Real Statistics Examples Basics

Real Statistics Using Excel - Examples Workbook Basics
Charles Zaiontz, 14 May 2019
Copyright © 2013 - 2019 Charles Zaiontz
Concise Table of Contents
Excel Environment
Real Statistics Environment
Probability Functions
Descriptive Statistics
Hypothesis Testing
Appendix
Mathematical Notation and Concepts

Excel Capabilities
Matrices and Iterative Processes
Real Statistics Capabilities
Table of Contents
Excel Environment
Excel spreadsheets
Charts
Array formulas and functions
Sorting and Filtering
Goal Seek
Reformatting data
Sorting and removing duplicates by rows
Extracting columns from a data range
Miscellaneous functions
Step chart
Basic probability concepts
Discrete probability distributions
Continuous probability distributions
Measures of central tendency
Measures of variability
Measures of shape
Ranking
Descriptive statistics tools

Frequency tables
Histogram
Box plots
Dot Plots
ROC
Outliers and Robustness
Dealing with missing data
Indices of Diversity
Hypothesis Testing
Statistical power
Familywise error
Appendix
Functions, polynomials, limits and graphs
Gamma function
Excel Capabilities
Built-in functions
Sorting and eliminating duplicates
Reformatting tools
Frequency table conversion
Table lookup
Sampling
Special charting capabilities

Matrices and Iterative Procedures
Basic concepts
Matrix operations
Determinants and simultaneous linear equations
Newton's method
Goal seeking and Solver
Colors
Interpolation
Coding of categorical variables

Prime numbers
Bitwise calculations
Table of Contents
Excel Environment
Excel spreadsheets
Sample Excel worksheet (Figure 1)
Charts
Bar Chart (Example 1)
Line Chart (Example 2)
Line Chart (Example 3)
Scatter Chart (Example 4)
Step Chart (Example 5)
Array formulas and functions

Array formula (Example 1)
Array function (Example 2)
Sorting and Filtering

Sorting (Example 1)
Remove Duplicates (Example 2)
Filter (Example 3)
Goal Seek
Square root example (Example 1)
Reformatting data
Sorting, removing duplicates, etc. (Example 1)
Sort and extract unique (Example 2)
Sort using data analysis tool (Example 3)
Sequence (SEQ)
Sorting and removing duplicates by rows

Sort by rows (Example 1)
Sort rows removing duplicates (Example 2)
Extracting columns from a data range

Extract columns from data range (Example 1)
Select columns from data range (Example 2)
Miscellaneous functions
Examples of miscellaneous Real Statistics functions
Step chart
Real Statistics data analysis tool
Basic probability concepts

Probability calculation (Example 6)
Discrete probability distributions

Frequency function (Example 1)
Frequency function using Real Statistics function (Example 3)
Frequency function using Real Statistics data analysis tool
Continuous probability distributions

Chi-square cumulative distribution
Measures of central tendency

Mean, median, etc. (Examples 1, 3-6)
Column means (Example 2)
Geometric Mean (extra example)
Measures of variability
Variance, standard deviation, etc. (Examples 1,2, 6-10)
Column variance and standard deviation (Examples 3)
Combining two samples (Example 4)
Combining two or more samples (Example 5)
Measures of shape
Skewness and kurtosis (Examples 1, 2)
Chi-square distribution (Figure 1)
Kurtosis and skewness (Figure 2)
Ranking
Various ranking and percentile functions (Examples 1-4, 6, 8, 10)
Real Statistics RANK_AVG vs. Excel RANK.AVG function
Rank and Percentile data analysis tool (Example 5)
PERCENTRANK vs. PERCENTRANK.EXC (Example 7)
PERCENTILE vs. PERCENTILE.EXC (Example 9)
Descriptive statistics tools

Descriptive Statistics data analysis tool (Example 1)
Descriptive Statistics data analysis tool (Example 2)
Real Statistics Descriptive Statistics data analysis tool (Example 3)
Frequency tables
Mean and variance based on frequency tables (Example 1)
Calculations from a frequency table with intervals (Example 2)
Excel FREQUENCY function (Example 3)
Real Statistics FREQTABLE function (Example 4)
Descriptive statistics for data in a frequency table (Example 5)
Real Statistics data analysis tool for obtaining desc stats for frequency table (Example 6)
Histogram
Histogram data analysis tool (Example 1)
Real Statistics Frequency Table data analysis tool (Example 2)
Box plots
Box Plot (Example 1)
Box Plot (Example 1 using .EXC)
Box Plot with negative data
Box plot with outliers
Dot Plots
Dot Plot (manual)
Dot Plot (Real Statistics)
Classification Table (Example 1)

ROC Plot (Example 2)
Classification and ROC data analysis tool (Example 3)
Confidence interval for AUC
Outliers and Robustness

Trimmed and Winsorized data (Example 1)
Tukey's Biweight and Huber's estimator
Dealing with missing data

Remove missing data (Example 1)
Remove missing data via data analysis tool (Example 2)
Indices of Diversity
Shannon's Index (Example 1)
Brillouin's Index (Example 2)
Simpson's Index (Example 3)
Hypothesis Testing
Statistical power
Power table (Figure 1)
Familywise error
Bonferroni and Dunn/Sidàk tests
Holm and Hochberg tests
Benjamini-Hochberg test
Benjamini-Yekutieli test
Real Statistics data analysis tool (Benjamini-Hochberg + Dunn/Sidàk)
Appendix
Functions, polynomials, limits and graphs

Graph of a function (Example 1)
Gamma function
Gamma function with negative values and incomplete gamma function
Excel Capabilities
Built-in functions
Unique counting (Figure 7)
SUMIF and COUNTIF (Figure 8)
Table lookup functions (esp. MATCH)
Two-dimensional table lookup
Sorting and eliminating duplicates

Sort and remove duplicates in standard Excel (Examples 1, 2, 3, 4)
Reformatting tools
Reformatting (Example 1)
Remove missing data (Example 2)

Conversion from frequency table
Descriptive statistics for frequency table (Example 1)
Table lookup
Table Lookup (Example 1)
Sampling
Sampling without replacement
Sampling with replacement
Special charting capabilities

Plot of sample means with std error intervals (Example 3)
Matrices and Iterative Procedures
Basic concepts
Length of a vector (Example 2)
Diagonal of a square matrix (Example 3)
Matrix operations
Inverse of a matrix (Example 1)
Matrix Power
Real Statistics Matrix data analysis tool (Example 2)
Determinants and simultaneous linear equations

Determinant (Example 1)
Determinant using Gaussian elimination (Example 2)
Solution to linear equations via Cramer's rule (Example 3)
Solution to linear equations via Gaussian elimination (Example 4)
Solution to homogeneous linear equations (Example 5)
Solution to homogeneous linear equations (Example 6)
Inverting a matrix via Gaussian elimination (Example 10)
Gaussian elimination via Real Statistics functions (Examples 7,8,9 + extra examples)
Newton's method
Newton's Method for one equation (Example 1)
Newton's Method for multiple equations (Example 2)
Newton's Method for one equation (Example 2)
Goal seeking and Solver

Goal Seek to find eigenvalues (Example 1)
Solver to find regression coefficients (Example 2)
Colors
Color list
Color functions
Interpolation
Interpolation examples
Coding of categorical variables

Coding of categorical variables (Example 1)

Conversion to raw data using Real Statistics data analysis tool (Example 2)
Conversion to frequency table
Prime numbers
Prime numbers
Results of Marketing Campaign
(sales in millions of euros)
Brand A Brand B Brand C

Marketing Campaign Results
London 23.5 12.3 15 35
Paris 13.8 8.1 5.5 30
Sales (millions of euros)

Rome 17.3 4.5 6.9 25
Madrid 14.8 6.8 2.7 20 Brand
Vienna 7.2 4.2 1.6 Brand
15
Brand
Berlin 29.5 21.4 11.6 10
Total 106.1 57.3 43.3 5
0
London Paris Rome Madrid Vienna Berlin
City
aign Results
Brand A
Brand B
Brand C
rid Vienna Berlin

Average Income by Age
Age Income
31 23500 Average Income by Age
32 24000
45,000
33 25000
40,000
Income ($000)
34 26700
35,000
35 27500
30,000
36 29200
25,000
37 33000
20,000
38 35100 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
39 37400 Age
40 39500
Average Income and Rent by Age
Age Income Rent

31 23500 6000
Average Income/Rent by Age
32 24000 6500 45,000
33 25000 7000 40,000
34 26700 4500 35,000
Amount ($000)
30,000
35 27500 6000
25,000 Income
36 29200 7500 20,000 Rent
37 33000 8000 15,000
38 35100 9000 10,000
39 37400 7000 5,000
0
40 39500 12000
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Age
Age Income Rent Income

31 23500 6000
45000
32 24000 6500
33 25000 7000 40000
34 26700 4500 35000
35 27500 6000 30000
25000 Income
36 29200 7500
37 33000 8000 20000
38 35100 9000 15000
39 37400 7000 10000
40 39500 12000 5000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
45000
ge 40000
35000
30000
25000
Income Income
20000 Rent
Rent
15000
10000
5000
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Income
0
Scatter Plot
Operating Performance by District
District Cost Revenue
180
E 50 74
160
NE 78 95
140
NW 65 87
120
Revenue ($M)
SE 112 156
100
SW 32 54
80
W 101 142
60
40
20
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Cost ($M)
ct
100 110 120

Step Chart Duplicated Sorted Modified
Year Revenue Year Revenue #NAME? #NAME? Year Revenue

1 5 1 5 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
2 7 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
6 14 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 14
Revenue Growth
16
14
12
Revenues ($000)
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Year
Equipment Sales
Unit Price Quantity Revenue

Desks 500 40 20000
Lamps 80 30 2400
Chairs 150 130 19500
Pen Sets 60 70 4200
Transpose
Area Code Population Area Code 345 378 678 712 815
345 230000 Population 230000 340000 145000 235900 195000
378 340000
678 145000
712 235900
815 195000
Sort and Filter Sort by Income
Person Gender Age Income Person Gender Age Income

Mary F 35 45000 Jane F 45 30000
Bob M 40 40000 Jim M 55 35000
Jim M 55 35000 Alan M 40 35000
Betty F 25 80000 Steve M 30 35000
Alan M 40 35000 Bob M 40 40000
Debra F 40 45000 Mary F 35 45000
Dave M 60 60000 Debra F 40 45000
Steve M 30 35000 Dave M 60 60000
Jane F 45 30000 Betty F 25 80000
Filter
Person Gender Age Income Person Gender Age Income

Mary F 35 45000 Mary F 35 45000
Bob M 40 40000 Bob M 40 40000
Jim M 55 35000 Jim M 55 35000
Alan M 40 35000 Alan M 40 35000
Debra F 40 45000 Debra F 40 45000
Steve M 30 35000 Steve M 30 35000
Sort by Income/Person Remove Duplicates
Person Gender Age Income Income

Jane F 45 30000 45000
Alan M 40 35000 40000
Jim M 55 35000 35000
Steve M 30 35000 80000
Bob M 40 40000 60000
Debra F 40 45000 30000
Mary F 35 45000
Dave M 60 60000
Betty F 25 80000
Goal Seek
x^2 10.99999 x^2 11.00002

x 3.316624 x -3.316627
Reformat data in a range
Input range Reshape Reverse Sort
3 5 8 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

15 A #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
5 A 0 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
12 B 8 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
COUNTU #NAME?
COUNTAU #NAME?
Sort and Extract Unique
Sort no dupes Input Range Sort Unique Extract Unique
#NAME? Russia Italy #NAME? #NAME?

