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Jurnal Inter 1 PDF
Jurnal Inter 1 PDF
Affiliations: I Abete, J Alfredo Martínez, and MA Zulet are with the Department of Nutrition, Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology,
University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. A Astrup is with the Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for
Advanced Food, Studies, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark. I Thorsdottir is with the Unit for Nutrition Research Faculty of
Food Science and Nutrition School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland and University Hospital IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Correspondence: J Alfredo Martínez, Department of Nutrition, Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea
1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. E-mail: jalfmtz@unav.es, Phone: +34 948425600 ext. 6424, Fax: +34 948425649.
Key words: dietary compliance, metabolic syndrome, protein content, weight loss diets, weight management
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00280.x
214 Nutrition Reviews® Vol. 68(4):214–231
nutritional treatments in order to improve both weight ment of obesity due to its relation with energy balance.33
loss and weight maintenance or associated metabolic The regulation of appetite as well as feelings of hunger
related disturbances. These treatments include the follow- and satiety is a determinant factor affecting adherence to
ing: varying macronutrient composition,13,16–18 incorpo- a weight-loss program. Thus, nutritional programs have
rating bioactive ingredients such as fiber19or flavonoids,20 modified the type of energy restriction to improve com-
manipulating the glycemic index (GI)21,22 on the omega-3 pliance over long-term periods. Several decades ago most
fatty acid profile,23 and manipulating the composition of dietary strategies were energy restricted, but a number of
minerals such as calcium24 and selenium.25 Studies with currently available weight-loss diets are designed to be ad
low-GI diets have shown a number of favorable effects libitum. Energy restriction has consistently been proven
such as rapid weight loss, better management of glucose to produce weight loss and to have beneficial health
and insulin levels, and reductions in triglyceride levels effects. However, most individuals are unable to sustain
Hypocaloric diet
(energy restricted or ad libitum)
↑satiety levels
Appetite regulation
Improve adherence ↑ satiety levels
↓ blood pressure
Enhance weight and fat mass loss ↓ blood pressure
Improve insulin regulation
↑ lean mass retention Improve insulin regulation
↓ TG
↓ blood pressure ↓ TC, LDL-c
↑ HDL-c
Improve insulin regulation ↓ oxidative stress markers
↓ inflammatory markers
↓ TG ↓ inflammatory markers
↑ Leptin sensitivity
Protect energy expenditure Energy expenditure protection
reduction
METABOLIC SYNDROME
Figure 1 Metabolic changes that could be achieved with an energy-restricted or ad libitum diet combining moderate
protein content with low glycemic index carbohydrates and high omega-3 fatty acids intake.
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Table 1 Continued
Reference Study data Diets Weight loss and Glucose and Inflammation and/or
blood pressure lipid metabolism oxidative stress markers
Buscemi et al. n = 20 healthy obese Atkin (30%P; 65%L; 5%CHO) -7.6 kg;↓SBP; ↓DBP Both diets: ↓insulin, ↓HOMA, Both diets =IL-6, =TNF-a,
(2009)137 women Mediterranean (20%P; 25%L; -4.9 kg ↓TC, ↓LDL-c, =HDL-c, =TG =adiponectin,
2 months 55%CHO) =8-iso-PGF2a,
