EaSa Certification of Aircraft

MODULE 4.
Certification of Aircraft
Omer Pita, Airworthiness Expert
EU-South East Asia Aviation Partnership Project (EU-SEA APP)

This project is funded by the European Union and implemented by the
European Union Aviation Safety Agency - EASA
Your safety is our mission.
An Agency of the European Union 1
M4: Aircraft Certification
Agenda
Aircraft Certification requirements
Type-certification Process
Type-certification remarks
Type-certification EU scheme
Regulation (EU) No 748/2012
SUBPART A: Technical Requirements (TC & Rectricted TC)
SUBPART B: Procedures for Competent Authorities (TC & Restricted TC)
SUMMARY
2
Aircraft Certification Requirements

Certification requirements for civil [commercial] aircraft are derived from ICAO Annex 8
Airworthiness of Aircraft [ICAO, 2016] and the ICAO Airworthiness Manual, Part V State
of Design and State of Manufacture [ICAO, 2014].
Each ICAO contracting State then establishes its own legal framework to implement the
internationally agreed standards and recommended practices.
ICAO Annex 8, Subpart D:
“Details of design and construction shall be such as to give reasonable assurance that all aeroplane parts will
function effectively and reliably in the anticipated operating conditions. They shall be based upon practices
that experience has proven to be satisfactory or that are substantiated by special tests or by other
appropriate investigations or both. They shall also consider Human Factors principles.”
3
EU Certification legal framework
AUTHORITIES EUROPEAN
JOINT AVIATION AGENCIA ESTATAL DE
AVIATION
AUTHORITIES SEGURIDAD AEREA
SAFETY AGENCY
Organization JAR-21 Part 21 Certain Member

Approval JAR-145 Part 145 States manage the
process locally,
always complying
Product JAR-23 CS-23
with european EASA
Approval JAR-25 CS-25
regulation
… …
CS = Certification
specifications
4
Aircraft Certification Requirements

EC Regulation 748/2012 Annex I - Part 21 [EC, 2012] SUBPART B — TYPE-CERTIFICATES
AND RESTRICTED TYPE-CERTIFICATES
AMC-20 General Acceptable Means of Compliance for Airworthiness of CS-CCD Cabin Crew Data
Products, Parts and Appliances
CS-Definitions on Definitions and Abbreviations
CS-22 Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes
CS-E Engines
CS-23 Normal, Utility, Aerobatic and Commuter Aeroplanes
CS-ETSO European Technical Standard Orders
CS-25 Large Aeroplanes
CS-FCD Flight Crew Data
CS-26 Additional airworthiness specifications for operations
CS-GEN-MMEL Generic Master Minimum Equipment List
CS-27 Small Rotorcraft
CS-LSA Light Sport Aeroplanes
CS-29 Large Rotorcraft
CS-MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List
CS-31GB Gas Balloons
CS-P Propellers
CS-31HB Hot Air Balloons
CS-SIMD Simulator Data
CS-31TGB Tethered Gas Balloons
CS-STAN Standard Changes and Standard Repairs
CS-34 Aircraft Engine Emissions and Fuel Venting
CS-VLA Very Light Aeroplanes
CS-36 Aircraft Noise
CS-VLR Very Light Rotorcraft
CS-APU Auxiliary Power Units
CS-AWO All Weather Operations
5
Who needs what?
A new model of Aircraft, TYPE
Engine or Propeller CERTIFICATE
DESIGN PRODUCTION
An aircraft manufacturer
Company
ORGANIZATION
APPROVAL
+ ORGANIZATION
APPROVAL
A part manufacturer PRODUCTION
Company ORGANIZATION
APPROVAL
+
A maintenance MAINTENANCE
services provider ORGANIZATION
APPROVAL
6
The process for civil aircraft by which type certification is achieved
comprises four steps.
Technical Overview and Certification Basis
Certification Programme
Compliance demonstration
Technical closure and Type Certificate issue
7
The certification process is managed between DOA (Design
Organization Approval) and the Authorities.
8
Technical Overview and Certification Basis