#NAME? Germany France #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? Italy Russia #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? France Spain #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
Reformat data in a range
Input range Sort SEQ

15 -1 3 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
12 -4 8 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
Sort Rows without duplicates
Male France Rich 45 =SortRowsUnique(A3:C14) =SortRowsCount(A3:C14)

Female UK Poor 35
Male US Rich 15 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ###
Male US Rich 40 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ###
Female UK Rich 25 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ###
Male US Poor 20 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ###
Female France Rich 10 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ###
Female UK Rich 50 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ###
Female UK Poor 35 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ###
Male France Poor 45 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ###
Female US Poor 20 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Female UK Rich 40
=SortRowsUnique(A3:B14)
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
=CountRowsUnique(A3:B14)
#NAME?
Sort Rows =QSORTRows(T3:W14,4)
=SortRowsSum(A3:D14,"") Male France Rich 45 #NAME? #NAME?

Female UK Poor 35 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? ### ### ### Male US Rich 15 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? ### ### ### Male US Rich 40 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? ### ### ### Female UK Rich 25 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? ### ### ### Male US Poor 20 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? ### ### ### Female France Rich 10 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? ### ### ### Female UK Rich 50 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? ### ### ### Female UK Poor 35 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? ### ### ### Male France Poor 45 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? ### ### ### Female US Poor 20 #NAME? #NAME?
Female UK Rich 40 #NAME? #NAME?
ows(T3:W14,4) =QSORTRows(T3:W14)
#NAME? ### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ###

Extract Columns from Data Range
State Poverty Infant Mort White Crime Doctors Traf Deaths University Unemploy
Alabama 15.7 9.0 71.0 448 218.2 1.81 22.0 5.0
Alaska 8.4 6.9 70.6 661 228.5 1.63 27.3 6.7
Arizona 14.7 6.4 86.5 483 209.7 1.69 25.1 5.5
Arkansas 17.3 8.5 80.8 529 203.4 1.96 18.8 5.1
California 13.3 5.0 76.6 523 268.7 1.21 29.6 7.2
Colorado 11.4 5.7 89.7 348 259.7 1.14 35.6 4.9
Connecticut 9.3 6.2 84.3 256 376.4 0.86 35.6 5.7
Delaware 10.0 8.3 74.3 689 250.9 1.23 27.5 4.8
Florida 13.2 7.3 79.8 723 247.9 1.56 25.8 6.2
Georgia 14.7 8.1 65.4 493 217.4 1.46 27.5 6.2
Hawaii 9.1 5.6 29.7 273 317.0 1.33 29.1 3.9
Idaho 12.6 6.8 94.6 239 168.8 1.60 24.0 4.9
Illinois 12.2 7.3 79.1 533 280.2 1.16 29.9 6.5
Indiana 13.1 8.0 88.0 334 216.9 1.26 22.9 5.9
Iowa 11.5 5.1 94.2 295 189.3 1.42 24.3 4.1
Kansas 11.3 7.1 88.7 453 222.5 1.38 29.6 4.4
Kentucky 17.3 7.5 89.9 295 232.3 1.80 19.7 6.4
Louisiana 17.3 9.9 64.8 730 262.7 2.17 20.3 4.6
Maine 12.3 6.3 96.4 118 278.4 1.22 25.4 5.4
Income State Poverty Infant MorDoctors Traf DeathIncome
42,666 Alabama 15.7 9 218.1734 1.81 42666
68,460 Alaska 8.4 6.9 228.5 1.63 68460
50,958 Arizona 14.7 6.4 209.6666 1.69 50958
38,815 Arkansas 17.3 8.5 203.4229 1.96 38815
61,021 California 13.3 5 268.6906 1.21 61021
56,993 Colorado 11.4 5.7 259.6861 1.14 56993
68,595 Connecticu 9.3 6.2 376.3753 0.86 68595
57,989 Delaware 10 8.3 250.9418 1.23 57989
47,778 Florida 13.2 7.3 247.8636 1.56 47778
50,861 Georgia 14.7 8.1 217.4457 1.46 50861
67,214 Hawaii 9.1 5.6 316.9829 1.33 67214
47,576 Idaho 12.6 6.8 168.8339 1.6 47576
56,235 Illinois 12.2 7.3 280.1539 1.16 56235
47,966 Indiana 13.1 8 216.9397 1.26 47966
48,980 Iowa 11.5 5.1 189.2832 1.42 48980
50,177 Kansas 11.3 7.1 222.5477 1.38 50177
41,538 Kentucky 17.3 7.5 232.3485 1.8 41538
43,733 Louisiana 17.3 9.9 262.6615 2.17 43733
46,581 Maine 12.3 6.3 278.3948 1.22 46581
Select Columns =SelectCols(A3:D14,"2,3,1") =SelectCols(A3:D14,"3,2,1,4",1)
Male France Rich 45 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

Female UK Poor 35 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Male US Rich 15 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Male US Rich 40 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Female UK Rich 25 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Male US Poor 20 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Female France Rich 10 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Female UK Poor 35 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Male France Poor 45 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Female US Poor 20 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
=SelectCols(A3:D14,"3,2,1,4",1)
#NAME? #NAME? ###

#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
#NAME? #NAME? ###
Miscellaneous Real Statistics Functions
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
51 #NAME?
Real Statistics Step Chart
Year Area A Area B Area C Step Chart

1 5 8 3
30
2 7 10 5
3 4 15 10 25
4 8 17 10 20
5 10 20 15
Revenue
15
6 14 25 20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year
Step Chart
Area A
Area B
Area C
3 4 5 6 7
Year
Probability calculation
n 12
p 0.166667
1-p 0.833333
(1-p)^n 0.112157
1-(1-p)^n 0.887843
Frequency/Distribution Functions
x f(x) F(x) Frequency Function f(x)

1 0.12 0.12 =B4
0.30
2 0.25 0.37 =B5+C4
3 0.08 0.45 =B6+C5 0.25
4 0.14 0.59 =B7+C6 0.20
5 0.09 0.68 =B8+C7 0.15
6 0.18 0.86 =B9+C8 0.10
7 0.09 0.95 =B10+C9
0.05
8 0.05 1.00 =B11+C10
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(3) 0.08 =PROB(A4:A11,B4:B11,3)

P(x ≤ 5) 0.68 =PROB(A4:A11,B4:B11,,5)
P(3 ≤ x ≤ 5) 0.31 =PROB(A4:A11,B4:B11,3,5)
ency Function f(x) Distribution Function F(x)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency Function FREQTABLE function
nodupe
14 x freq f(x) #NAME? x freq f(x) Item
18 12 2 0.1667 #NAME? 12 2 0.1667 #NAME?
13 13 3 0.25 #NAME? 13 3 0.25 #NAME?
12 14 1 0.0833 #NAME? 14 1 0.0833 #NAME?
18 16 2 0.1667 #NAME? 16 2 0.1667 #NAME?
12 18 4 0.3333 #NAME? 18 4 0.3333 #NAME?
13 12 #NAME? 12
13 #NAME?
16 #NAME?
18 #NAME?
18 #NAME?
16 #NAME?
FREQTABLE function Frequency Table data analysis tool
freq prob Frequency Table

Histogram
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME? item freq prob 1
0.9
#NAME? #NAME? ### 0 #DIV/0!
0.8
#NAME? #NAME? ### 0 #DIV/0! 0.7
#NAME? #NAME? ### 0 #DIV/0! 0.6
Frequency
### 0 #DIV/0! 0.5
### 0 #DIV/0! 0.4
0.3
0 #DIV/0! 0.2
0.1
0
Bin
Histogram
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

Bin
Measures of Central Tendency
Data 1 Data 2 Data 3

5 5 5
2 2 2
-1 -1 -1
3 3 3 Data 4 Data 5 Data 6
7 7 7 50 1.05 5
5 5 8 80 1.05 2
0 0 0 1.1 -1
2 6 1.1 0
AVERAGE 3 2.875 3.75 HARMEAN 61.53846 1.074419 Err:502
MEDIAN 3 2.5 4 GEOMEAN 63.24555 1.074709 Err:502
MODE 5 5 #VALUE!
MODE.SNGL 5 5 #VALUE!
MODE.MULT 5 5 #VALUE!
5 2 #VALUE!
5 5 5
2 2 2
-1 -1 -1
3 3 3
7 7 7
5 5 8
0 0 0
2 6
count #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

mean #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
sum #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Geometric Mean
If you earn 5% interest in year 1, 8% in year 2 and 10% interest in year 3, the average interest is given by the geometric mean
Interest - year 1 0.05

