J Dent. 2012 Apr;40(4):276-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.01.002. Epub 2012 Jan 11.

The effect of ferrule on the fracture mode of endodontically

treated canines restored with fibre posts and metal-ceramic or
all-ceramic crowns.
Fragou T1, Tortopidis D, Kontonasaki E, Evangelinaki E, Ioannidis K, Petridis H, Koidis P.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture mode of endodontically treated canines (ETC) restored
with glass-fibre posts (GFP) and either metal-ceramic (MC) or all-ceramic (AC) crowns, in the presence or
absence of 2 mm ferrule height.
METHODS:
Fifty recently extracted human maxillary canines were endodontically treated and randomly divided into 5
groups of 10 specimens each. Four groups (with or without ferrule) were restored with GFP, composite
cores and either MC or AC crowns. The fifth group with intact ETC served as control. Teeth were loaded
to fracture at a 135° angle to their long axis, at a cross-head speed 0.5 mm/min. The fracture modes were
divided through optical microscopy to repairable and irreparable. Statistical analysis was performed by
means of the Fisher's Exact test.
RESULTS:
All groups presented brittle fracture following bending deformation. Irreparable root fractures were the
primary fracture mode independently of ferrule. The percentages (%) of repairable fractures were not
statistically significant different amongst the MC and AC restored teeth independently of ferrule. However
the 2 mm ferrule was associated to a higher percentage of repairable fractures, especially in teeth
restored with AC crowns.
CONCLUSIONS:
The percentage (%) of repairable fractures was higher in all-ceramic compared to metal-ceramic ETC and
in restorations with ferrule, although the differences were not statistically significant.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
This in vitro study supports evidence that neither the type of crown restoration nor the presence of ferrule
affects statistically significantly the mode of fracture of ETC restored with GFP.

J Prosthet Dent. 2014 May 14. pii: S0022-3913(14)00191-7. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2014.03.014. [Epub

ahead of print]

The effect of post material on the characteristic strength of

fatigued endodontically treated teeth.
Pereira JR1, Lins do Valle A2, Shiratori FK3, Ghizoni JS4, Bonfante EA5.
Author information
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
The biomechanical properties of post systems may become more important as the amount of remaining
tooth structure decreases, thus different materials may influence the characteristic strength of fatigued
endodontically treated teeth.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristic strength and probability of survival of
endodontically treated teeth restored with different intraradicular post systems.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Forty human maxillary canines with similar root lengths were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): cast
post and core, stainless-steel prefabricated post, carbon-fiber post, and glass-fiber post. Cores and
metallic crowns were fabricated for all specimens. Restored teeth were exposed to mechanical fatigue
(250 000 cycles) in a controlled chewing simulator. Each intact specimen was mounted in a special device
and aligned at a 45-degree angle to the long axis of the tooth. A universal testing machine was used to
apply a static load at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until specimen failure. The maximum value was
recorded in newtons (N). Probability Weibull curves (2-sided 90% confidence bounds) were calculated for
each group, and a probability of survival as a function of load at failure was plotted for the groups.
RESULTS:
A significantly higher characteristic strength was observed for groups carbon-fiber post (755.82 N) and
cast post and core (750.6 N) (P<.05) compared with glass-fiber post (461.35 N) and stainless-steel
prefabricated post (524.78 N) groups. All the roots in the cast post and core group demonstrated
catastrophic fracture, whereas the remaining groups had no root fractures.
CONCLUSIONS:
Prefabricated posts made of glass fiber and stainless steel showed significantly lower characteristic
strength and probability of survival than cast post and core, whereas crowns with carbon-fiber posts
presented a single load similar to the fracture values of cast posts.

J Conserv Dent. 2014 Mar;17(2):183-7. doi: 10.4103/0972-0707.128053.

The effect of ferrule presence and type of dowel on fracture

resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with metal-
ceramic crowns.
Aggarwal V1, Singla M2, Yadav S2, Yadav H3, Sharma V2, Bhasin SS4.
Author information
Abstract
AIM:
The purpose of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the effect of presence of a 2 mm ferrule
and different type of dowels on fracture resistance of mandibular premolars.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Fifty uniradicular mandibular premolars were divided into five groups (n = 10). Ten teeth received no
treatment (group I). Samples in group II & III were decoronated 2 mm above cemento-enamel junction
and received custom cast dowel-core and fiber dowel-composite core respectively, with 2 mm ferrule.
Samples in group IV & V were decoronated at CEJ and were restored using cast dowels and fiber dowel-
composite cores, without any ferrule. The restored teeth received metal ceramic crowns and were
mechanically loaded. The specimens were subjected to a static load, until fracture, to determine the
fracture resistance and fracture mode.
RESULTS:
The samples with 2 mm ferrule had a higher fracture resistance than non ferrule groups. Within non
ferrule groups, there were no significant differences in the fracture resistance. Specimen restored with
cast dowel had more incidence of non-repairable fracture.
CONCLUSIONS:
Presence of ferrule increased the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. In case of absence
of ferrule, fiber dowels had similar fracture resistance as that of cast dowels and showed increased
incidence of repairable fracture.
KEYWORDS:
Cast dowel; Fiber dowels; Fracture mode; Fracture resistance