The product designer presents the project to the primary
certificating authority (PCA) (EASA in EU, FAA in USA) when it is
sufficiently mature.
The certification team and the set of rules (Certification Basis) that
will apply for the certification of this specific product type are
established.
In principal this agreed certification basis remains unchanged for a
period of five years for an aircraft, three years for an engine
9
The PCA and the designer define and agree on the means to
demonstrate compliance of the product type, with every
requirement of the Certification Basis.
Also at this stage the level of regulatory involvement is proposed
and agreed.
10
Compliance demonstration
• The designer has to demonstrate compliance of the aircraft with
regulatory requirements: for all elements of the product e.g. the
airframe, systems, engines, flying qualities and performance.
• Compliance demonstration is done by analysis combined with
ground and flight testing.
• The PCA will perform a detailed examination of this compliance
demonstration, by means of selected document reviews and
test witnessing
11
Compliance with these specifications or standards is

approached in one of two ways depending on the
requirement
For structure - No detrimental deformation of the airframe under the loads
produced by a given magnitude of maneuvers
For systems - Any catastrophic failure condition must
be extremely improbable;
and must not result from a single failure.
12
Technical closure and Type Certificate issue

When technically satisfied with the compliance demonstration by the designer, the PCA
closes the investigation and issues a Type certificate.
For European-designed aircraft, EASA delivers the primary certification which is
subsequently validated by other authorities for registration and operation in their own
countries, e.g. the FAA for the USA.
Similarly EASA will validate the FAA certification of US-designed aircraft. This validation
is carried out under a Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement (BASA) between the states
concerned.
13
A Type Certificate applies to an aircraft, an engine or propeller

of a particular Type Design.
Every individual aircraft of that Type has to gain its own
Certificate of Airworthiness CofA which is achieved when it can
be shown to conform to the certificated Type Design and is in a
condition for safe operation.
As a general rule, civil aircraft are not allowed to fly unless they
have a valid C of A.
14
Certification of military aircraft has in the past not followed the typical
Type Certification Process outlined above.
However since 2010 in Europe a very similar process has been evolved by
the European Defence Agency (EDA). Known as the Military Airworthiness
Authorities (MAWA),
One of the documents published is a military guide to certification,
denoted EMAR21 [EDA, 2016]. The documents are issued as requirements
and do not have legal standing but are nevertheless being followed by a
number of states both within and outside Europe.
15
The type certificate is a document by which the

authority states that an applicant has
demonstrated the compliance of a type design to
all applicable requirements
Approval
DOA TCH
The applicant of a Type Once issued, the
Certificate must* hold a applicant becomes a
Type Certificate Holder
DOA
16
The type certificate is a document:
According to EASA Part 21.A.31, shall consist of:
• Drawings and specs to define configuration
• Information on materials and methods of manufacture
• Airworthiness limitations section of the instructions
• Data necessary to determine airworthiness, noise, fuel
venting and exhaust emissions
Based on the Certification Specifications:

• CS-23 Normal, Utility, Aerobatic and Commuter Aeroplanes
• CS-25 Large Aeroplanes
• CS-27 Small Rotorcraft
• CS-29 Large Rotorcraft
•…
17
Regulation (EU) No 748/2012)
IMPLEMENTING RULES (IRS)

(COMMISSION REGULATIONS)
Incorporated Commission Regulation & Regulation amendment
Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 Recast 10/9/2012
Regulation (EU) No 7/2013 First amendment 29/1/2013
Regulation (EU) No 69/2014 Second amendment 17/2/2014
Regulation (EU) 2015/1039 Third amendment 21/7/2015
Regulation (EU) 2016/5 Fourth amendment 26/1/2016
18
AMC/GM TO IRS (ED DECISIONS)

ED Decision 2012/020/R Recast 6/11/2012
ED Decision 2013/001/R Part-21 / AMC Amendment 1 / GM Amendment 1
29/1/2013
ED Decision 2014/007/R Part-21 / AMC Amendment 2 / GM Amendment 2
31/1/2014
ED Decision 2015/016/R AMC/GM to Part 21 – Issue 2, Amendment 3
10/7/2015
ED Decision 2015/026/R AMC/GM to Part-21 - Issue 2, Amendment 4
11/11/2015
ED Decision 2016/003/R AMC/GM Part-21 - Issue 2, Amendment 5 26/1/2016
19/12/2016
15/12/2017
19
20
21
Regulation (EU) No 748/2012) Annex I (Part-21)