Return from year 1 1.05

Return after year 1 1.0500

Average annual return 1.0765

Average interest 0.0765
Total return 1.2474
0.0765
1.334025
0.074709263
0.074709263
% in year 2 and 10% interest in year 3, the average interest is given by the geometric mean
Int1
Int2
Int3
= 1 + Int1
= 1 + Int2
= 1 + Int3
= 1 + Int1
= (1 + Int1) * (1 + Int2)
= (1 + Int1) * (1 + Int2) * (1 + Int3)
= SQRT((1 + Int1) * (1 + Int2) * (1 + Int3)) = GEOMEAN(1 + Int1, 1+ Int2, 1 + Int3)

= 1 - Average annual return
= (1 + Average Interest) ^ 3 = Return after 3 years as calculated above
= GEOMEAN(1.05,1.08,1.1) - 1
= (1.05)(1.05)(1.1)(1.1)
= 1.334025 ^ 0.25 -1
= GEOMEAN(1.05,1.05,1.1,1.1) - 1
Measures of Variability
5 5
2 2
-1 -1
3 3
4 4
5 5
0 0
2 2
AVERAGE 2.5 MEDIAN 2.5

count
VAR.S = VAR 4.857143 MAD #NAME? mean
VAR.P = VARP 4.25 variance
MIN -1 stdev
STDEV.S = STDEV 2.203893 MAX 5
STDEV.P = STDEVP 2.061553 RNG #NAME?
DEVSQ 34 INC EXC

Q1 1.5 0.5
AVEDEV 1.75 Q3 4.25 4.75
IQR #NAME? #NAME?
5 5 5
2 2 2
-1 -1 -1
3 3 3
7 7 7
5 5 8
0 0 0
2 6

Combined sample
sample 1 sample 2 combined

3 6 3
4 1 4
6 5 6
7 7
6
1
5
sample 1 sample 2 combined
size 4 3 7 7
mean 5 4 4.5714286 4.5714286
var 3.3333333 7 4.2857143 4.2857143
stdev 1.8257419 2.6457513 2.0701967 2.0701967
Combining multiple samples
n x̄ s2 x nx̄2 (n-1)s2 x2
Sample 1 23 12 100 276 3312 2200 5512
Sample 2 15 14 144 210 2940 2016 4956
Sample 3 20 15 256 300 4500 4864 9364
58 13.55172 161.0587 786 10752 9080 19832
13.55172 161.0587 786 10752 9080 19832

Skewness and Kurtosis
SKEW -0.427052 #NAME?

2 KURT -0.939792 #NAME?
5
-1 n 8 #NAME?
3
4 SKEWP -0.342403 #NAME?
5 #NAME? #NAME?
0 -0.342403 #NAME?
2
KURTP #NAME? #NAME?
-1.114187 #NAME?
Ranking Percentile
Data Rank Reverse
4 4 3 3 %-INC
0 0 4 2 0.00 -1
-1 -1 5 1 0.25 0
7 7 1 5 0.50 4
5 5 2 4 0.75 5
1.00 7
MIN -1 Data Rank Reverse
MAX 7 1 #NAME? #NAME? 0.45 3.2
k 5 #NAME? #NAME? 0.80 5.4
SMALL 1 -1 5 #NAME? #NAME?
2 0 0 #NAME? #NAME?
3 4 8 #NAME? #NAME? PercentRank
4 5
5 7 Data Rank Reverse INC
1 #NAME? #NAME? 5 0.75
LARGE k 5 #NAME? #NAME? 5.4 0.8
1 7 5 #NAME? #NAME? 0.85 0.30312
2 5 0 #NAME? #NAME?
3 4 8 #NAME? #NAME?
4 0 8 #NAME? #NAME?
5 -1 5 #NAME? #NAME?
Quartile
%-EXC Q-INC Q-EXC

Err:502 0 -1 Err:502
-0.5 1 0 -0.5
4 2 4 4
6 3 5 6
Err:502 4 7 Err:502
2.8
6.6
PercentRank
EXC
0.66666
0.7
0.36875
Rank and Percentile Data analysis tool
Scores 54 67 34 54 94 55 32 45 87 64 39 60 Point
5
9
2
10
12
6
1
4
8
11
3
7
Data analysis tool PERCENTRANK and PERCENTRANK.EXC PERCENTILE
Scores Rank Percent Scores Rank %-INC %-EXC Percentile

94 1 100.00% 94 1 100.00% 92.30% 0%
87 2 90.90% 87 2 90.90% 84.60% 10%
67 3 81.80% 67 3 81.80% 76.90% 20%
64 4 72.70% 64 4 72.70% 69.20% 30%
60 5 63.60% 60 5 63.60% 61.50% 40%
55 6 54.50% 55 6 54.50% 53.80% 50%
54 7 36.30% 54 7 36.40% 38.50% 60%
54 7 36.30% 54 7 36.40% 38.50% 70%
45 9 27.20% 45 9 27.30% 30.80% 80%
39 10 18.10% 39 10 18.20% 23.10% 90%
34 11 9.00% 34 11 9.09% 15.40% 100%
32 12 0.00% 32 12 0.00% 7.69%
PERCENTILE PERCENTILE.EXC
Score Percentile Score

32 0% Err:502
34.5 10% 32.6
40.2 20% 37
47.7 30% 44.4
54 40% 54
54.5 50% 54.5
58 60% 59
62.8 70% 64.3
66.4 80% 75
85 90% 91.9
94 100% Err:504
Real Statistics RANK_AVG function
S1 S2 S1 - S2 RANK.AVGRANK_AVG
34.1 21.7 12.4 1 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
36.7 31.2 5.5 5 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
12.1 15.9 -3.8 10 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
15.8 11.3 4.5 8 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
22.9 17.4 5.5 6.5 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
40.0 30.4 9.6 2 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
22.9 20.5 2.4 9 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
19.5 10.2 9.3 3 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
28.8 20.0 8.8 4 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
30.6 25.1 5.5 6.5 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
12.4 7 #NAME?
Descriptive Statistics data analysis tool
Scores Scores Calculations using Excel functions

23
38 Mean 30.81818 Mean 30.81818
45 Standard Error 4.931933 Standard Error 4.931933
21 Median 23 Median 23
17 Mode 21 Mode 21
21 Standard Deviation 16.35737 Standard Deviation 16.35737
8 Sample Variance 267.5636 Sample Variance 267.5636
61 Kurtosis -0.54713 Kurtosis -0.547131
21 Skewness 0.625139 Skewness 0.625139
52 Range 53 Range 53
32 Minimum 8 Minimum 8
Maximum 61 Maximum 61
Sum 339 Sum 339
Count 11 Count 11
Geometric mean 26.75472
Harmonic mean 22.65373
AAD 13.43802
MAD 9
IQR 20.5
Real Statistics Descriptive Statistics
Calculation of MAD
Scores
|xi - median(xi)| Mean 30.81818
0 Standard Error 4.931933
15 Median 23
22 Mode 21
2 Standard Deviation 16.35737
6 Sample Variance 267.5636
2 Kurtosis -0.547131
15 Skewness 0.625139
38 Range 53
2 Minimum 8
29 Maximum 61
9 Sum 339
Count 11
Geometric Mean 26.75472
Harmonic Mean 22.65373 INC EXC
AAD 13.43802 Q1 21 21
MAD #NAME? Q3 41.5 45
IQR #NAME? IQR #NAME? #NAME?
Two sample example using Descriptive Statistics data analysis tool
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 1 Sample 2

19 12
41 27 Mean 30.46154 Mean 30.61538
29 18 Standard Error 4.673459 Standard Error 5.447345
18 23 Median 29 Median 27
8 72 Mode 29 Mode 27
29 27 Standard Deviation 16.8504 Standard Deviation 19.64068
11 27 Sample Variance 283.9359 Sample Variance 385.7564
59 53 Kurtosis -1.150731 Kurtosis 0.062841
41 3 Skewness 0.265601 Skewness 0.78698
48 45 Range 51 Range 69
53 53 Minimum 8 Minimum 3
29 13 Maximum 59 Maximum 72
11 25 Sum 396 Sum 398
Count 13 Count 13
Real Statistics - IQR using QUARTILE Real Statistics - IQR using QUARTILE.EXC
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 1 Sample 2

Mean 30.46154 30.61538 Mean 30.46154 30.61538
Standard Error 4.673459 5.447345 Standard Error 4.673459 5.447345
Median 29 27 Median 29 27
Mode 29 27 Mode 29 27
Standard Deviation 16.8504 19.64068 Standard Deviation 16.8504 19.64068
Sample Variance 283.9359 385.7564 Sample Variance 283.9359 385.7564
Kurtosis -1.150731 0.062841 Kurtosis -1.150731 0.062841
Skewness 0.265601 0.78698 Skewness 0.265601 0.78698
Range 51 69 Range 51 69
Minimum 8 3 Maximum 59 72
Maximum 59 72 Minimum 8 3
Sum 396 398 Sum 396 398
Count 13 13 Count 13 13
Geometric Mean 25.60867 23.98142 Geometric Mean 25.60867 23.98142
Harmonic Mean 20.83719 15.90055 Harmonic Mean 20.83719 15.90055
AAD 13.79882 15.46746 AAD 13.79882 15.46746
MAD #NAME? #NAME? MAD #NAME? #NAME?
IQR #NAME? #NAME? IQR #NAME? #NAME?
Mean and Variance based on Frequency Tables
data x freq x f fx fx2

2 2 4 2 4 8 16
2 3 1 3 1 3 9
2 4 2 4 2 8 32
2 5 1 5 1 5 25
3 8 24 82
4 Frequency Function
4 Σfx n x̄
5 x f(x) 24 8 3 3
2 0.5
3 0.125 Σfx2 n x̄2 var
4 0.25 82 8 9 1.4286 1.428571
5 0.125
mean 3
var 1.428571
SS 82
#NAME?
#NAME?
lower upper f midpt fx fx2
0 4 3 2 6 12
4 10 1 7 7 49
10 20 2 15 30 450
20 30 1 25 25 625
7 68 1136
Σfx n x̄
68 7 9.7143
Σfx2 n x̄2 var

1136 7 94.367 79.238
Conversion from frequency table Real Statistics data analysis tool
Frequency Table Raw Data (with duplicates) Frequency Table
Score Freq Cum Score Row Count Score Freq

5.0 1 1 5.0 1 0 5.0 1
5.1 1 2 5.1 2 0 5.1 1
5.2 3 5 5.2 3 2 5.2 3
5.5 2 7 5.2 3 1 5.5 2
5.6 1 8 5.2 3 0 5.6 1
5.7 4 12 5.5 4 1 5.7 4
5.8 3 15 5.5 4 0 5.8 3
5.6 5 0
5.7 6 3
5.7 6 2
5.7 6 1
5.7 6 0
5.8 7 2
5.8 7 1
5.8 7 0
Alternative Version
Frequency Table
Score Freq Cum

5.0 1 1
5.1 1 2
5.2 3 5
5.5 2 7
5.6 1 8
5.7 4 12
5.8 3 #REF!
Raw Data (with duplicates)
Score Row Count

5.0 27 0
5.1 28 0
5.2 29 2
5.2 29 1
5.2 29 0
5.5 30 1
5.5 30 0
5.6 31 0
5.7 32 3
5.7 32 2
5.7 32 1
5.7 32 0
5.8 33 2
5.8 33 1
5.8 33 0
tistics data analysis tool
Mean 5.5
Standard Error 0.07303
Median #NAME?
Mode 5.7
Standard Deviation 0.282843
Sample Variance 0.08
Kurtosis -1.31044
Skewness -0.568211
Range 0.8
Maximum 5.8
Minimum 5.0
Sum 82.5
Count 15
Harmonic Mean 5.486055
AAD 0.24
MAD #NAME?
IQR #NAME?
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
#NA
Frequency Table Descriptive Statistics Raw Data
Score Freq Mean 5.5 #NAME?

