Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Health care delivery system has undergone notable changes during the last few decades,
including increased client participation, shorter hospital stays, and restructuring services to provide
care in settings such as outpatient clinics, short-stay units, long-term care and in home-care. For nurses,
these changes have contributed to the development of new clinical environment and expanded practice.
Nurses today frequently encounter difficult situations involving decisions about the best course of
action. Nurses are obligated to provide ethical and legal client care that demonstrates respect for
others. Both fundamental principles of health care ethics and laws governing the scope of nursing guide
nursing practice in all situations.
CODE OF ETHICS
Code - “A code may be defined as conventionalized set of rules or expectations devised for a
specific purpose.”
Ethics-Word ethics is derived from the word “Ethos”. It is a Greek word and meaning of this
word is customs, character or conduct. It may be related to a person or a profession or a professional
body. When we study beliefs and assumptions it is moral philosophy and principles of morality tell us
how human beings should behave with each other. Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines the
difference between right and wrong. Ethics are meant for holistic development of a professional.
“The term refers to the consideration of standards of conduct or the study of philosophical ideals
of right and wrong behavior”. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2007)
Code of Ethics-“A specific set of professional behaviors and values the professional interpreter
must know and must abide by, including confidentiality, accuracy, privacy, integrity.”
“What professionals ought or ought not to do, how they ought to comport themselves, what they,
or the profession as a whole, ought to aim at…….” (Litchenberg 1996)
An ethical code is adopted by an organization in an attempt to assist those in the organization
called upon to make a decision (usually most, if not all) understand the difference between 'right' and
'wrong' and to apply this understanding to their decision. The ethical code therefore generally implies
documents at three levels:
Code of ethics
A code of ethics often focuses on social issues. It may set out general principles about an
organization's beliefs on matters such as mission, quality, privacy or the environment. It may delineate
proper procedures to determine whether a violation of the code of ethics has occurred and, if so, what
remedies should be imposed. The effectiveness of such codes of ethics depends on the extent to which
management supports them with sanctions and rewards. Violations of a private organization's code of
ethics usually can subject the violator to the organization's remedies. The code of ethics links to and
gives rise to a code of conduct for employees.
Code of conduct (employee ethics)
A code of conduct is a document designed to influence the behavior of employees. They set out
the procedures to be used in specific ethical situations, such as conflicts of interest or the acceptance of
gifts, and delineate the procedures to determine whether a violation of the code of ethics occurred and,
if so, what remedies should be imposed. The effectiveness of such codes of ethics depends on the extent
to which management supports them with sanctions and rewards. Violations of a code of conduct may
subject the violator to the organization's remedies which can under particular circumstances result in
the termination of employment.
Code of practice (professional ethics)
Ethics gives the professionals various guidelines that how should they behave with each
other, with the public and with governments. These are guideline which the professional should
follow when they are dealing with their clients or patients. Ethics also tell the public that what they
can expect from a professional and tells the professionals that what the public expects from them.
Ethics are needed for every profession so that nobility and respect of that profession remains
undiminished.
Nursing is a great profession, giving a healing touch to patients along with taking care of
their diseases and maintaining their health. This profession is held in high esteem but this esteem
varies in different countries. This difference is not without reasons. In some countries the
associations of nurses have their own code of ethics. These associations lay stress on the following
of ethical codes. Strict following of the codes in some countries leads to credibility of that
profession and esteem of that profession rises automatically. This leads us to believe that there is
no alternative to following of the codes of ethics. Ethics are needed both for the nurses as well as
the nursing students. For nurses in India the Indian Nursing Council (INC) has laid down code of
ethics and professional conduct.
Nurse: Nurse is a person who has completed prescribed course in Nursing from an institution
recognized by Indian Nursing Council and registered herself/himself under the State Nursing council as
Nurse and midwife.
Nursing: Nursing is a professional service for enabling a person to maintain and sustain health and
wellbeing.
Performance criteria: Selected behaviors which illustrate how the standard is achieved.
Personal etiquettes: Being polite & soft spoken, honest, sincere, cheerful, dignified, affectionate,
compassionate and courteous.
Professional body or Regulatory body: Indian Nursing Council / State Nursing Council is statutory
body which regulates the Nursing Education and practice in India.
Professional Worker: A person who confirms to a level of practice that is expert and ethical after
completing an authorized educational programme.
Quality Nursing Practice: Quality of nursing practice is achieved when organization’s processes and
activities are designed and implemented to meet the needs and expectations of the receiver on a
competent, consistent and continuous basis.
Quality Assurance in Nursing: Quality Assurance is a program for formal guarantee for provision of
quality nursing care against set standards.