GENERAL
SECTION A — TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
SECTION B — PROCEDURES FOR COMPETENT AUTHORITIES
APPENDICES TO ANNEX I - EASA FORMS
22

GENERAL
The distribution of
certification tasks
NAAs vs. EASA
23

GENERAL
Rules Certificates
1. Airworthiness products & organisations
Type certificate EASA/ EC EASA
a) design product organisation EASA/ EC EASA
a) design product organisation non EASA country EASA/ EC EASA
b) production organization EASA/ EC NAAs
b) production organ. non EASA country EASA/ EC EASA
Individual certificate EASA/ EC NAAs
2. Maintenance organisations
“Non EASA” country EASA/ EC EASA EASA/ EC EASA
“EASA” country EASA/ EC NAAs EASA/ EC NAAs
24

SUBPART B — TYPE-CERTIFICATES AND RESTRICTED TYPE-
Type Certificate issue CERTIFICATES
SUBPART E — SUPPLEMENTAL TYPE-CERTIFICATES
SUBPART D — CHANGES TO TYPE-CERTIFICATES AND
Type Certificate changes RESTRICTED TYPE CERTIFICATES
SUBPART F — PRODUCTION WITHOUT PRODUCTION
ORGANISATION APPROVAL
SUBPART G — PRODUCTION ORGANISATION APPROVAL FOR
Production Organization PRODUCTS, PARTS AND APPLIANCES
SUBPART H — CERTIFICATES OF AIRWORTHINESS AND
Airworthiness certificates RESTRICTED CERTIFICATES OF AIRWORTHINESS
25

Noise certificatesSUBPART I — NOISE CERTIFICATES

Design organizationsSUBPART J — DESIGN ORGANISATION APPROVAL
SUBPART K — PARTS AND APPLIANCES
SUBPART Q — IDENTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS, PARTS AND
Componentes APPLIANCES
RepairsSUBPART M — REPAIRS
Industrial Technnical SUBPART O — EUROPEAN TECHNICAL STANDARD ORDER
Standards AUTHORISATIONS
Permit to fly issueSUBPART P — PERMIT TO FLY
26

&
SECTION B — PROCEDURES FOR COMPETENT AUTHORITIES
27
SUBPART B: TC & Restricted TC
SECTION A. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

Certification of aircrafts and components. Type Certificates
From 21.A.11 to 21.A.62
AMC related
GM related
28
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
DESIGN, DESIGN ASSURANCE AND
TYPE INVESTIGATION
29
21.A.11 Scope
This Subpart establishes the procedure for issuing type-
certificates for products and restricted type-certificates for
aircraft, and establishes the rights and obligations of the
applicants for, and holders of, those certificates.
21.A.13 Eligibility
Any natural or legal person that has demonstrated, or is in the
process of demonstrating, its capability in accordance with
point 21.A.14 shall be eligible as an applicant for a type-
certificate or a restricted type-certificate under the conditions
laid down in this Subpart.
30
21.A.14 Demonstration of capability
Definitions:
‘ELA1 aircraft’ means the following manned European Light Aircraft:
❑ an aeroplane with a Maximum Take-off Mass (MTOM) of 1 200 kg or less
that is not classified as complex motor-powered aircraft;
❑ a sailplane or powered sailplane of 1 200 kg MTOM or less;
❑ a balloon with a maximum design lifting gas or hot air volume of not more
than 3 400 m3 for hot air balloons, 1 050 m3 for gas balloons, 300 m3 for
tethered gas balloons;
❑ an airship designed for not more than 4 occupants and a maximum design
lifting gas or hot air volume of not more than 3 400 m3 for hot air airships
and 1 000 m3 for gas airships;
31
21.A.14 Demonstration of capability (Cont.)
Definitions:
‘ELA2 aircraft’ means the following manned European Light Aircraft:
❑ an aeroplane with a Maximum Take-off Mass (MTOM) of 2 000 kg or less
that is not classified as complex motor-powered aircraft;
❑ a sailplane or powered sailplane of 2 000 kg MTOM or less;
❑ a balloon;
❑ a hot air airship;
❑ a gas airship complying with all of the following characteristics:
❑ 3% maximum static heaviness,
❑ Non-vectored thrust (except reverse thrust),
❑ Conventional and simple design of: structure, control system and ballonet system,
❑ Non-power assisted controls;
❑ a Very Light Rotorcraft.