5.0 1 Standard Error 0.07303 #NAME?
5.1 1 Median #NAME? #NAME?
5.2 3 Mode 5.7 #NAME?
5.5 2 Standard Deviation 0.282843 #NAME?
5.6 1 Sample Variance 0.08 #NAME?
5.7 4 Kurtosis -1.31044 #NAME?
5.8 3 Skewness -0.568211 #NAME?
Range 0.8 #NAME?
Maximum 5.8 #NAME?
Minimum 5.0 #NAME?
Sum 82.5 #NAME?
Count 15 #NAME?
Geometric Mean 5.493087 #NAME?
Harmonic Mean 5.486055 #NAME?
AAD 0.24
MAD #NAME?
IQR #NAME?
Frequency Table
Scores Bins Count

34 20 20 6
45 34 40 10
23 29 60 2
22 12 80 3
7 72 over 80 1
34 23
9 10
66 14
29 23
67 24
44 90
Histogram data analysis tool
Bin Frequency
20 6 Histogram
40 10
12
60 2 10
Frequency
80 3 8
6 Frequency
More 1 4
2
0
20 40 60 80 More
Bin
Using FREQTABLE with bin size 15 Using Frequency Table data analysis tool
item freq cum Frequency Table

#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? Bin size 15
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 9
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? item freq cum 8
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0 7
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 15 5 5 6
Frequency
3
60 0 18
2
75 3 21 1
90 1 22 0
15
Using FREQTABLE with bin size 15 Frequency Table

and max bin value 100
Bin size 15
item freq cum 9
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? item freq cum 8
7
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? -5
6
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 10 3 3
Frequency
5
10 2
100 1 22
Histogram
9
8
7
6
Frequency
5
4
3
2
1
0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Bin
Histogram
9
8
7
6
Frequency
5
4
3
2
1
0
10 25 40 55 70 85 100
Bin
Boxplot (aka box and whiskers plot) Using QUARTILE
Brand A Brand B Brand C Brand A Brand B Brand C 1400

1020 840 1430 Min 380 300 430
1560 940 1750 Q1-Min 142.5 185 342.5 1200
560 780 870 Med-Q1 202.5 220 132.5
1000
780 650 920 Q3-Med 237.5 120 332.5
990 720 1300 Max-Q3 597.5 1025 512.5 800
670 430 890 Mean 784 756 1010
510 1850 740 600
490 300 720
380 360 430 400
880 690 1050
200
0
Brand A
Using QUARTILE.EXC and
Box Plot

1400
Min 380 300 430
Q1-Min 125 112.5 305 1200
Med-Q1 220 292.5 170 1000
Q3-Med 272.5 160 427.5
Max-Q3 562.5 985 417.5 800
Mean 784 756 1010 600
400
200
0
Brand A
Using QUARTILE
1400 Brand A Brand B Brand C

Min 380 300 430
1200 Q1-Min 142.5 185 342.5
Med-Q1 202.5 220 132.5
1000
Q3-Med 237.5 120 332.5
800
Max-Q3 597.5 1025 512.5
600
400
200
0
Using QUARTILE.EXC and Real Statistics data analysis tool
Box Plot
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Boxplot - Alternative Approach Using QUARTILE
Brand A Brand B Brand C Brand A Brand B Brand C 1400

1020 840 1430 Q1 522.5 485 772.5
1560 940 1750 Med-Q1 202.5 220 132.5 1200
560 780 870 Q3-Med 237.5 120 332.5
1000
780 650 920 Q1-Min 142.5 785 342.5
990 720 1300 Max-Q3 597.5 1025 512.5
800
670 430 890
510 1850 740 600
490 -300 720
380 360 430 400
880 690 1050
200
0
Brand A
Using QUARTILE.EXC
Brand A Brand B Brand C 1600

Q1 505 412.5 735
1400
Med-Q1 220 292.5 170
Q3-Med 272.5 160 427.5 1200
Q1-Min 125 712.5 305
Max-Q3 562.5 985 417.5 1000
800
600
400
200
0
Brand A
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Boxplot with negative data
Brand A Brand B Brand C Box Plot

1020 840 1430
B
1560 940 1750 Brand A Brand B Brand C 1800
560 780 870 Min 680 0 730 1600
780 650 920 Q1-Min 125 712.5 305 1400
990 720 1300 Med-Q1 220 292.5 170 1200
670 430 890 Q3-Med 272.5 160 427.5 1000
510 1850 740 Max-Q3 562.5 985 417.5
800
490 -300 720 Mean 1084 996 1310
600
380 360 430
400
880 690 1050 Grand Min -300
200
0
Brand A
Box Plot
B
Min 680 0 730
Q1-Min 125 712.5 305
Med-Q1 220 292.5 170
Q3-Med 272.5 160 427.5
Max-Q3 562.5 985 417.5
Mean 1084 996 1310
Grand Min -300
Brand A Br
Box Plot
2100
1900
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
100
-100
-300
Box Plot
2100
1900
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
100
-100
-300
Boxplot (aka box and whiskers plot)
Box Plot
1020 840 1430 Brand A Brand B Brand C Bo
1560 940 1750 Min 380 300 430
2000
560 780 870 Q1-Min 142.5 185 342.5
1800
780 650 920 Med-Q1 202.5 220 132.5
1600
990 720 1300 Q3-Med 237.5 120 332.5
1400
670 430 890 Max-Q3 597.5 115 512.5
1200
510 1850 740 Mean 784 756 1010
1000
490 300 720
800
380 360 430 Min 380 300 430
600
880 690 1050 Q1 522.5 485 772.5
400
Median 725 705 905
200
Q3 962.5 825 1237.5
0
Max 1560 940 1750 Brand A
Mean 784 756 1010
Grand Min 0
Outliers 1850
Box Plot

Boxplot - Approach for Negative Data
Box Plot
1020 840 1430 Brand A Brand B Brand C
1560 940 1750 Min 380 360 430 Box
560 780 870 Q1-Min 142.5 125 342.5 2000
780 650 920 Med-Q1 202.5 220 132.5
990 720 1300 Q3-Med 237.5 120 332.5
1500
670 430 890 Max-Q3 597.5 115 512.5
510 1850 740 Mean 784 696 1010
1000
490 -300 720
380 360 430 Min 380 360 430
880 690 1050 Q1 522.5 485 772.5 500
Median 725 705 905
Q3 962.5 825 1237.5 0
Brand A
Max 1560 940 1750
Mean 784 696 1010 -500
Grand Min 0
Outliers 1850
-300
Indentifying Outliers
Box Plot
1850
-300

Boxplot - Approach for Negative Data
Brand A Brand B Brand C Box Plot

1650 -50 1430
1560 940 1750 Brand A Brand B Brand C Box Plot
1260 780 870 Min 720 0 480 2500
780 450 920 Q1-Min 87.5 427.5 342.5
990 720 1300 Med-Q1 82.5 192.5 132.5 2000
670 430 890 Q3-Med 352.5 195 332.5
1500
800 1850 740 Max-Q3 457.5 175 512.5
750 -300 720 Mean 989 637 1060
1000
50 360 430
880 690 1050 Min 670 -50 430 500
Q1 757.5 377.5 772.5
Median 840 570 905 0
Q3 1192.5 765 1237.5 Brand A Brand B
Max 1650 940 1750 -500
Mean 939 587 1010
Grand Min -50
Outliers 100 1900

-250
Identifying Outliers
Box Plot
2450
1950
1450
1900
-250
950
100
450
-50
nd A Brand B Brand C
-550
Dot Plot
Brand A Brand B Brand C Brand A Brand B Brand C

1020 840 1430 1 1020 2 840 3 1430
1560 940 1750 1 1560 2 940 3 1750
560 780 870 1 560 2 780 3 870
780 650 920 1 780 2 650 3 920
990 720 1300 1 990 2 720 3 1300
670 430 890 1 670 2 430 3 890
510 1850 740 1 510 2 1850 3 740
490 300 720 1 490 2 300 3 720
380 360 430 1 380 2 360 3 430
880 690 1050 1 880 2 690 3 1050

0 0 0
Dot Plot
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Dot Plot

1020 840 1430 Dot Plot
1560 940 1750
2000
560 780 870
1800
780 650 920
1600
990 720 1300
1400
670 430 890
1200
510 1850 740
1000
490 300 720
800
380 360 430
600
880 690 1050
400
200
0
Brand ABrand BBrand C
ROC and Classification Table
ROC Table
Observed Cumulative
Dosage Lives Dies Lives Dies FPR TPR AUC
R
0 0 1 1 0.064516 1
Fail-Pred
less than 2.00 34 3 34 3 0.935484 0.989247 0.118259 0.9
Suc-Pred
0.8
2.00 - 3.99 63 7 97 10 0.815939 0.964158 0.160998
True Positive Rate