J Conserv Dent. 2014 Mar;17(2):115-8. doi: 10.4103/0972-0707.128038.

Fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central

incisors with varying ferrule heights and configurations: In vitro
study.
Singh S, Thareja P.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this study is to determine the best ferrule configuration of endodontically treated teeth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A total of 40 freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were collected. Teeth were allocated into following
four groups of each having 10 teeth. Group 1 teeth restored with crowns (CRN), Group 2 endodontically
treated teeth restored with crowns (RCT and CRN), Group 3 endodontically treated teeth restored with
cast dowel cores and crowns incorporating uniform 2 mm ferrule (2 FRL), Group 4 endodontically treated
teeth restored with cast dowel cores and crowns incorporating uniform 1 mm ferrule (1 FRL). Crown
preparation was performed with varying ferrule heights, crowns were cemented with resin modified glass
ionomer cement and were kept in 100% humidity for 3 days, all specimens were loaded to failure in a
universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. Results were obtained in the form of kilo Newton and Newton.
RESULT:
The statistical analysis applied was an analysis of variance to detect the presence of group differences.
Pair wise comparisons between the groups were analyzed with the Tukey Kramer significant difference
test for multiple comparisons.
CONCLUSION:
Ferrule had a significant role in the fracture resistance of custom cast post core restored teeth.
Endodontically treated maxillary central incisors with a uniform 2 mm ferrule were more fracture resistant
than those with a uniform 1 mm ferrule.

J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2014 Jun;14(2):144-50. doi: 10.1007/s13191-013-0346-7. Epub 2014 Jan 26.

Analysis of fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth

restored with different post and core system of variable
diameters: an in vitro study.
Soundar SI1, Suneetha TJ1, Angelo MC2, Kovoor LC1.
Author information
Abstract
The restoration of endodontically treated teeth requires the fabrication of a post and core; to provide
retention and support for the final crowns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fracture resistance of
endodontically treated teeth restored with prefabricated zirconia post (CP), milled zirconia post (MZ),
pressable ceramic post (PC) and cast metal post (Ni-Cr) of 1.4 and 1.7 mm diameter. 48 freshly extracted
human maxillary central incisors were used for this study. The teeth were distributed in four groups of 12
teeth each. From each group, 6 teeth were selected for 1.4 mm diameter post and rest of the 6 teeth, is
selected for 1.7 mm diameter post. All teeth were restored with metal crowns. Each specimen from the
group was subjected to "load to fracture" in universal testing machine at 130° angle and the maximum
load at failure was recorded. Statistically significant difference was found between the failure load of the
groups studied. In group I (Ni-Cr)-1.4 mm diameter post and core recorded a maximum fracture load of
534.83 ± 1.28 N and 1.7 mm diameter post and core showed 294.33 ± 1.02 N. In group II (PC)-1.4 mm
diameter post and core recorded a maximum fracture load of 205.33 ± 1.61 N and 1.7 mm post and core
showed 375.00 ± 1.57 N. In group III (CP)-1.4 mm diameter post and cores recorded a maximum fracture
load of 313.00 ± 0.73 N and 1.7 mm post and core showed 638.67 ± 0.81 N. In group IV (MZ)-1.4 mm
diameter post and cores recorded a maximum fracture load of 312.00 ± 0.86 N and 1.7 mm post and core
showed 415.00 ± 0.89 N. Prefabricated zirconia post (1.7 mm) with pressable ceramic core (Cosmo
post)-exhibited higher fracture resistance. Milled zirconia and prefabricated zirconia post-showed same
value with 1.4 mm diameter post. Pressable ceramic post and core showed satisfactory result with
1.7 mm post, but showed lesser values with 1.4 mm diameter post.
KEYWORDS:
Fracture strength; Post and core; Prefabricated post and core; Zirconia post, Pressable ceramic
post, Cast post and core

Gen Dent. 2014 Mar-Apr;62(2):37-42.