Receiver: Receiver(s) refer to those individual persons/ families/ groups/ communities who are in
need of assistance from Nurse to maintain and sustain their health and well-being.
Vulnerable: vulnerable persons are those who are disadvantaged due to physical, emotional and social
and economic reasons e.g.,
The code of professional conduct for nurses is critical for building professionalism and accountability.
Ethical considerations are vital in any area dealing with human beings because they represent values,
rights and relationships. The nurse must have professional competence, responsibility and
accountability with moral obligations. Nurse is obliged to provide services even if it is in conflict with
her/his personal beliefs and values.
Purpose
The purpose of professional conduct is to inform both the nurse and the society of the minimum
standard for professional conduct. It provides regulatory bodies a basis for decisions regarding
standards of professional conduct.
The code of ethics helps to protect the rights of individuals, families and community and also the rights
of the Nurse.
Nurse
1.1 Provides care for individuals without consideration of caste, creed, religion, culture,
ethnicity, gender, socio-economic and political status, personal attributes, or any other grounds
1.2 Individualizes the care considering the care considering the beliefs, values and cultural
sensitivities.
1.3 Appreciates the place of the individual in family and community and facilitates participation
of significant others in the care.
Nurse
2.1 Appreciates individual’s right to make decisions about their care and therefore gives
adequate and accurate information for enabling them to make informed choices.
2.2 Respects the decisions made by individual (s) regarding their care.
3. The nurse respects individual’s right to privacy, maintains confidentiality, and shares
information judiciously.
Nurse
3.2 Maintains confidentiality of privileged information except in life threatening situations and
uses discretion in sharing information.
3.3 Takes informed consent and maintains anonymity when information is required for quality
assurance/academic/legal reasons.
3.4 Limits the access to all personal records written and computerized to authorized persons
only.
4.2 Nurse strives to maintain quality nursing care and upholds the standards of care.
4.3 Nurse values continuing education, initiates and utilizes all opportunities for self
development.
4.4 Nurse values research as a means of development of nursing profession and participates in
nursing research adhering to ethical principles.
5. The nurse is obliged to practice within the framework of ethical, professional and legal
boundaries
Nurse
5.1 Adheres to code of ethics and code of professional conduct for nurses in India developed by
Indian Nursing council.
6. Nurse is obliged to work harmoniously with the members of the health team.
Nurse
6.2 Cooperates, coordinates and collaborates with the members of the health team to meet the
needs of the people.
Nurse
Nurse
1.2 Maintains standards of personal conduct reflecting credit upon the profession.
1.3 Carries out responsibilities within the framework of the professional boundaries.
1.4 Is accountable for maintaining practice standards set by Indian Nursing Council
1.6 Is compassionate
1.8 Provides adequate information to individuals that allows them informed choices
2. Nursing Practice
Nurse
2.2 Treats all individuals and families with human dignity in providing physical, psychological,
emotional, social and spiritual aspects of care
2.3 Respects individual and families in the context of traditional and cultural practices and
discouraging harmful practices
2.7 Consults, coordinates, collaborates and follows up appropriately when individuals’ care
needs exceed the nurse’s competence.
Nurse
3.1 Establishes and maintains effective interpersonal relationship with individuals, families and
communities
3.2 Upholds the dignity of team members and maintains effective interpersonal relationship
with them
3.4 Cooperates with other health professionals to meet the needs of the individuals, families and
communities
Nurse
4.1 Takes appropriate action to protect individuals from harmful unethical practice
4.2 Consider relevant facts while taking conscience decisions in the best interest of individuals
4.3 Encourage and support individuals in their right to speak for themselves on issues affecting
their health and welfare
5. Management
Nurse
5.2 Participates in supervision and education of students and other formal care providers
5.3 Uses judgment in relation to individual competence while accepting and delegating
responsibility
5.8 Participates in policy decisions, following the principle of equity and accessibility of services
5.9 Works with individuals to identify their needs and sensitizes policy makers and funding
agencies for resource allocation
6. Professional Advancement
Nurse
6.1 Ensures the protection of the human rights while pursuing the advancement of knowledge
Autonomy
The term autonomy comes from the Greek word autos (meaning ‘self’) and nomos (meaning
‘rule’, ‘governance’ or ‘law’). I.e. autonomy means ‘self-governing’ or “right to make one’s own
decisions”. In contemporary discourse it has broad meanings, including individual rights, privacy, and
choice. Autonomy entails the ability to make a choice free from external constraints.