0.7
4.00 - 5.99 88 11 185 21 0.648956 0.924731 0.184244 0.6
6.00 - 7.99 105 14 290 35 0.449715 0.874552 0.204117 0.5
Accuracy
8.00 - 9.99 123 23 413 58 0.216319 0.792115 0.142791 0.4
0.3
10.00 - 11.99 95 60 508 118 0.036053 0.577061 0.009855 Cutoff
0.2
12.00 - 13.99 9 75 517 193 0.018975 0.308244 0.003509 0.1
14.00 - 15.99 6 41 523 234 0.00759 0.16129 0.001224 0
16.00 -17.99 4 30 527 264 0 0.053763 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
18.00 or more 0 15 527 279 0 0 0
527 279 0.889515
Estimating AUC using rectangles
ROC Table
Dosage Lives Dies Index Lives Dies FPR TPR AUC

less than 2.00 34 3 0 0 0 1 1 0.064516
2.00 - 3.99 63 7 1 34 3 0.935484 0.989247 0.118259
4.00 - 5.99 88 11 2 97 10 0.815939 0.964158 0.160998
6.00 - 7.99 105 14 3 185 21 0.648956 0.924731 0.184244
8.00 - 9.99 123 23 4 290 35 0.449715 0.874552 0.204117
10.00 - 11.99 95 60 5 413 58 0.216319 0.792115 0.142791
12.00 - 13.99 9 75 6 508 118 0.036053 0.577061 0.009855
14.00 - 15.99 6 41 7 517 193 0.018975 0.308244 0.003509
16.00 -17.99 4 30 8 523 234 0.00759 0.16129 0.001224
18.00 or more 0 15 9 527 264 0 0.053763 0
527 279 10 527 279 0 0 0
0.889515
Estimating AUC using trapezoids
ROC Table
Dosage Lives Dies Index Lives Dies FPR TPR AUC

less than 2.00 34 3 0 0 0 1 1 0.064169
2.00 - 3.99 63 7 1 34 3 0.935484 0.989247 0.11676
4.00 - 5.99 88 11 2 97 10 0.815939 0.964158 0.157706
6.00 - 7.99 105 14 3 185 21 0.648956 0.924731 0.179245
8.00 - 9.99 123 23 4 290 35 0.449715 0.874552 0.194497
10.00 - 11.99 95 60 5 413 58 0.216319 0.792115 0.123408
12.00 - 13.99 9 75 6 508 118 0.036053 0.577061 0.00756
14.00 - 15.99 6 41 7 517 193 0.018975 0.308244 0.002673
16.00 -17.99 4 30 8 523 234 0.00759 0.16129 0.000816
18.00 or more 0 15 9 527 264 0 0.053763 0
527 279 10 527 279 0 0 0
0.846834
Fail-Obs Suc-Obs
ROC Curve
1 413 58 471
0.9 114 221 335
0.8
0.7 527 279 806
0.6
0.5 0.783681 0.792115 0.7866
0.4
0.3
0.2
5
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
False Positive Rate
Classification Table
Fail-Obs Suc-Obs
Fail-Pred 413 58 471
Suc-Pred 114 221 335
527 279 806
Accuracy 0.783681 0.792115 0.7866
Cutoff 5
ROC Curve
Classification Table 1
0.9
0.8
Fail-Obs Suc-Obs
rue Positive Rate
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
1
0.9
0.8
True Positive Rate

0.7
Fail-Pred 413 58 471 0.6
Suc-Pred 114 221 335 0.5
527 279 806 0.4
0.3
0.2
Accuracy 0.783681 0.792115 0.7866 0.1
0
Cutoff 5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
False Positive Rate
Curve
.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
e Positive Rate
ROC ROC Table
Dosage Lives Dies Dosage Lives Dies FPR TPR

2 34 3 0 0 1 1
4 63 7 2 34 3 0.935484 0.989247
6 88 11 4 97 10 0.815939 0.964158
8 105 14 6 185 21 0.648956 0.924731
10 123 23 8 290 35 0.449715 0.874552
12 95 60 10 413 58 0.216319 0.792115
14 9 75 12 508 118 0.036053 0.577061
16 6 41 14 517 193 0.018975 0.308244
18 4 30 16 523 234 0.00759 0.16129
20 0 15 18 527 264 0 0.053763
527 279 20 527 279 0 0
ROC Curve
1
0.9
0.8
True Positive Rate
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
False Positive Rate
Classification Table
AUC Fail-Obs Suc-Obs

0.064169 Fail-Pred 413 58 471
0.11676 Suc-Pred 114 221 335
0.157706 527 279 806
0.179245
0.194497 Accuracy 0.783681 0.792115 0.7866
0.123408
0.00756 Cutoff 10
0.002673
0.000816
0
0
0.846834
urve
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ositive Rate
AUC Confidence Interval
n1 527
n2 279
AUC 0.889515
q0 0.098278 #NAME?
q1 0.009778 #NAME?
q2 0.046266 #NAME?
se 0.011096 #NAME?
alpha 0.05 #NAME?
z-crit 1.959964 =NORM.S.INV(1-B10/2)
lower 0.867767 #NAME?
upper 0.911263 #NAME?
lower #NAME? #NAME?

upper #NAME? #NAME?
Trimmed and Winsorized Data
Data Trimmed Winsorized

3 #NAME? #NAME?
4 #NAME? #NAME?
6 #NAME? #NAME?
9 #NAME? #NAME?
9 #NAME? #NAME?
3 #NAME? #NAME?
4 #NAME? #NAME?
5 #NAME? #NAME?
7 #NAME? #NAME?
5 #NAME? #NAME?
40 #NAME? #NAME?
1 #NAME? #NAME?
0 #NAME? #NAME?
8 #NAME? #NAME?
30 #NAME? #NAME?
1 #NAME? #NAME?
7 #NAME? #NAME?
5 #NAME? #NAME?
4 #NAME? #NAME?
2 #NAME? #NAME?
7.65 #NAME? #NAME?
5.142857 #NAME?
M-estimators
data 0 46.95 1 #NAME? 2 #NAME?

5 mean 46.95 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
40 median 49.5 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
81 mad #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
34 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
56 c 4.685 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
89 biweight #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
23 huber #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
3 #NAME? 4 #NAME? 5 #NAME? 6 #NAME? 7 #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
18 #NAME? 19 #NAME? 20 #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Deleting Missing Data Listwise
Poverty White Crime Doctors University Income #NAME?

Alabama 15.7 71.0 448 218.2 22.0 42,666 #NAME?
Alaska 8.4 70.6 661 228.5 27.3 68,460 #NAME?
Arizona 14.7 86.5 483 209.7 25.1 50,958 #NAME?
Arkansas 17.3 80.8 203.4 18.8 38,815 #NAME?
California 13.3 76.6 523 268.7 29.6 61,021 #NAME?
Colorado 89.7 348 259.7 35.6 56,993 #NAME?
Connecticut 9.3 84.3 256 376.4 35.6 68,595 #NAME?
Delaware 10.0 74.3 689 250.9 27.5 57,989 #NAME?
Florida 13.2 79.8 723 247.9 25.8 47,778 #NAME?
Georgia 14.7 65.4 493 217.4 27.5 50,861 #NAME?
Hawaii 9.1 29.7 273 317.0 29.1 67,214 #NAME?
Idaho 94.6 239 168.8 24.0 47,576 #NAME?
Illinois 12.2 79.1 533 280.2 29.9 56,235 #NAME?
Indiana 13.1 216.9 47,966 #NAME?
Iowa 11.5 94.2 295 189.3 24.3 48,980 #NAME?
Kansas 11.3 88.7 453 222.5 29.6 50,177 #NAME?
Kentucky 17.3 89.9 295 232.3 19.7 41,538 #NAME?
Louisiana 17.3 64.8 730 262.7 20.3 43,733 #NAME?
Maine 12.3 96.4 118 278.4 25.4 46,581 #NAME?
Number of rows without miss

#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Number of rows without missing data #NAME?

#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Shannon's Index of Diversity
A B C D E Total
freq 5 8 6 2 4 25 freq
p 0.2 0.32 0.24 0.08 0.16 p
log p -0.69897 -0.49485 -0.619789 -1.09691 -0.79588 log p
H' 0.661989 H'

max H' 0.69897 max H'
J' 0.947092 J'
H' 0.661989 #NAME?

A B C D E Total
21 1 1 1 1 25
0.84 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
-0.075721 -1.39794 -1.39794 -1.39794 -1.39794
0.287276
0.69897
0.410999
Brillouin’s Index of Diversity
A B C D E Total A
freq 12 14 1 2 3 32 freq 6
log freq! 8.680337 10.94041 0 0.30103 0.778151 35.42017 log 2.857332
H 0.460008 H 0.607604
k 5 k 5
c 6 c 6
d 2 d 2
max H 0.607604 max H 0.607604
J 0.757085 J 1
Diversity Indices
# of eleme 32
# of catego 5
Shannon Brillouin Simpson Sm Sample

diversity i 1.232992 0.460008 D index 0.345703 0.324597
max index 1.609438 0.607604 1-D 0.654297 0.675403
homogenei 0.766101 0.757085 1/D 2.892655 3.080745
B C D E Total
6 6 7 7 32
2.8573324964 2.857332 3.702431 3.702431 35.42017
Simpson's Index of Diversity Real Statistics data analysis tool
A B C D E Total Diversity Indices

freq 5 8 6 2 4 25
p 0.2 0.32 0.24 0.08 0.16 # of elements
# of categories
D 0.232 D' 0.2
1-D 0.768 1-D' 0.8
1/D 4.310345 1/D' 5 diversity index
max index
homogeneity
tatistics data analysis tool
25
5
Shannon Brillouin Simpson Sm Sample