Fracture resistance of permanent anterior incisors using fiber-

reinforced composite posts.
Phebus JG, Owens BM, de Rijk W, Davis A, Johnson WW.
Abstract
This in vitro study investigated whether permanent anterior incisors that are endodontically treated with
cemented fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts without additional canal preparation can potentially
increase the resistance to fracture and thus reduce the rate of clinical failure in root canals. Extracted
human permanent maxillary central incisors (n = 120) were randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups
(n = 60): thermocycled (Group 1) and non-thermocycled (Group 2). These 2 groups were then further
divided into 3 subgroups (n = 20). Subgroup 1.1 specimens had root canals prepared and obturated with
FRC posts placed. Subgroup 1.2 specimens were prepared and obturated, but did not receive posts.
Subgroup 1.3 specimens did not receive root canal preparation, and served as a control. The same
processes were repeated for Subgroups 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3, respectively. Significant differences were found
between the thermocycled and the non-thermocycled subgroups. Subgroup comparison within the
thermocycled group (Group 1) showed significantly higher fracture resistance values for the teeth with
post cementation (P < .0001).
KEYWORDS:
3-point bending test; fiber-reinforced post; fracture resistance; root canal preparation/methods

J Endod. 2014 Jan;40(1):119-23. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.034. Epub 2013 Oct 27.

Influence of ferrule, post system, and length on biomechanical
behavior of endodontically treated anterior teeth.
Santos-Filho PC1, Veríssimo C2, Soares PV2, Saltarelo RC2, Soares CJ2, Marcondes Martins
LR3.
Author information
Abstract
INTRODUCTION:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of post system, length, and ferrule on biomechanical
behavior of endodontically treated anterior teeth.
METHODS:
The investigation was conducted by using laboratory tests and 3-dimensional finite element analysis.
Eighty bovine incisors were selected and divided into 8 treatment groups (n = 10) with absence of ferrule
and 2.0 mm of ferrule, restored with glass fiber post or cast post and core, and 12.0 and 7.0 mm of post
length. The specimens were loaded at 135° angle, and the strain was measured by using strain gauge
method. Specimens were subsequently loaded until fracture. Strain and fracture resistance results were
analyzed by 3-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference tests (α = 0.05). Three-
dimensional models of a maxillary central incisor were generated with the same treatment variations used
in laboratory tests. Each model was subjected to 100 N oblique loads. Results were evaluated by von
Mises criterion.
RESULTS:
Ferrule was a determining factor in the strain, fracture resistance, and fracture pattern. In the absence of
ferrule, the use of fiberglass posts represents a conservative choice from the standpoint of the fracture
patterns observed. The length of 7 mm for cast post and cores produced high rates of root fractures.
Finite element analysis showed that glass fiber post showed homogeneous stress distribution, whereas
cast post showed stress concentration into root canal.
CONCLUSIONS:
Post length influenced only the cast post strain and stress distribution. The ferrule groups always showed
more satisfactory stress distribution and fracture resistance.
Copyright © 2014 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Endodontically treated teeth; fracture resistance; glass fiber posts; strain-gauge; stress
distribution

J Prosthet Dent. 2014 Mar;111(3):234-46. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2013.07.006. Epub 2013 Nov 5.

Effect of the crown, post, and remaining coronal dentin on the

biomechanical behavior of endodontically treated maxillary
central incisors.
Veríssimo C1, Simamoto Júnior PC2, Soares CJ3, Noritomi PY4, Santos-Filho PC5.
Author information
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
It is unclear how the amount of remaining coronal dentin and the type of post and core rehabilitation affect
the strain, stress distribution, and fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.
PURPOSE:
 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the type of post, type of crown, and the amount of
remaining coronal dentin on the biomechanical behavior of endodontically treated teeth.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The investigation was conducted by using 3-dimensional finite element analysis and laboratory tests.
Three-dimensional models of a maxillary central incisor were generated: without remaining coronal
dentin, with 1.0 mm of remaining coronal dentin, with 2.0 mm of remaining coronal dentin, and restored
with a glass-fiber post or a cast post and core in combination with a metal crown or an alumina-reinforced
ceramic crown. The results were evaluated by using the von Mises criterion and Maximum Principal
Stress. One hundred twenty bovine incisors were selected and divided into 12 treatment groups (n=10).
Specimens were loaded at a 135-degree angle to perform strain measurements and were then loaded
until fracture. The strain and fracture resistance results were analyzed with 3-way analysis of variance
and the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=.05).
RESULTS:
The alumina-reinforced ceramic crowns and metal crowns associated with a glass-fiber post showed a
homogeneous stress distribution within the root. The cast post and core concentrated higher stresses at
the post-dentin interface. Significant differences were found among the mean fracture resistance values
for all groups (P<.05). The presence of 2.0 mm of coronal remnants resulted in lower strains and higher
fracture resistance for both the metal and ceramic crowns. Roots restored with glass-fiber posts exhibited
more favorable fractures.
CONCLUSIONS:
The presence of 2 mm of remaining coronal dentin improved the mechanical behavior of the
endodontically treated maxillary incisors. Teeth restored with glass-fiber posts and composite resin cores
showed a homogeneous stress distribution within the root dentin.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2013 May 1;14(3):496-500.

