'
You can change the parameters by overwriting the values in the field of this window.
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STRUDS displays the column design schedule for all the columns. Floor-wise sizes,
reinforcement of main bars, stirrup steel and grade of concrete is shown in the schedule. You can
obtain a hard copy of this schedule by using 'Print' option from the menu.
Select 'Close'.
{X-B 3.17} To Column Quantity Report.
STRUDS displays the summary of overall quantities of concrete, diameter-wise steel and
shuttering area required per floor of the building for every column.
Select 'Close' from the menu.
{X-B 3.18} To View Column Load Report
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STRUDS displays a text report of column design details. All the basic parameters for designing
are displayed in this report.
Select `Report’
Select `Schedule’ option.
Select `Worst Load Combination’ option.
STRUDS displays a text report of the floor-wise worst load combination of every column. A
table is displayed for floor -wise design output and the load cases with factors for the worst load
combination in the last column of the table.
The main menu of Design windows application again appears on the screen.
Select ‘Grouping’ option to group the footings as per the loads and the type of footings
(optional).
Select 'Properties' option.
STRUDS displays a window having several fields and buttons. You can specify by the basic
parameters for footing design by exercising different options provided in this menu.
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STRUDS designs all the footings in one stroke. If any footing fails for any of the design checks,
STRUDS displays a warning message box. In this case the bond check for footing bars fails.
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