1.524286 1.286442 D index 0.232 0.2
1.609438 1.362646 1-D 0.768 0.8
0.947092 0.944077 1/D 4.3103448 5
Power
Sample size for t-test (single sample)
Alpha
Power Effect Size 0.05 0.01
0.80 0.2 199 296
0.80 0.5 34 51
0.80 0.8 15 22
0.90 0.2 265 376
0.90 0.5 44 63
0.90 0.8 19 27
0.95 0.2 327 449
0.95 0.5 54 75
0.95 0.8 23 32
Bonferroni and Dunn-Sidàk Corrections Holm's and Hochberg Approach
alpha 0.05 alpha 0.05

k 6 k 6
p-value Bonf α Bonf sig DS α sig p-value rank

A 0.01208 0.008333 no 0.008512 no ### #NAME? #NAME?
B 0.00356 0.008333 yes 0.008512 yes ### #NAME? #NAME?
C 0.11542 0.008333 no 0.008512 no ### #NAME? #NAME?
D 0.02155 0.008333 no 0.008512 no ### #NAME? #NAME?
E 0.03329 0.008333 no 0.008512 no ### #NAME? #NAME?
F 0.01042 0.008333 no 0.008512 no ### #NAME? #NAME?
berg Approach Benjamini-Hochberg Approach
FDR 0.05
k 6
adj α Holm sig Hoch sig p-value rank adj α BH sig

#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Benjamini-Yekutieli Approach Benjamini-Hochberg Method
ᾶ #NAME? FDR 0.05

k 6 # of tests 0
p-value rank adj α BY sig test p-value rank alpha

### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 1 #DIV/0!
sig
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
Graph of f(x) = x^2
x f(x)
-5 25
-4.9 24.01 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
-4.8 23.04 25
-4.7 22.09 20
-4.6 21.16 15
-4.5 20.25 10
5
-4.4 19.36 0
-4.3 18.49 y-axis -5 4.5 -4 3.5 -3 2.5 -2 1.5 -1 01 0 .5 1 .5 2 .5 3 .5 4 .5 5
- - - - 0 0 1 2 3 4
-4.2 17.64 00
0 0
-4.1 16.81 00
0
-4 16 00
5 00
-3.9 15.21 .
-0
-3.8 14.44
x-axis
-3.7 13.69
-3.6 12.96
-3.5 12.25
-3.4 11.56
-3.3 10.89
-3.2 10.24
-3.1 9.61
-3 9
-2.9 8.41
-2.8 7.84
-2.7 7.29
-2.6 6.76
-2.5 6.25
-2.4 5.76
-2.3 5.29
-2.2 4.84
-2.1 4.41
-2 4
-1.9 3.61
-1.8 3.24
-1.7 2.89
-1.6 2.56
-1.5 2.25
-1.4 1.96
-1.3 1.69
-1.2 1.44
-1.1 1.21
-1 1
-0.9 0.81
-0.8 0.64
-0.7 0.49
-0.6 0.36
-0.5 0.25
-0.4 0.16
-0.3 0.09
-0.2 0.04
-0.1 0.01
0 0
0.1 0.01
0.2 0.04
0.3 0.09
0.4 0.16
0.5 0.25
0.6 0.36
0.7 0.49
0.8 0.64
0.9 0.81
1 1
1.1 1.21
1.2 1.44
1.3 1.69
1.4 1.96
1.5 2.25
1.6 2.56
1.7 2.89
1.8 3.24
1.9 3.61
2 4
2.1 4.41
2.2 4.84
2.3 5.29
2.4 5.76
2.5 6.25
2.6 6.76
2.7 7.29
2.8 7.84
2.9 8.41
3 9
3.1 9.61
3.2 10.24
3.3 10.89
3.4 11.56
3.5 12.25
3.6 12.96
3.7 13.69
3.8 14.44
3.9 15.21
4 16
4.1 16.81
4.2 17.64
4.3 18.49
4.4 19.36
4.5 20.25
4.6 21.16
4.7 22.09
4.8 23.04
4.9 24.01
5 25
3 .5 4 .5 5
3 4
Gamma Function
x Γ(x) Γ(x) Γ(x)

0.5 #NAME? #NAME? 1.772454 #NAME?
-0.5 #NAME? #NAME? -3.544908 #NAME? #NAME?
-1.5 #NAME? #NAME? 2.363272 #NAME? #NAME?
-2.5 #NAME? #NAME? -0.945309 #NAME? #NAME?
Incomplete Gamma Function
x 5
#NAME? a 4
#NAME? lower #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? upper #NAME? #NAME?
gamma #NAME? #NAME?
Status Sex Score Sex Sum
Married Male 23 Male 97
Married Female 34 Female 92
Single Male 38
Single Female 12 Status Sex Sum
Divorced Male 25 Married Male 23
Divorced Female 19 Divorced Female 19
Widowed Male 11
Widowed Female 27
Person Age Salary Age Sum

Jim 34 45000 30 174000
Mary 54 80000 60 15000
Dave 23 30000
Bob 44 34000 Age Count
Jane 70 15000 30 4
Age Salary Count

30 30000 3
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
a f g 6 p 4 #NAME?
y 56 Z 4 G 4 #NAME?
@ go ? 7 0 2 #NAME?
% Z stop @ z 1 #NAME?
3 #NAME?
f #NAME?
go #NAME?
6 #NAME?
6 #NAME?
4
7
@
@ go ? 7 #NAME?
Symbol Z
Row # 2 #NAME?
Col # 3 #NAME?
Symbol 7
Row # 3 #NAME?
Col # 4 #NAME?
Conversion from frequency table Real Statistics data analysis t
Frequency Table Raw Data (with duplicates) Frequency Table
Score Freq Cum Score Row Count Score Freq

5.0 1 1 5.0 1 0 5.0 1
5.1 1 2 5.1 2 0 5.1 1
5.2 3 5 5.2 3 2 5.2 3
5.5 2 7 5.2 3 1 5.5 2
5.6 1 8 5.2 3 0 5.6 1
5.7 4 12 5.5 4 1 5.7 4
5.8 3 15 5.5 4 0 5.8 3
5.6 5 0
5.7 6 3
5.7 6 2
5.7 6 1
5.7 6 0
5.8 7 2
5.8 7 1
5.8 7 0
Alternative Version
Frequency Table
Score Freq Cum

5.0 1 1
5.1 1 2
5.2 3 5
5.5 2 7
5.6 1 8
5.7 4 12
5.8 3 15
Raw Data (with duplicates)
Score Row Count

5.0 27 0
5.1 28 0
5.2 29 2
5.2 29 1
5.2 29 0
5.5 30 1
5.5 30 0
5.6 31 0
5.7 32 3
5.7 32 2
5.7 32 1
5.7 32 0
5.8 33 2
5.8 33 1
5.8 33 0
l Statistics data analysis tool
quency Table Descriptive Statistics
Mean 5.5
Standard Error 0.07303
Median #NAME?
Mode 5.7
Standard Deviation 0.282843
Sample Variance 0.08
Kurtosis -1.31044
Skewness -0.568211
Range 0.8
Maximum 5.8
Minimum 5.0
Sum 82.5
Count 15
Harmonic Mean 5.486055
AAD 0.24
MAD #NAME?
IQR #NAME?
=N16/N17
=N9/SQRT(N17)
=MEDIAN(Freq2Raw(J6:J12,K6:K12))
=IF(COUNTIF(K6:K12,MAX(K6:K12))>1,#N/A,SUMIF(K6:K12,MAX(K6:K12),J6:J12))
=SQRT(N10)
=SUMPRODUCT((J6:J12-N5)^2,K6:K12)/(N17-1)
=N17*(N17+1)*SUMPRODUCT((J6:J12-N5)^4,K6:K12)/((N17-1)*(N17-2)*(N17-3)*N10^2)-3*(N17-1)^2/((N17-2)*(N17-3))
=N17*SUMPRODUCT((J6:J12-N5)^3,K6:K12)/((N17-1)*(N17-2)*N9^3)
=N14-N15
=MAX(J6:J12)
=MIN(J6:J12)
=SUMPRODUCT(J6:J12,K6:K12)
=SUM(K6:K12)
=PRODUCT(J6:J12^K6:K12)^(1/N17)
=N17/SUMPRODUCT(1/J6:J12*K6:K12)
=SUMPRODUCT(ABS(J6:J12-N5),K6:K12)/N17
=MAD(Freq2Raw(J6:J12,K6:K12))
=IQR(Freq2Raw(J6:J12,K6:K12))
Frequency Table Descriptive Statistics Raw Data
Score Freq Mean 5.5 #NAME?

5.0 1 Standard Error 0.07303 #NAME?
5.1 1 Median #NAME? #NAME?
5.2 3 Mode 5.7 #NAME?
5.5 2 Standard Deviation 0.282843 #NAME?
5.6 1 Sample Variance 0.08 #NAME?
5.7 4 Kurtosis -1.31044 #NAME?
5.8 3 Skewness -0.568211 #NAME?
Range 0.8 #NAME?
Maximum 5.8 #NAME?
Minimum 5.0 #NAME?
Sum 82.5 #NAME?
Count 15 #NAME?
Geometric Mean 5.493087 #NAME?
Harmonic Mean 5.486055 #NAME?
AAD 0.24
MAD #NAME?
IQR #NAME?
Conversion to frequency table Real Statistics data analysis tool
Raw Data Frequency Table 5.0 Frequency Table

5.1
Score Score Freq Cum 5.2 item
5.0 5.0 1 1 5.2 #NAME?
5.1 5.1 1 2 5.2 #NAME?
5.2 5.2 3 5 5.5 #NAME?
5.2 5.5 2 7 5.5 #NAME?
5.2 5.6 1 8 5.6 #NAME?
5.5 5.7 4 12 5.7 #NAME?
5.5 5.8 3 15 5.7 #NAME?
5.6 5.7
5.7 5.7
5.7 5.8
5.7 5.8
5.7 5.8
5.8
5.8 Real Statistics data analysis tool (using bins)
5.8
5 Frequency Table
5.1
5.2 Bin size
5.2
5.2 item
5.5 4.9
5.5 5.05
5.6 5.2
5.7 5.35
5.7 5.5
5.7 5.65
5.7 5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
Real Statistics data analysis tool (using bins)
5 Frequency Table
5.1
5.2 Bin size
5.2
5.2 item
5.5 4.84
5.5 5
5.6 5.16
5.7 5.32
5.7 5.48
5.7 5.64
5.7 5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
Frequency Table
Histogram
freq prob
0 #DIV/0! 1
0.9
#NAME? #NAME?
0.8
#NAME? #NAME? 0.7
#NAME? #NAME? Frequency 0.6
#NAME? #NAME? 0.5
0.4
#NAME? #NAME?
0.3
#NAME? #NAME? 0.2
0 #DIV/0! 0.1
0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Bin
nalysis tool (using bins)