32
An organisation shall demonstrate its capability by holding a Design
Organisation Approval, Part 21 Subpart J (DOA)
Or
Use of an alternative procedure, without DOA, setting out the
specific design practices, resources and sequence of activities
necessary to comply with Part 21, for:
1. an ELA2 aircraft;
2. an engine or propeller installed in ELA2 aircraft;
3. a piston engine;
4. a fixed or adjustable pitch propeller.
33
Or
By providing the Agency with the certification programme required
by point 21.A.20(b), for:
1. an ELA1 aircraft;
2. an engine or propeller installed in ELA1 aircraft.
34
Use of alternative procedure, in accordance with AMC 21.A.14(b)

Alternative Procedures:
As alternative to DOA, a manual of procedures must set out
specific design practices, resources and sequence of activities
relevant for the specific projects, taking into account Part 21
requirements.
These procedures must be concise and limited to the
information needed for quality and proper control of activities
by the applicant/holder, and by the Agency.
35
21.A.15 Application
Shall be accompanied by a three-view drawing of that aircraft
and preliminary basic data, including the proposed operating
characteristics and limitations.
For engines or propellers: A general arrangement drawing, a
description of the design features, the operating characteristics
& the proposed operating limitations.
Operational Suitability Data, OSD.
Appendix 1 to GM No 1 to 21.A.15(d) ED Decision 2016/007/R

OSD applicability tables (In the next slides)
GM No 3 to 21.A.15(d) OSD content
36
21.A.15 Application (Cont.)

Operational Suitability Data, OSD
The minimum syllabus of pilot type rating training;
The definition of scope of the aircraft validation source data to
support the objective qualification of simulator(s) associated to the
pilot type rating training, or provisional data to support their interim
qualification;
The minimum syllabus of maintenance certifying staff type rating
training, including determination of type rating;
Type or variant for cabin crew and type specific data for cabin crew;
MMEL
Other type-related operational suitability elements.
37

Operational Suitability Data, OSD (Cont.)
For “Other type-related operational suitability elements” can only
contain data that is not mandatory for the end-users unless they are
covered by one of the existing requirements in Regulations (EU).
Applies the following:
it concerns data (not the approval of equipment);
the data is type specific;
the data is not already be part of the ‘classic’ part of the type certificate (TC) (such as
Airworthiness Limitations Section (ALS), aircraft flight manual (AFM), etc.);
the data is relevant for the safe operation of the aircraft type; and
conditions/criteria for the approval of the data can be established.
38
39
40

OSD boxes concept GM No 3 to 21.A.15(d)
The OSD will typically consist of elements that are required to be included by the
TC applicant and elements that can be added at the request of the TC applicant,
such as certain types of operations (e.g. ETOPS, RNP, LVO) .
Box 1: required from TC holder; mandatory for end-users.
Box 2: required from TC holder; not mandatory (recommendations) for end-users.
Box 3: at request of TC holder; mandatory for end-users.
The TC applicant may wish to apply for the approval of differences training between variants
or types to reduce training
Box 4: at request of TC holder; not mandatory (recommendations) for end-users.
The exact content of the four boxes is determined by the certification
specification that is applicable to the specific OSD element (or the special
condition in case of an ‘other type-related operational suitability element’)
41
21.A.15 Application (Cont.) GM No 3 to 21.A.15(d)
❑ Both the required elements and the
additional elements will have a part that
is mandatory to be used by the operator
or training organisation (status of rule)
and a part which is not mandatory to the
operator or training organisation (status
of AMC).
❑ The exact content of the four boxes in
the above figure is determined by the
certification specification that is
applicable to the specific OSD constituent
or the special condition in case of an
‘other type-related operational suitability
element’.
❑ The status the data will have on the side
of the operator or training organisation
should be indicated in the OSD by
segregating the data in a section called
‘Mandatory’ and a section called ‘Non-
mandatory (recommendations)’.
42
Example: OSD. CCD is not applicable in some cases but applicant may
decide to request for
(1) In exceptional cases, YES: cabin crew and, therefore, CCD may be required when it is
needed to mitigate non-compliance with airworthiness requirements.
43
Example: OSD. FCD is not applicable in some cases but applicant may
decide to request for
(1) This is generally the case when the requirements for pilot licensing and air operations
do not adequately address training, checking, or currency for safely operating the aircraft,
or when the aircraft is not part of a class rating.
44
Example: If an pplicant requests to introduce Steep Approach Landing (SAL)
The following CS should be applied (among others)
45
21.A.15 Application (cont.)
OSD Example
TCDS Nº EASA.A.110
A380
46
21.A.16A Certifications Specifications
CS ‘s are the standard means to demonstrate compliance of products, parts

