Chapter II – Exploring Cyberspace  Transmission rate may not be consistent

The internet and the world-wide during peak hours

web  Speed:10 Mbps
Wireless Systems
 Communications satellite
To connect to the internet
 Radio waves (microwaves)
 Access device
transmitted from earth-based
 Means of connection
stations
 Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 Receives data at 400 Kbps &
Connecting to the internet
sends data at 56 Kbps (with
 Bandwidth or channel capacity – is an
phone line)
expression of how much data, text,
 Other wireless connections
voice, video and etc. can be sent through
 Radio waves for cellular phones
a communication channel in a given
 Sends data up to 155 Mbps
amount of time.
Other wireless connection
 Baseband Transmission – it is a type of
 WI-FI short for Wireless Fidelity –
data transmission that allows only one
permits wireless transmission of data at
signal at a time.
up to 54 Mbps for 300 -500 feet from
 Broadband - is a high speed connection
access point, or hot spot, a station that
that allows several signals to be
sends and receives from data to and
transmitted at once.
from a Wi-Fi network.
The physical connection: wired or wireless?
 3G wireless which stands for “third
 Telephone (dial-up) modem
generation” – it is defined as high speed
 High speed phone lines - ISDN, DSL
wireless technology that does not need
and T1
access points because it uses the existing
 Cable modem
access point because it uses the existing
 Wireless - satellite
cellphone system.
High Speed Phone Lines
 4G - which means “fourth generation”
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
and refers to mobile network
Network)
technology that enables 4G compatible
 Hardware & software
phones to connect to the internet faster
 Uses traditional telephone lines
than before.
(128 Kbps)
 5G means “fifth generation”
 DSL (digital subscriber line)
Data transmission speeds
 Always on
 Data is transmitted in characters or
 Transmission rate is consistent
collections of bits. A bit, is the smallest
(1.5-8.4 Mbps)
unit of information used by computers.
 Must live within 3.3 miles of a
Data transmission speeds are measured
phone company switching office
by;
 T1 line (1.5 Mbps)
 Bps or bits per second – 8 bits is equal
 Used by corporate, government,
to one character, such as (A, 3, or #)
and academic sites
 Kbps or kilobits per second – this is the
Cable Modems
most frequently used measures, kbps
 Connects a PC to a cable-TV system
are one thousand bits per second. The
that offers Internet access
speed of modem that is 28,800 bps
 Always on
might be expressed as 28.8 kbps
 Competes with DSL
  Mbps or megabits per second – is faster
means of connection, one million bits
per second.
 Gbps or gigabits per second – one
billion bits per second.
Uploading and downloading
 Download - is the transmission of data
from a remote computer to local
computer, as from website to your own
PC.
 Upload – is the transmission of data
from a local computer to a remote
computer, as from your PC to a website
you are constructing.
Three kinds of Internet access provider
 Internet service providers (Isp’s) – is a
company that connects online users
through their communications lines to
the company’s server, which links them
to the internet via another company’s
network access point.
 Commercial online services – is a
members only company that provides
not only internet access but other
specialized content, such as news,
games and financial data.
 Wireless internet service providers
(WISP) – enables users with computers
containing wireless modems, mostly
laptops and web enable mobile
smartphones and personal digital
assistants to gain access to the internet.
How does internet work?
 Point of presence (POP) – a local access
point to the internet - a collection of
modems and other equipment in a local
area.
 Network access point (NAP) – a routing
computer at a point on the internet
where several connections come
together.
 Internet backbone – high speed, high –
capacity transmission lines that uses the
newest communications technology to
transmit data across the internet.
 Internet2 - is a cooperative
university/business education and
research project that enables high – end
users to quickly and reliably move huge
amounts of data over high speed
networks.
Internet communications
 Protocols – or set of rules, that
computers must follow to transmit data
electronically.
 Packets – fixed length blocks of data for
transmission.
 IP address or Internet Protocol address
– uniquely identifies every computer
and device connected to the internet.
Who runs the internet?