Histogram
Frequency Table
8
0.15 7
6
freq cum 5
Frequency
4
1 1 3
4 5 2
0 5 1
2 7 0
1 8 5.05 5.2 5.35 5.5 5.65 5.8
7 15 Bin
nalysis tool (using bins)

Histogram
Frequency Table
8
0.16 7
6
freq cum 5
Frequency
4
1 1 3
2
1
0
5 5.16 5.32 5.48 5.64 5.8
6
5
Frequency
4
3
1 2 2
3 5 1
0 5 0
5 5.16 5.32 5.48 5.64 5.8
3 8
7 15 Bin
FREQTABLE(H3:H17)
item freq prob

FREQTABLE(H21:35,.15)
item freq prob

FREQTABLE(H21:35,.16)
item freq prob

Coding of Categorical Variables Simple Coding Usual Dummy Coding
Year Season Temp Year Season Temp t1 t2 t3

1990 Winter 5 1990 #NAME? 5 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
1990 Spring 15 1990 #NAME? 15 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
1990 Summer 28 1990 #NAME? 28 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
1990 Fall 17 1990 #NAME? 17 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
1991 Spring 20 1991 #NAME? 20 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
1993 Fall 18 1993 #NAME? 18 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
1994 Summer 30 1994 #NAME? 30 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Alternative Dummy Coding
t1 t2 t3
Table Lookup
Method 1 Method 2
4 5 6 7 8 4 6
2 0.1250 0.1000 0.0833 0.0714 0.0625 a 0.1250 0.1000
3 0.0833 0.0666 0.0555 0.0476 0.0416 b 0.0833 0.0666
4 0.0625 0.0500 0.0416 0.0357 0.0312 c 0.0625 0.0500
5 0.0500 0.0400 0.0333 0.0285 0.0250 d 0.0500 0.0400
row 4 5 4.1 5 row a

col 5 8 8.9 10 col 6
value 0.0500 0.0250 0.0312 Err:502 rindex 1
cindex 2
value 0.1000
tlookup #NAME?
Method 3 Method 4
1 2 3 4 5 α = .10 4 5
1 0.1250 0.1000 0.0833 0.0714 0.0625 2 0.1250 0.1000
5 0.0833 0.0666 0.0555 0.0476 0.0416 3 0.0833 0.0666
10 0.0625 0.0500 0.0416 0.0357 0.0312 4 0.0625 0.0500
>10 0.0500 0.0400 0.0333 0.0285 0.0250 5 0.0500 0.0400
row 4 5 9 20 α = .05 4 5
col 2 2 4 4 2 0.0833 0.0667
rindex 1 2 2 3 3 0.0555 0.0444
lower 0.1000 0.0666 0.0476 0.0357 4 0.0417 0.0333
upper 0.0666 0.05 0.0357 0.0285 5 0.0333 0.0267
weight 0.75 0 0.8 1
value 0.07495 0.0666 0.03808 0.0285 α = .01 4 5
ilookup #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 2 0.0714 0.0571
3 0.0476 0.0381
4 0.0357 0.0286
5 0.0286 0.0229
row 4
col 5
α 0.05
offset 0
value 0.0333
12 20 30
0.0833 0.0714 0.0625
0.0555 0.0476 0.0416
0.0416 0.0357 0.0312
0.0333 0.0285 0.0250
d a z
12 6.1 30
4 1 #N/A
3 #N/A 5
0.0333 #N/A #N/A
6 7 8
0.0833 0.0714 0.0625
0.0555 0.0476 0.0416
0.0416 0.0357 0.0312
0.0333 0.0285 0.0250
6 7 8
0.0555 0.0476 0.0417
0.0370 0.0317 0.0277
0.0277 0.0238 0.0208
0.0222 0.0190 0.0167
6 7 8
0.0476 0.0408 0.0357
0.0317 0.0272 0.0238
0.0238 0.0204 0.0178
0.0190 0.0163 0.0143
5 4 5
8 5 8
0.05 0.1 0.01
0 -6 6
0.0167 0.0500 0.0143
Sampling without replacement Sampling with replacement
SHUFFLE
Pop Random Sample Pop Sample
2 0.741495 17 2 24 #NAME?
5 0.374253 6 5 12 #NAME?
7 0.593865 1 7 11 #NAME?
8 0.656092 20 8 19 #NAME?
9 0.845597 2 9 10 #NAME?
11 0.649204 21 11 10 #NAME?
15 0.195148 15 #NAME?
17 0.785658 17 #NAME?
20 0.011216 20 #NAME?
21 0.799245 21 #NAME?
1 0.34022 1 #NAME?
3 0.159377 3 #NAME?
6 0.434806 6 #NAME?
10 0.804076 10 #NAME?
12 0.284633 12 #NAME?
24 0.136185 24 #NAME?
16 0.247799 16 #NAME?
18 0.839705 18 #NAME?
19 0.838631 19 #NAME?
22 0.743742 22 #NAME?
=RANDOMIZE(E4:E23) =SHUFFLE(A4:A23)

Graphing standard error of the mean
Subject Before 1 week 2 weeks 3 weeks

1 56 67 50 123
2 12 18 24 29 Stress Levels by Week
3 23 24 26 27
4 8 20 28 30 45
5 3 12 13 17 40
6 5 13 11 15 35
7 19 22 25 26 30
Stress Level
8 45 78 48 117 25
9 12 20 22 24 20
10 16 22 26 29 15
11 35 56 22 102
10
12 24 26 21 23
5
13 9 12 20 23
0
14 3 9 13 16
Before 1 week 2 weeks
15 2 8 6 10
mean 18.13333 27.13333 23.66667 40.73333
std dev 16.15933 21.7317 12.08108 38.56806
s.e. 4.17232 5.6111 3.11932 9.95823
ss Levels by Week
1 week 2 weeks 3 weeks

Length of a vector
A A'
6 0.738549
-1 -0.123091
2 0.246183
5 0.615457
length 8.124038 1
ATA 66
T
√A A 8.124038
Real Statistics function
LENGTH #NAME?
Inverse of a matrix
A A-1
1 1 0.666667 -0.333333
-1 2 0.333333 0.333333
Matrix Power
A A2 A3
1 1 0 3 -3 6
-1 2 -3 3 -6 3
A A2 A3

-1 2 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Diagonal of a matrix
Data Diagonal Real Statistics function
2 1 4 2 1 2 #NAME?
0 4 7 5 2 4 #NAME?
8 5 9 0 3 9 #NAME?
7 6 8 3 4 3 #NAME?
Determinant
6 7 8 det -12
6 4 8
1 1 2
Determinant
Det Rule Det Rule
2 4 6 5 1 1 2 3 2.5 2 3 1
4 8 7 0 4 8 7 0 0
2 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 0
3 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 0
1 2 3 2.5 -2 2 1 2 3 2.5 2 3 1
0 -1 -2 -2 0 1 2 2 0
0 0 -5 -10 0 0 -5 -10 0
0 -5 -8 -5.5 0 -5 -8 -5.5 0
1 2 3 2.5 -10 3 1 2 3 2.5 -10 4 1

0 1 2 2 0 1 2 2 0
0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0
0 0 2 4.5 0 0 0 0.5 0
Answer using MDETERM -5

Det Rule
2 3 2.5 2 4
0 -5 -10
-1 -2 -2
-5 -8 -5.5
2 3 2.5 2 4
1 2 2
0 -5 -10
0 2 4.5
2 3 2.5 -5 2
1 2 2
0 1 2
0 0 1
Solving equations using Cramer's Rule
A C A-1C
1 2 0 x 0 -0.666667
-1 1 1 y 1 0.333333
1 2 3 z 0 0
x= -0.6666667
y= 0.3333333
z= 0
1 2 0
-1 1 1
1 2 3
det A = 9
0 2 0
1 1 1
0 2 3
det A1 = -6
1 0 0
-1 1 1
1 0 3
det A2 = 3
1 2 0
-1 1 1
1 2 0
det A3 = 0
Gaussian Elimination
Non-homogeneous linear equations - unique solution
Rule Rule
1 2 0 4 3 1 2 0 4 2 1 2 0 4
-1 2 1 3 0 4 1 7 0 1 0.25 1.75
1 1 3 -1 0 -1 3 -5 0 -1 3 -5
Rule Rule
1 0 -0.5 0.5 2 1 0 -0.5 0.5 3 1 0 0 0
0 1 0.25 1.75 0 1 0.25 1.75 0 1 0 2
0 0 3.25 -3.25 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1
Homogeneous linear equations - trivial solution only
Rule Rule
1 2 4 0 3 1 2 4 0 1 1 2 4 0
-1 -2 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 -1 -2 0
1 1 2 0 0 -1 -2 0 0 0 5 0
Rule Rule
1 2 4 0 3 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0
0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Homogeneous linear equations - infinite number of solutions
Rule Rule
1 1 2 0 3 1 1 2 0 2 1 1 2 0
-1 3 -4 0 0 4 -2 0 0 1 -0.5 0
1 -3 4 0 0 -4 2 0 0 4 -2 0
Rule
1 0 2.5 0 3
0 1 -0.5 0
0 0 0 0
Invert a matrix
Rule Rule
1 2 0 1 0 0 3 1 2 0 1 0 0 2
-1 2 1 0 1 0 0 4 1 1 1 0
1 1 3 0 0 1 0 -1 3 -1 0 1
Rule Rule
1 0 -0.5 0.5 -0.5 0 2 1 0 -0.5 0.5 -0.5 0 3
0 1 0.25 0.25 0.25 0 0 1 0.25 0.25 0.25 0
0 0 3.25 -0.75 0.25 1 0 0 1 -0.23 0.08 0.31
Rule
3
Rule
2
Rule
3
Rule
1 2 0 1 0 0 3
0 1 0.25 0.25 0.25 0
0 -1 3 -1 0 1
1 0 0 0.38 -0.46 0.15

