REVISION UNIT 1-5:

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words (5 points)

1. /t/ is a sound which is made with the tongue-tip against the alveolar ridge, 
has air escaping from the mouth and  is said without voice.
2. A word-initial /t/ is realised with a little puff of air, an effect termed
aspiration.
3. /w/ is articulated at the lips and at the velum and hence is termed bilabial-
velar sound.
4. The three possible types of stricture are complete closure, close
approximation and open approximation.
II. Choose the correct answers (6 points)
1. Which of the following words have labial articulation?
A. ball        B. give         C. cat            D. sit
2. Circle the words that contain a voiced velar nasal in the following sentences:
“Are you hungry? I’m starving. I think I fancy something to eat, although I
know it’s not long till supper.”
Voiced velar nasal: /ŋ/
3. In which of the following English words will pre-fortis clipping occur?
A. easy       B. cough      C. lapsed      D. cars
4. Which of the following words have a diphthong?
A. boat       B. rhyme    C. laughed   D. sleeve
5. Which of the following utterances have a voiceless consonant at the end?
A. rays      B. worse    C. wise           D. faces
6. Which of the following utterances have a voiced consonant at the end?
A. breathe  B. off            C. cloth     D. dose 
III. Use the IPA chart to create symbols for the following descriptions (4
points)
1. Voiceless bilabial plosive  /p/
2. Voiced alveolar plosive     /d/
3. Voiceless dental fricative  /θ/
4. Voiced  bilabial – nasal     /m/
IV. Decide whether the following statements are true or false (3 points)
1. The fortis/lenis distinction applies in English only to the obstruents. (True)
2. Medially (i.e. between vowels, or other voiced sounds) lenis consonants
have full voicing. (True)
3. All fricatives except /h/ occur in fortis/lenis pairs. (True)
4. The English front vowels are unrounded. (True)
5. For voiceless sounds, the vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages are held
wide apart as in relaxed breathing. (True)
 6. Stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop in words such as
apt, rubbed. (True)
V. Giving a short answer to each of the following questions (2 points)
1. Which phoneme is being described: “The sides of the tongue are raised and
in contact with the back teeth; the tongue-tip may move towards the rear of
the alveolar ridge in a stricture of open approximation.”
The tongue-tip may move towards the rear of the alveolar ridge → post-
alveolar; in a stricture of open approximation → approximant
⇒ This is /r/ (the sides of the tongue are raised and in contact with the back
teeth)
2. Which distinctive feature do these two phonemes /h/ and /ʔ/ share? 
The distinctive feature two phonemes /h/ and /ʔ/ share is that the place of
articulation is glottal (using the glottis as their primary articulation).