and appliances.
Such specifications shall be sufficiently detailed and specific to indicate to
applicants the conditions under which certificates will be issued, amended or
supplemented.
AIRCRAFT
CS
DESIGN
CERTIFICATION GOAL
48
21.A.16B Special conditions

Certification condition above CS
New product or technology, new use, inadequate formal CS’s
49
21.A.16B Special conditions (cont.)
Special detailed technical specifications, named special conditions, for

a product are prescribed if the related certification specifications do
not contain adequate or appropriate safety standards for the product.
3 categories of special conditions:
Novel and unusual design features;
Unconventional use of product;
Service experience has shown that unsafe conditions may exist.
The special conditions shall contain such safety standards necessary to

establish a level of safety equivalent to that established in the
applicable certification specifications.
50
21.A.15 Application (cont.)
SC Example
TCDS Nº EASA.A.151
A350
NOTE: SC-C01
CRFP (Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Polymer)
51
21.A.17A Type-certification basis

The type-certification basis to be notified shall consist of:
The applicable certification specifications established by the Agency
that are effective on the date of application for that certificate unless:
Otherwise specified by the Agency; or
Compliance with certification specifications of later effective amendments is
chosen by the applicant or required under certain circumstances.
Any special condition prescribed.
An application for type-certification shall be effective:
five years for large aeroplanes / rotorcraft
three years for any other type-certificate
(Unless an applicant shows at the time of application that its
product requires a longer period of time for design, development,
and testing, and the Agency approves a longer period)
52
21.A.17B Operational suitability data certification basis

The Agency shall notify to the applicant:
The operational suitability data certification basis that are effective on
the date of application or application supplement unless:
The Agency accepts other means to demonstrate compliance; or
Compliance with certification specifications of later effective amendments is
chosen by the applicant;
Any Special Condition prescribed
53
21.A.18 Designation of applicable environmental protection

requirements and certification specifications
The Agency shall issue, in accordance with Article 19 of Regulation
(EC) No 216/2008 (and the corresponding for new Basic
Regulation), certification specifications providing for acceptable
means to demonstrate compliance with the noise and the
emission requirements laid down in points (a) and (b) respectively.
54
21.A.18 Designation of applicable environmental protection
requirements and certification specifications (Cont.)
❑ The applicable noise requirements for the issue of a type
certificate for an aircraft are prescribed according to the
provisions of Chapter 1 of Annex 16, Volume I, Part II to the
Chicago Convention. (Subsonic jet aeroplanes, propeller driven
aeroplanes, helicopters, subsonic aeroplanes, tilt rotors).
❑ The applicable emission requirements for the issue of a type-

certificate for an aircraft and engine are prescribed in Annex 16,
Volume II, Part II & III, to the Chicago Convention (Prevention of
intentional fuel venting & Emissions) .
55
21.A.19 Changes requiring a new type-certificate
Changes so extensive in design, power, thrust, or mass then a new
type-certificate is required to complete investigation of compliance
with the applicable type-certification basis.
21.A.20 Compliance with the type-certification basis, operational

suitability data certification basis and environmental protection
requirements
Applicant shall provide a Certification Programme to
demonstrate compliance with the applicable type-certification
basis, the applicable operational suitability data certification
basis and environmental protection requirements
Applicant shall record Justification of compliance within
compliance documents 56
Certification Programme AMC 21.A.20(b)