Influence of post fit and post length on fracture resistance: an in

vitro study.
Ali SM1, Nair R, Shetty RS, Karthikeyan M, Nair A, Sial S.
Author information

Retraction in

 J Contemp Dent Pract. 2013 Sep-Oct;14(5):1008.

Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
As root filled teeth often have insufficient coronal tooth structure, placement of a post is occasionally
necessary to provide adequate retention for the core and final restoration. The aim of the present study
was to investigate (i) the impact of post fit (form-congruence) and (ii) the influence of post length on the
fracture resistance of severely damaged root filled extracted teeth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty single-rooted human teeth were root filled and divided into four groups (n = 10 per group). Post
spaces were prepared with a depth of 6 mm (groups 1, 3) and 3 mm (groups 2, 4). Form-congruence with
a maximal fit of the post within the root canal space was obtained in groups 1 and 2, whereas there was
no form-congruence in groups 3 and 4. In all groups, glass fiber reinforced composite (FRC) posts were
adhesively cemented and direct composite crown buildups were fabricated without a ferrule. Specimens
were subjected to thermocycling and cyclic loading followed by application of static load until failure.
Loads-to-failure [in N] were compared among the groups.
RESULTS:
Post fit did not have a significant influence on fracture resistance, irrespective of the post length. Both
groups with post insertion depths of 6 mm resulted in significantly higher mean failure loads (group 1:
274.27 N; group 3: 277.16 N) than the groups with post space preparation of 3 mm (group 2: 250.40 N;
group 4: 255.48 N).
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION:
Within the limitations of this study, the fracture resistance of teeth restored with FRC posts and direct
resin composite crowns without ferrules was not influenced by post fit within the root canal. These results
imply that excessive post space preparation aimed at producing an optimal circumferential post fit is not
required to improve fracture resistance of roots.

J Dent (Tehran). 2013 Mar;10(2):124-33. Epub 2013 Mar 31.

Comparative evaluation of the reinforcing effect of different post

systems in the restoration of endodontically treated human
anterior teeth at two different lengths of post space preparation-
an in vitro study.
Jindal S1, Jindal R, Gupta K, Mahajan S, Garg S.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
Comparative evaluation of the reinforcing effect of different post systems in the restoration of
endodontically treated human anterior teeth at two different lengths of post space preparation- an in vitro
study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
135 extracted human incisors were endodontically treated, out of which 120 teeth were decoronated 2mm
above the cementoenamel junction and divided into four experimental groups based on the post system
to be used: Glass fiber post (GFP) and stainless steel post (SSP), titanium post (TTP), cast metal post
(CMP). Each group was divided into two sub-groups according to the length of post space preparation:
5mm and 10mm. All the samples were restored with metal crowns. The fracture resistance was measured
by applying loads at an angle of 135º to the long axis of teeth in an instron universal testing machine.
Fracture mode was analyzed for all the samples. Results from the four test groups were compared and
analysed using one-way ANOVA test and the Post-hoc Bonferroni test to demonstrate differences
between pairs of groups.
RESULTS:
The results revealed that SSP group at 10mm post space length showed the significantly ("P-value<
0.05") highest fracture resistance (793.7787 N). Decrease in post length resulted in the decrease in
fracture resistance in all the groups reduced to values even lesser than the control (437.8733N).
CONCLUSION:
The different post systems used in the study were able to reinforce endodontically treated teeth only at
10mm post space length.
KEYWORDS:
Glass fiber; Incisor; Stainless Steel; Teeth; Titanium

Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Mar;18(2):545-54. doi: 10.1007/s00784-013-0978-3. Epub 2013 Apr 20.