 ICANN or Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers – was
established to regulate human-friendly
internet domain names such addresses
ending with .com, .org, .net, and etc. that
overlie IP addresses and identify the
website type.
The world wide web (the face of the web)
 Browser – or web is a software that
enables you to find and access the
various parts of the web.
 Website - or simply the site, location on
a particular computer on the web that
has unique address called URL.
 Web pages – is a document on the world
wide web that can include text, pictures,
sound and video.
The World Wide Web
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
 A character string that points to
a specific piece of information
anywhere on the web
 A website’s unique address
 It consists of
 The web protocol, http
 The domain name of the
web server
 The directory or folder
on that server
 The file within the
directory, including
optional extension
  http://www.nps.gov/yos  Currently inferior in quality to
e/home.htm normal phone connections
Html and hyperlink  Also allows videoconferencing
 HTML or hypertext markup language –  Multimedia on the Web
is the set of special instructions called  Allows you to get images,
”tags” or “markup” that are used to sound, video, and animation
specify documents structure, formatting  May require a plug-in, player, or
and links to other multimedia documents viewer
on web.  A program that adds a
 Hyperlinks – are connections to other specific feature to a
documents or web pages that contain browser so it can view
related information. certain files
Two way to send and to receive email  Example: Adobe
 Email program –also called email client Acrobat Reader,
software, enables you to send email by RealPlayer, QuickTime
running email software on your  Multimedia Applets
computer, which interacts with a email  Small programs that can
server at your internet access provider to be quickly downloaded
send and receives email. and run by most
 Web – based email browsers
E-mail Addresses  Java is the most
common Applet
language
 Microsoft’s Visual
Studio creates ActiveX
and com objects
 Animation
 The rapid sequencing of
still images to create the
Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting, Blogs, appearance of motion
E-Commerce  Used in video games
 Internet Telephony and web images that
 Uses the internet to make phone seem to move
calls  Video
 Long-distance calls are either  Streaming video is
very inexpensive or free process of transferring
 With no PC, dial a data in a continuous
special phone number to flow so you can begin
packetize your call viewing a file before it
 With a PC that has a is all completely sent
sound card,  Audio may be transmitted
microphone, Internet either:
connection, and internet  Downloaded completely
telephone software such before the file can be
as Netscape Conference played, or
or Microsoft  Downloaded as
NetMeeting streaming audio
  RSS newsreaders
 Programs that scour the web and
pull together “feeds” from
several websites to one place
 Blog
 Short for web log, a diary-style
web page
 Have become popular, both
privately and in politics
 Podcasting
 Recording internet radio or
similar internet audio programs
 Some radio stations webcast
their audio programs over the
internet
 E-Commerce
 Conducting business activities
online
 B2B Commerce is business-to-
business e-commerce
 Online Finance now involves
online banking, stock trading
online, and e-money such as
PayPal
 Online auctions link buyers with
sellers
 eBay is the most well-
known example of
person-to-person
auctions
 OnSale is a vendor-
based auction that buys
merchandise and sells it
at a discount
 Priceline is an auction
site for airline tickets
and other items
Social networking
 MYSPACE
 FACEBOOK
 INSTAGRAM
 TWITTER
 YOUTUBE
MS EXCEL FEATURES FORMULA
THE EXCEL FUNCTION
• Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet
that automates manual calculations involved
in accounting and bookkeeping. After you
have typed the basic text and number entries
in a spreadsheet cell, excel can perform the
math calculations for you.
Basic Parts and Function of Excel Spreadsheet
• Value- The numbers, which can later be
used in formulas
• Labels- All words describing the values.
• Row Number- Run horizontally in a
worksheet and are identified by a number in
the row header.
• Column Letter- Run vertically on a
worksheet and each one is identified by a
letter in the column header.
• Cell - The rectangular boxes located in
central area of a worksheet.
• Active cell - Recognized by its black/green
outline Data is always entered into this part
of excel.
• Add Sheet Icon- Adding additional
worksheet can be done by clicking on the
add sheet icon next to the sheet tab at the
bottom of the screen.