1. A plan including:
Description of the project and the kind of operations envisaged

The proposed certification specifications, special conditions,
equivalent safety findings and environmental protection
requirements
The description on how compliance will be demonstrated, with
proposed means of compliance, and any selected guidance
material.
57
Certification Programme AMC 21.A.20(b) (Cont.)
A compliance checklist addressing each paragraphs of the type-

certification basis, the operational suitability certification basis
and environmental protection requirements applicable to the
project, with reference to the means of compliance and to the
related compliance documents.
Identification of relevant personnel making decisions affecting
airworthiness, operational suitability and environmental
protection interfacing with the Agency
2. A project schedule including major milestones
58
Appendix to AMC 21.A.20(b) - Means of compliance codes
59
Type certificate certification basis example
Airbus Helicopters MBB-BK117 D2 (H145)
60
Type certificate certification basis
example
Airbus Helicopters MBB-BK117 D2
(H145)
61
GM 21.A.20(d) Final statement

All compliance demonstrations should be completed before
issuance of the final statement of compliance
62
21.A.21 Issue of a type-certificate

The applicant shall be entitled to have a product Type Certificate
when:
Has demonstrated capability (21.A.14)
Has submitted final statement (21.A.20(d))
In the case of an aircraft type-certificate, the engine or
propeller, or both, if installed in the aircraft, have a type-
certificate issued or determined in accordance with this
Regulation.
In the case of an aircraft type-certificate, it is demonstrated that
the OSD meets the applicable operational suitability data
certification basis designated.
63
21.A.21 Issue of a type-certificate (Cont.)

The applicant has shown that (21.A.21(c)):
The product to be certificated meets the applicable type-certification
basis and environmental protection requirements
Any airworthiness provisions not complied with are compensated for
by factors that provide an equivalent level of safety;
No feature or characteristic makes it unsafe for the uses for which
certification is requested; and
The type-certificate applicant has expressly stated that it is prepared
to comply with Obligations of the holder.
64
21.A.23 Issue of a Restricted type-certificate

For an aircraft that does not meet the provisions of point
21.A.21(c), the applicant shall be entitled to have a restricted
type-certificate after:
Complying with the appropriate type-certification basis and ensuring
adequate safety with regard to the intended use of the aircraft, and
with the applicable environmental protection requirements;
Expressly stating that it is prepared to comply with obligations of the
holder
It is demonstrated that the operational suitability data (OSD) meets
the corresponding data certification basis designated.
The engine or propeller installed in the aircraft, or both, shall have a
type-certificate issued or determined in accordance
65
Restricted Type certificate
example
Air Tractor AT-802
TCDS Nº EASA.IM.A.274
66
example
Air Tractor AT-802
67
example
Air Tractor AT-802
Example of inappropriate
FAR 23 requirements
68
example
Air Tractor AT-802
Example exception Nº
5574 to 61 knot stall
speed
69
example
Air Tractor AT-802
speed
70
example
Air Tractor AT-802
speed (Cont.)
71
example
Air Tractor AT-802
speed (Cont.)
72
21.A.31 Type Design
The Type design shall consist of:
Drawings and specifications necessary to define the configuration
and the design features to show compliance with type-certification
basis and environmental protection requirements;
Information on materials and processes and on methods of
manufacture and assembly of the product necessary to ensure the
conformity of the product;
An approved airworthiness limitations section of the instructions for
continued airworthiness.
Any other data necessary to allow to determine by comparison the
airworthiness, characteristics of noise, fuel venting, and exhaust
emissions (where applicable) of later products of the same type.
73
21.A.33 Inspection & Tests
The applicant shall perform all inspections and tests necessary to
demonstrate compliance with the applicable type-certification basis
and environmental protection requirements.
The applicant shall allow the Agency:

To make or witness any inspection necessary to check compliance.
To review any report.
The objective of this testing is:

Expose the aircraft to the variety of uses, that are likely to occur
Assurance that the aircraft performs its intended functions to the
standard required for certification and should continue to do so in
service. 74
21.A.41 Type Certificate
The Type Certificate/Restricted Type Certificate shall include:
The type design
The operating limitations
The type-certificate data sheet (TCDS) for airworthiness and
emissions, the applicable and any other conditions or limitations
prescribed for the product in the applicable certification
specifications and environmental protection requirements.
The applicable operational suitability data certification basis, the
operational suitability data
The type-certificate data sheet for noise.
The engine type-certificate data sheet shall include the record of

emission compliance. 75
21.A.44 Obligations of the Holder
Undertake the obligations laid down in:

21.A.3A Failures, malfunctions and defects
21.A.3B Airworthiness directives
21.A.4 Coordination between design and production
21.A.55 Record-keeping
21.A.57 Maintain and update Manuals
21.A.61 Instructions for continued airworthiness
21.A.62 Availability of operational suitability data (OSD)
To continue meeting qualifications required for elegibility
The holder shall specify the marking i.a.w. Subpart Q (Identification
of Products, Parts & Appliances)
76
21.A.47 Transferability
May only be made to a natural or legal person that is able to

undertake the obligations under point 21.A.44 (Eligibility)
77
21.A.51 Duration and continued validity
Issued for an unlimited duration when:

The holder remains in compliance with Part 21
The certificate has not been surrendered or revoked by the
Agency.
Upon surrender or revocation, the type-certificate and restricted

type-certificate shall be returned to the Agency.
78
21.A.55 Record-keeping
All relevant design information, drawings and test reports,

including inspection records:
Shall be held by the holder at the disposal of the Agency
Shall be retained to provide information:
To ensure the continued airworthiness
To ensure continued validity of the OSD
To ensure compliance with applicable environmental protection
requirements of the product.
79
21.A.57 Manuals
The holder shall produce, maintain and update master copies of all
manuals required by the applicable type-certification basis.
80
21.A.61 Instructions for continued airworthiness

The holder shall furnish a set of complete instructions for
continued airworthiness (including engines, propellers, parts,
etc.)
Changes to the instructions shall be made available to all known
operators (A programme showing how changes to the instructions for
continued airworthiness are distributed shall be submitted to the Agency )
81
21.A.62 Availability of operational suitability data

The holder shall make available a set of complete OSD to all
Operators before the operational suitability data must be used
by a training organisation or an EU operator
Changes to the OSD shall be made available to all known
operators
82
SECTION B. PROCEDURES FOR THE COMPETENT AUTHORITY
Administrative procedures established by the Agency shall apply
83
Application for an EASA TC or RTC
84
(Cont.)
❑ 4.2 Applicability Please identify the

designated name/working title of the
new type and model(s).
❑ 4.3 Airworthiness Code Identify the
airworthiness code proposed to be
used for EASA certification.
85
(Cont.)
6.1 Title Give a short title not exceeding 40 characters.
6.2 Restriction In case of an application for a restricted Type Certificate, please identify the restrictions.
6.3 Remarks Any additional remarks
7. Part 21 demonstration Please choose the applicable way of demonstrating eligibility in accordance with Part 21 by ticking the
of eligibility relevant box.
Reference can be made to ongoing projects for new (A)DOA or extending the scope of the (A)DOA.
Applicants from countries not located in an EASA member state do not need to demonstrate eligibility
via an (A)DOA or certification programme.
Certification Programme AP DOA
Demonstration of capability via a certification Demonstration of capability via AP DOA for:
programme for:
ELA1 aircraft ELA2 aircraft
Engine [to be] installed on ELA1 aircraft Engine [to be] installed on ELA2 aircraft
Propeller [to be] installed on ELA1 aircraft Propeller [to be] installed on ELA2 aircraft
Piston Engine
Fixed or adjustable pitch propeller
Art. 8.2. An organisation whose principal place of business is in a non-member State may demonstrate
its capability by holding a certificate issued by that State for the product, part and appliance for which it
applies, provided:
(a) that State is the State of design; and
(b) the Agency has determined that the system of that State includes the same independent
level of checking of compliance as provided by this Regulation, either through an equivalent
system of approvals of organisations or through direct involvement of the competent authority
of that State.
86
SUMMARY
The 4 steps of the type-certification process:
1. Technical Familiarisation and Certification Basis

The aircraft manufacturer submits the application to EASA when it is
considered to have reached a sufficient degree of maturity.
Certification Basis: The set of rules that will apply for the certification of
this specific aircraft type.
2. Establishment of the Certification Programme