Adhesive restoration of anterior endodontically treated teeth:

influence of post length on fracture strength.
Ramírez-Sebastià A1, Bortolotto T, Cattani-Lorente M, Giner L, Roig M, Krejci I.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
This study aims to evaluate the fracture resistance of endodontically treated anterior teeth restored with
crowns made of composite or ceramic and retained without the use of a post (endocrowns) or with posts
of 5 mm (short) and 10 mm in length (long).
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Forty-eight intact maxillary incisors were selected for the study. After endodontic treatment, the crowns
were sectioned 2 mm coronally to the cementoenamel junction provided with a ferrule of 2 mm. The roots
were randomly divided into six groups (n = 8) according to the post length and type of coronary
restoration. The crowns were fabricated with the chairside economical restoration of esthetic ceramics
system. Group 1 was restored with a 10-mm glass fiber post, composite core, and a full-coverage
ceramic crown (LPCer); group 2, with a 5-mm glass fiber post, composite core, and a full-coverage
ceramic crown (SPCer); group 3, with a 10-mm glass fiber post, composite core, and a full-coverage
composite crown (LPCpr); group 4, with a 5-mm glass fiber post, composite core, and a full-coverage
composite crown (SPCpr); and groups 5 (EndoCer) and 6 (EndoCpr) were restored with ceramic and
composite endocrowns, respectively. The teeth were then thermomechanically loaded in a chewing
machine. After fatigue, the specimens were loaded to fracture. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and chi-
square test. Mode of failure was defined as repairable or non-repairable.
RESULTS:
Presence of post, post length, and crown material had no significant effect on the fracture resistance.
Groups restored with endocrowns presented a higher number of repairable fractures in respect to the
other groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Presence of a post had no effect on the restorations' fracture strength.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
Although this in vitro study has some limitations in respect to its clinical relevance, the restoration of
largely destroyed anterior teeth with the use of an endocrown or a short glass fiber post might have
advantages over a large glass fiber post.

Indian J Dent Res. 2012 Sep-Oct;23(5):613-6. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.107351.

Evaluation of resistance to displacement of metal posts with

different lengths.
Farina AP1, Cecchin D, Spazzin AO, Pires-de-Souza Fde C, Dartora NR, Mesquita MF.
Author information
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
to evaluate the resistance to displacement of metal intraradicular retainers of different lengths by means
of the shear test.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Thirty-six maxillary central incisors were cross-sectioned at 16 mm from the root apex, endodontically
treated and randomly divided into three groups that were treated as follows: G1 (control) preparation of
2/3 (10.6 mm) of the total root length; G2: preparation of 1/2 (8 mm) of the total root length and G3:
preparation of 1/3 (5.3 mm) of the total root length. After canal preparation, a matrix was made of the
coronal and radicular portions using Duralay to obtain metal intraradicular retainers. These retainers were
cemented with zinc phosphate cement and subjected to the compression shear test in a Universal Test
Machine (EMIC DL 2000) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. The results were subjected to
statistical analysis by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Newman- Keuls, which showed statistically
significant difference (P < 0.01).
RESULTS:
The means in Newtons and their respective standard deviations were: G1 = 972.05 (±81.36); G2 =
921.15 (±112.25); G3 = 686.66 (±113.02).
CONCLUSION:
It could be concluded that metal retainers of 2/3 and 1/2 the length of the root portion showed higher
resistance to displacement values when compared with the group that had been prepared for 1/3 of the
root length.

J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012 Aug;4(Suppl 2):S197-202. doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.100200.

Fracture resistance of teeth restored with cast post and core: An

in vitro study.
Mankar S1, Kumar NS, Karunakaran JV, Kumar SS.
Author information
Abstract
CONTEXT:
Influence of luting agent, design of tooth preparation for cast posts on tooth resistance to fracture.
AIM:
To evaluate fracture resistance of teeth restored with cast posts and cores with or without cervical ferrule
and cemented with zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, or resin cement.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Sixty single-rooted maxillary first premolars of similar sizes were selected. Biomechanical preparation and
post space preparation for cast post was done for all samples and then they were divided into two groups
(n=30). Cervical ferrule preparation was done for Group A, and Group B was prepared without any
cervical ferrule. Both groups were further divided into three subgroups (1, 2, and 3; n=10) Cast posts for
subgroups 1, 2, and 3 were cemented with zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin cement,
respectively. A shearing load was applied to indented buccal cusp of specimens at an angle of 45° in
universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min until fracture.
RESULTS:
Specimens with ferrule (Group A) had significantly higher shear bond strength values (mean 1503.37 N)
than specimens without ferrule (Group B) (mean 1052.09 N).
CONCLUSION:
Inclusion of ferrule in tooth preparations for posts increased the fracture resistance regardless of the
luting agent.
KEYWORDS:
Cast posts and cores; ferrule; fracture resistance