Claessens et al. n = 48 healthy obese High-CHO (ad libitum) +1.1 kg Both diets: =insulin, =HOMA, Both diets ↓adiponectin,
(2009)37 6-week weight loss + >55%CHO; 30%L -1.1 kg; ↓SBP; ↓DBP ↑TC, ↑LDL-c and ↑HDL-c ↑leptin
12-week High-P (ad libitum) >25%P; Only high-P: ↓TG
maintenance 30%L
Clifton et al. n = 79 healthy HP (34%P; 20%L; 46%CHO) -4.6 kg ↓Glucose, ↓insulin, ↓LDL-c, Both diets: ↓CRP,
(2008)10 overweight / HC (64%CHO; 20%L; 17%P) -4.4 kg ↓TG, ↑HDL-c with no ↓homocysteine
obese women <10% of saturated fat in both differences between diets
64 weeks (12-week diets
weight loss +
52-week
follow-up)
Crujeiras et al. n = 32 healthy obese Control (15%P; 30%L; -5.3%; ↓SBP; ↓DBP ↑Insulin, ↑HOMA, ↓TC, =ox-LDL,=MDA,
(2007)145 men/women 55%CHO) -7.7%; ↓SBP; ↓DBP ↓LDL-c, ↑TG, ↓HDL-c =8-iso-PGF2a
8 weeks Legume (15%P; 30%L; ↓Insulin, ↓HOMA, ↓TC, ↓ox-LDL, ↓MDA,
55%CHO) ↓LDL-c, ↓TG, ↓HDL-c ↓8-iso-PGF2a, ↑AOP
(4 legume meals/week)
Dumesnil et al. n = 12 healthy obese Low-fat-high-CHO-high-P -2.3 kg; ↓Insulin, =TC, =LDL-c, ↓TG, Not reported
(2001)134 men two 6-day (30%P; 30%L; 40%CHO) ad Higher satiety level =HDL-c
experimental libitum No change in body weight =insulin, =TC, =LDL-c, ↑TG,
periods with a AHA (15%P; 30%L; 55%CHO) Low-satiety level ↓HDL-c
2-week washout ad libitum
period
Das et al. n = 34 healthy High-glycemic load (20%P; -8.0% Both diets: ↓insulin, ↓TC, Not reported
(2007)46 overweight adults 20%L; 60%CHO) -7.8% ↓LDL-c, ↓TG, and ↑HDL-c
12 months Low-glycemic load (30%P;
30%L; 40%CHO)
Foster et al. n = 63 obese men Low-CHO high-P high-L (ad -7.3%; =SBP;↓DBP ↑HDL-c; ↓TG Not reported
(2003)42 and women libitum) -4.5%; =SBP;↓DBP Both diets: ↓insulin; =TC;
1 year High-CHO (60%CHO; 25%L; =LDL-c
Poor adherence in 15%P)
both diets
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Table 1 Continued
Reference Study data Diets Weight loss and Glucose and Inflammation and/or
blood pressure lipid metabolism oxidative stress markers
Seshadri et al. n = 78 severe obese Low-CHO (<30 g CHO; ad -8.5 kg ↓insulin; ↓TG ↓CRP
(2004)166 subjects libitum) -3.5 kg Both diets: =TC; =LDL-c;
31 were diabetics, 36 Conventional (ⱕ30%L) energy =HDL-c
had metabolic restricted
syndrome
49 with hypertension
medication and 35
with lipid-lowering
medication
6 months
Skov et al. n = 65 healthy High-P (25%P; 30%L; -8.9 kg ↓TG; ↓FFA Not reported
(1999)31 overweight and 45%CHO) -5.1 kg
obese men and High-CHO (12%P; 30%L;
women 58%CHO)
6 months
Sloth et al. n = 131 healthy After losing 8% of the initial There was a significant weight Low-L and MUFA groups had Not reported
(2009)84 overweight and body weight, participants increase with no differences lower insulin concentrations
obese subjects were instructed to follow ad between groups HbA1c increased in the control
6 months weight libitum diets: group
maintenance MUFA, moderate fat (35–45%L; There were no group
period >20%MUFA) differences in GLP-1; GLP-2
Low-F (20–30%L)
Control (35%L; >15% SFA)
Stern et al. n = 132 severe obese Low-CHO (<30 g CHO; ad -5.1 kg ↓TG; =HDL-c; ↓HBA1C Not reported
(2004)43 subjects libitum) -3.1 kg ↓HDL-c; =HBA1C
83% had diabetes or Conventional (ⱕ30%L) energy Both: =SBP; =DBP Both: =glucose; =insulin, =TC;
metabolic restricted =LDL-c
syndrome
1 year
Abbreviations: 8-iso-PGF2a, 8-isoprostane F2a; AHA, American Heart Association; AOP, total plasma antioxidant power; BW, body weight; CHO, carbohydrates; CRP, C-reactive protein; FFA, free
fatty acids; FM, fat mass; HBA1C, hemoglobin A1C; L, lipids; MDA, malondialdehyde; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; ox-LDL, oxidized-LDL.