0 1 0 0.31 0.23 -0.08
0 0 1 -0.23 0.08 0.31
Gaussian Elimination
Example 4: Non-homogeneous linear equations - unique solution
1 2 0 4 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###

-1 2 1 3 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
1 1 3 -1 ### ### ### ### #NAME?
Example 7: Non-homogeneous linear equations - no solutions
A C ELIM LINEQU RANK

1 1 0 4 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
-1 2 1 3 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
2 2 0 6 ### ### ### ### #NAME?
Example A: Non-homogeneous linear equations -infinite number of solutions
1 1 0 4 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###

-1 2 1 3 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
2 -1 -1 1 ### ### ### ### #NAME?
Example 8: Non-homogeneous linear equations - unique solution
A C ELIM LINEQU
1 2 0 4 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
-1 2 1 3 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
0 1 -3 5 ### ### ### ### #NAME?
1 1 3 -1 ### ### ### ###
Example 9: Non-homogeneous linear equations - infinite number of solutions
A C ELIM LINEQU RANK

1 0 3 4 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
2 0 5 5 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
3 0 8 9 ### ### ### ### #NAME?
Example B: Non-homogeneous linear equations - no solution
1 2 0 4 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###

-1 2 1 3 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
0 1 -3 2 ### ### ### ### #NAME?
2 2 0 6 ### ### ### ###
Example 5: Homogeneous linear equations - trivial solution only

1 2 4 0 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
-1 -2 1 0 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
1 1 2 0 ### ### ### ### #NAME?
Example 6: Homogeneous linear equations - infinite number of solutions
1 1 2 0 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###

-1 3 -4 0 ### ### ### ### #NAME? ###
1 -3 4 0 ### ### ### ### #NAME?
Example 10: Matrix inversion - invertible
1 2 0 1 0 0 ### ### ### #NAME? ### ### 0.38462 -0.4615

-1 2 1 0 1 0 ### ### ### #NAME? ### ### 0.30769 0.23077
1 1 3 0 0 1 ### ### ### #NAME? ### ### -0.2308 0.07692
Example C: Matrix inversion - not invertible
1 1 2 1 0 0 ### ### ### #NAME? ### ### Err:502 Err:502

-1 3 -4 0 1 0 ### ### ### #NAME? ### ### Err:502 Err:502
1 -3 4 0 0 1 ### ### ### #NAME? ### ### Err:502 Err:502
Example D: Non-homogeneous - unique solution
2 0 4 ### ### ### #NAME? ###

2 1 3 ### ### ### #NAME? ###
1 -3 5 ### ### ###
1 3 -1 ### ### ###
Example E: Non-homogeneous - no solution
2 0 4 ### ### ### #NAME? ###

2 1 3 ### ### ### #NAME? ###
1 -3 5 ### ### ###
1 2 -1 ### ### ###
Example F: Non-homogeneous - infinite number of solutions
2 1 5 ### ### ### #NAME? ###

4 2 10 ### ### ### #NAME? ###
-1 -0.5 -2.5 ### ### ###
3 1.5 7.5 ### ### ###
0.15385
-0.0769
0.30769
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Newton's Method
One variable Two variables, two equations
f(x) = ex + x - 3 f(x,y) = y - ex fx(x,y) = - ex fy(x,y) = 1

f'(x) = ex + 1 g(x,y) = y + x - 3 gx(x,y) = 1 gy(x,y) = 1
iter x iter 0 1
0 2 x 1 0.806824
1 1.238406 y 1 2.193176
2 0.858974 f(x,y) -1.718282 -0.047605
3 0.793598 g(x,y) -1 0
4 0.792061
5 0.79206 J -2.718282 1 -2.240781 1
6 0.79206 1 1 1 1
J-1 -0.268941 0.2689414 -0.308568 0.308568

f(x) = x2 -25 0.268941 0.7310586 0.308568 0.691432
f'(x) = 2x
iter x x 0.79206
0 2 y 2.20794
1 7.25
2 5.349138
3 5.011394
4 5.000013
5 5
6 5
2 3 4
0.792135 0.79206 0.79206
2.207865 2.20794 2.20794
-0.000241 -6.21E-09 0
0 0 0
-2.208106 1 -2.20794 1 -2.20794 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
-0.31171 0.31171 -0.311727 0.311727 -0.311727 0.311727

0.31171 0.68829 0.311727 0.688273 0.311727 0.688273
Eigenvalues using Excel's Goal Seek tool
A I
11.60536 2.369643 -6.423214 -7.551786 1 0 0 0
2.369643 5.448214 -3.930357 -3.8875 0 1 0 0
-6.423214 -3.930357 5.233929 5.119643 0 0 1 0
-7.551786 -3.8875 5.119643 6.319643 0 0 0 1
guess eigenvalue det(A-cI) A - cI
10 5.058047 -0.000245 6.547311 2.369643 -6.423214 -7.551786

2.369643 0.390168 -3.930357 -3.8875
-6.423214 -3.930357 0.175882 5.119643
-7.551786 -3.8875 5.119643 1.261596
20 22.95897 -9.93E-05 -11.35361 2.369643 -6.423214 -7.551786

2.369643 -17.51075 -3.930357 -3.8875
-6.423214 -3.930357 -17.72504 5.119643
-7.551786 -3.8875 5.119643 -16.63932
0 0 -2.13E-13 11.60536 2.369643 -6.423214 -7.551786

2.369643 5.448214 -3.930357 -3.8875
-6.423214 -3.930357 5.233929 5.119643
-7.551786 -3.8875 5.119643 6.319643
1 0.590132 2.355E-05 11.01523 2.369643 -6.423214 -7.551786

2.369643 4.858082 -3.930357 -3.8875
-6.423214 -3.930357 4.643797 5.119643
-7.551786 -3.8875 5.119643 5.729511
Confirm with data analysis tool
22.95897 5.058046 0.590132 -3.3E-15
0.66161 -0.554004 -0.073156 -0.5
0.305309 0.808498 0.055833 -0.5
-0.455245 -0.186522 0.712714 -0.5
-0.511674 -0.067972 -0.695391 -0.5
red green blue code
1 white 255 255 255 16777215
2 black 0 0 0 0
3 red 255 0 0 255
4 green 0 128 0 32768
5 blue 0 0 255 16711680
6 yellow 255 255 65535
7 purple 128 128 8388736
8 orange 255 165 42495
9 grey 128 128 128 8421504
10 cyan 255 255 16776960
11 navy 128 8388608
12 olive 128 128 32896
13 pink 255 192 203 13353215
14 silver 192 192 192 12632256
15 brown 139 69 19 1262987
16 lime 255 65280
17 magenta 255 255 16711935
18 maroon 128 128
19 salmon 250 128 114 7504122
20 turquoise 64 224 208 13688896
21 teal 128 128 8421376
22 tan 210 180 140 9221330
23 gold 255 215 55295
24 beige 245 245 220 14480885
Color Functions
#NAME? #NAME? 34 #NAME?

#NAME? #NAME? 56 #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
red #NAME? #NAME?

green #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
Prime Numbers
1 ### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

2 ###
3 ### #NAME? #NAME?
4 ### #NAME? #NAME?
5 ###
6 ### 2457
7 ###
8 ### #NAME? #NAME?
9 ### #NAME?
10 ### #NAME?
11 ### #NAME?
12 ### #NAME?
13 ### #NAME?
14 ###
15 ### #NAME? #NAME?
16 ###
19 ###
20 ###
21 ###
22 ###
23 ###
24 ###
25 ###
26 ###
27 ###
28 ###
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89 ###
90 ###
91 ###
92 ###
93 ###
94 ###
95 ###
96 ###
97 ###
98 ###
99 ###
100 ###
Bitwise Arithmetic
0101101 01100
45 #NAME? 10101
101101 #NAME? 12 #NAME?
21 #NAME?
90 #NAME?
1011010 #NAME? 11101 #NAME?
22 #NAME? 11001 #NAME?
10110 #NAME? 100 #NAME?

1011010 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
10110 #NAME?
Interpolation
Spearman's Rho
n 20
α 0.02 #NAME? #NAME?
α 0.05 #NAME? #NAME?
α-linear 0.025 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
α-log 0.025 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
α-harmonic 0.025 #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?

Real Statistics Examples Basics

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Real Statistics Examples Basics

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Real Statistics Using Excel - Examples Workbook Basics

Charles Zaiontz, 14 May 2019

Copyright © 2013 - 2019 Charles Zaiontz

Concise Table of Contents

Mathematical Notation and Concepts

Copyright © 2013 - 2019 Charles Zaiontz

Array formulas and functions

Sorting and Filtering

Real Statistics Environment

Sorting and removing duplicates by rows

Extracting columns from a data range

Basic probability concepts

Discrete probability distributions

Continuous probability distributions

Measures of central tendency

Descriptive statistics tools

Outliers and Robustness

Dealing with missing data

Mathematical Notation and Concepts

Functions, polynomials, limits and graphs

Sorting and eliminating duplicates

Frequency table conversion

Special charting capabilities

Determinants and simultaneous linear equations

Goal seeking and Solver

Real Statistics Capabilities

Coding of categorical variables

Frequency table conversion

Copyright © 2013 - 2019 Charles Zaiontz

Array formulas and functions

Sorting and Filtering

Real Statistics Environment

Sorting and removing duplicates by rows

Extracting columns from a data range

Basic probability concepts

Discrete probability distributions

Continuous probability distributions

Measures of central tendency

Descriptive statistics tools

Classification Table (Example 1)

Outliers and Robustness

Dealing with missing data

Mathematical Notation and Concepts

Functions, polynomials, limits and graphs

Sorting and eliminating duplicates

Frequency table conversion

Special charting capabilities

Matrices and Iterative Procedures

Determinants and simultaneous linear equations

Goal seeking and Solver

Real Statistics Capabilities

Coding of categorical variables

Frequency table conversion

Brand A Brand B Brand C

Sales (millions of euros)

rid Vienna Berlin

Age Income Rent

Age Income Rent Income

100 110 120

Year Revenue Year Revenue #NAME? #NAME? Year Revenue

Unit Price Quantity Revenue

Person Gender Age Income Person Gender Age Income

Person Gender Age Income Person Gender Age Income