• Sheet Tab - Place at the bottom of a
worksheet tells you the name of the
worksheet.
THE EXCEL FUNCTION
• The Excel SUM functions adds together a
supplied set of numbers and returns the sum
of these values.
The syntax of the function is:
=SUM(number 1, number 2,..)
Examples:
=SUM(A1,A3) =SUM(15,5)
=SUM(A1:A3)
THE EXCEL AVERAGE FUNCTION
• The Excel AVERAGE functions returns the
arithmetic mean of a list of supplied
numbers.
The syntax of the function is:
=AVERAGE(number 1, number 2,..)
Examples:
 =AVERAGE(A1,A3)
=AVERAGE(15,5)
=AVERAGE(A1:A3)
THE EXCEL COUNT FUNCTION
• The Excel COUNT functions returns the
count of numeric values in a supplied set of
cells or values. This count includes both
numbers and dates( w/o word).
The syntax of the function is:
=COUNT(value 1, value 2,..)
Examples:
=COUNT(A1,A3)
=COUNT(A1:A15,B1)
=COUNT(A1:A15)
THE EXCEL COUNTA FUNCTION
• The Excel COUNTA functions returns the
count of cells that contain numbers, text,
logical values, error values and empty text
(“”). COUNTA does not count empty cells.
The syntax of the function is:
=COUNTA(value 1, value 2,..)
Examples:
=COUNTA(A1:A6)
=COUNTA(A1:A15,B1:B15)
THE EXCEL CONCATENATE FUNCTION
• The Excel CONCATENATE functions joins
together a series of supplied text strings or
other values, into one combined text string
The syntax of the function is:
=CONCATENATE(text 1, text 2,..)
Examples:
=CONCATENATE(A1,” “,B1)
=CONCATENATE(A1,” “,B1,” “,C1)
=CONCATENATE(A1,”[Text]
“,B1,”[Text] “,C1)
THE EXCEL IF FUNCTION
• The Excel IF functions tests a supplied
condition and returns one result if the
condition evaluates to TRUE, and another
result if the condition evaluates to FALSE.
The syntax of the function is:
=IF(logical_test, value_if_true,
value_if_false)
• logical_test- The condition is to be tested
and evaluated as either TRUE or FALSE.
• value_if_true – The result that is to be
returned if the supplied logical_test
evaluates to TRUE.
• Value_if_false - The result that is to be
returned if the supplied logical_test
evaluates to FALSE.
Examples:
=IF(D1=“[Text]”,”[Text- True]”,”[Text-
Fasle])
=IF(D1<=“[value]”,”[Text-
True]”,”[Text-Fasle])
THE EXCEL COUNTIF FUNCTION
• The Excel COUNTIF functions returns the
number of cells within a supplied range, that
satisfy a given criteria.
The syntax of the function is:
=COUNTIF(range, criteria)
• Range- The range cells that should be tested
against the supplied criteria and counted if
the criteria is satisfied.
• Criteria- A user-defined condition that is
tested against each of the cells in the
supplied range.
Examples:
=COUNTIF(A1:A6,”MONDAY”)
THE EXCEL VLOOKUP FUNCTION
• The VLOOKUP is a built-in Excel function
that is designed to work with data that is
organised into columns. For a specified
value, the function finds(or ‘looks up’) the
value in one column of data, and returns the
corresponding value from another column.
The syntax of the function is:
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table array,
col_index_num, [range_lookup])
Examples:
=VLOOKUP(A2,C5:D9,2,0)
=VLOOKUP(A2,Sheet!C5:D9,2,0)
THE EXCEL MIN FUNCTION
• The Excel MIN functions returns the
smallest value from a supplied set of
numeric values.
The syntax of the function is:
=MIN(number 1, number 2,..)
Examples:
=MIN(A1,A3)
=MIN(A1:A3)
THE EXCEL MAX FUNCTION
• The Excel MAX functions returns the
largest value from a supplied set of numeric
values.
The syntax of the function is:
=MAX(number 1, number 2,..)
Examples:
=MAX(A1,A3)
=MAX(A1:A3)