Means to demonstrate compliance of the aircraft type with each
requirement of the Certification Basis agreed and defined between EASA
and the manufacturer.
87
SUMMARY (Cont.)
3. Compliance demonstration
The aircraft manufacturer must demonstrate compliance of its
product with regulatory requirements.
Structure, engines, control systems, electrical systems and flight
performance are analysed against the Certification Basis.
This compliance demonstration is done by analysis during ground
testing (such as tests on the structure to withstand bird strikes,
fatigue tests and tests in simulators) but also by means of tests during
flight. (test witnessing by EASA).
This is the longest phase of the type-certification process. (5 years for
large aircraft and the possibility to be extended)
88
SUMMARY (Cont.)
4. Technical closure and issue of approval

If technically satisfied with the compliance demonstration by the
manufacturer, EASA closes the investigation and issues the certificate.
EASA delivers the primary certification for European aircraft models
(which are also being validated in parallel by foreign authorities for
operation in their airspaces, e.g. the FAA for the US or TCCA for
Canada).
Conversely, EASA will validate the FAA certification of US aircraft
models (or TCCA certification of Canadian models) according to
applicable Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreements between the EU and
the concerned Third Country.
89
End of Module 4
CERTIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT
Thank you very much for your attention
Your safety is our mission.

An Agency of the European Union 90

EaSa Certification of Aircraft

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MODULE 4.

Omer Pita, Airworthiness Expert

EU-South East Asia Aviation Partnership Project (EU-SEA APP)

Aircraft Certification Requirements

EU Certification legal framework

Organization JAR-21 Part 21 Certain Member

Aircraft Certification Requirements

Technical Overview and Certification Basis

Compliance with these specifications or standards is

Technical closure and Type Certificate issue

A Type Certificate applies to an aircraft, an engine or propeller

The type certificate is a document by which the

Based on the Certification Specifications:

IMPLEMENTING RULES (IRS)

AMC/GM TO IRS (ED DECISIONS)

Regulation (EU) No 748/2012) Annex I (Part-21)

Regulation (EU) No 748/2012) Annex I (Part-21)

NAAs vs. EASA

Regulation (EU) No 748/2012) Annex I (Part-21)

Regulation (EU) No 748/2012) Annex I (Part-21)

Regulation (EU) No 748/2012) Annex I (Part-21)

Noise certificatesSUBPART I — NOISE CERTIFICATES

Regulation (EU) No 748/2012) Annex I (Part-21)

SECTION A. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

❑ a Very Light Rotorcraft.

Use of alternative procedure, in accordance with AMC 21.A.14(b)

Appendix 1 to GM No 1 to 21.A.15(d) ED Decision 2016/007/R

21.A.15 Application (Cont.)

21.A.15 Application (Cont.)

21.A.15 Application (Cont.)

CS ‘s are the standard means to demonstrate compliance of products, parts

21.A.16B Special conditions

Special detailed technical specifications, named special conditions, for

The special conditions shall contain such safety standards necessary to

21.A.17A Type-certification basis

21.A.17B Operational suitability data certification basis

21.A.18 Designation of applicable environmental protection

❑ The applicable emission requirements for the issue of a type-

21.A.20 Compliance with the type-certification basis, operational

Certification Programme AMC 21.A.20(b)

Description of the project and the kind of operations envisaged

Certification Programme AMC 21.A.20(b) (Cont.)

A compliance checklist addressing each paragraphs of the type-

2. A project schedule including major milestones

GM 21.A.20(d) Final statement

21.A.21 Issue of a type-certificate

21.A.21 Issue of a type-certificate (Cont.)

21.A.23 Issue of a Restricted type-certificate

The applicant shall allow the Agency:

The objective of this testing is:

The engine type-certificate data sheet shall include the record of

Undertake the obligations laid down in:

May only be made to a natural or legal person that is able to

21.A.51 Duration and continued validity

Issued for an unlimited duration when:

Upon surrender or revocation, the type-certificate and restricted

All relevant design information, drawings and test reports,

21.A.61 Instructions for continued airworthiness

21.A.62 Availability of operational suitability data

SECTION B. PROCEDURES FOR THE COMPETENT AUTHORITY

Administrative procedures established by the Agency shall apply

❑ 4.2 Applicability Please identify the

1. Technical Familiarisation and Certification Basis

2. Establishment of the Certification Programme