Autonomy basically mean that people should be free to choose and entitled to act on their
preferences provided their decisions and actions do not stand to violate or impinge on, the significant
moral interest of others. Nurses who follow this principle recognize that each client is unique, has the
right to be what that person is, and has the right to choose personal goals. Honoring the principle of
autonomy means that the nurse respects a client’s right to make decisions even when those choices
seems not to be in the client’s best interest. Adults with capacity (physical and mental) to make
healthcare decisions have the right to consent to or refuse treatment. Even if healthcare providers do
not agree with a client’s decision, they must respect the client’s wishes (Beauchamp & Childress, 2001).
Infants, young children, people who are severely mentally handicapped or incapacitated, and people in
a persistent vegetative stage or coma do not have the capacity to participate indecision making about
their healthcare. For such people, a surrogate decision maker must be identified to act on their behalf. 2
To health care that is accessible and that meets professional standards, regardless of the setting.
To courteous and individualized health care that is equitable, humane, and given without
discrimination as to race, color, creed, sex, national origin, source of payment, or ethical or
political beliefs.
Accountability
“Accountability is the obligation of being answerable for one's own judgments and actions to an
appropriate person or authority recognized as having the right to demand information and
explanation”. (A dictionary of nursing, 2008)
Integral to the practice of any profession is the inherent need to be responsible for actions taken
and for omissions.
The professional nurse must be proactive and take all appropriate measures to ensure that her
own practice is not lacking, remiss, or deficient in any area or way.
Useful proactive measures include:
o Maintaining familiarity of relevant, current hospital policies, procedures, and regulations
as they apply to the nurse's practice and specialty area.
o Providing for self-audit.
o Providing for peer review to assess reasonableness of care in a particular setting for a
particular problem.
o Working with local nursing organizations to make certain that local standards of practice
are met.
o Examining the quality (accuracy and completeness) of documentation.
o Establishing open working relationships with colleagues wherein honest constructive
criticism is welcomed for the greater goal of quality patient care.
Local standards of practice normally coordinate with those of nationally accepted standards.
Assertiveness
“Assertiveness is the quality or state of bold or confident self-expression, neither aggressive nor
submissive” (Dorland’s medical dictionary, 2007)
“Assertiveness is the ability to express yourself and your rights without violating the rights of
others”
*Be as specific and clear as possible about what you want, think, and feel. The following statements
project this preciseness:
* Look to friendships as opportunities to learn more about yourself and others and to share ideas.
* Spontaneously and naturally enter into conversations using a moderate tone and reasonable volume
of voice.
* Try to avoid harm and inconvenience by talking out your problems before they occur or finding
rational means for coping with unavoidable harm or inconvenience.
* Consider yourself strong and capable, but generally equal to most other people.
On being Non-assertive
* Always keep your voice low or avoid eye contact to keep from calling attention to yourself
* You end up being a "yes" person - having to do all the work while others sit by and watch.
* You run into communication barriers because nobody is willing to say what he or she really wants.
Visibility
Nurses remain as the “invisible partner in health care". According to a study in about twenty thousand
articles published in magazines and newspapers selected in the United States, identifying that nurses
were mentioned in only 4% of the articles related to heath, while physicians were present in 43 %.
Recommendations to give more visibility to the nursing role include the need for professionals to
position themselves strategically towards the communication means and also to educate the
journalists.
Nursing practice is governed by many legal concepts. It is important for nurses to know the
basics of legal concepts, because nurses are accountable for their professional judgments and actions.
“Laws are rules or standards of human conduct established by government through legislative bodies
and interpreted by court to protect the rights of the citizens.”
It provides a framework for establishing which nursing actions in the care of clients are legal.
Sources of Laws
Civil law generally governs actions by one individual or corporation against another. E.g. A client
or family member sues the nurse or nurse’s employer for malpractice because of a claim of client
injury caused by nursing care.
Criminal law involves actions by the state against an individual by the state against an individual
for violations of criminal statutes. E.g. drug diversion, client assault, mercy killing etc.
Credentialing
Licensure: Licensures are legal permits a governmental agency grants to individuals to engage in the
practice of a profession and to use a particular title.
Registration: it is the listing of an individual’s name and other information on the official roster of a
governmental or non-governmental agency. Nurses who are registered are permitted to use the title
“Registered Nurse”.
Certification: certification is the voluntary practice of validating that an individual nurse has met the
minimum standards of nursing practice in specialty areas such as MCH nursing, gerontology etc.
Role-Provider of service
Responsibilities:
To provide safe and competent care commensurate with the nurse’s preparation,
experience, and circumstances.
To remain competent.
Rights:
Right to reasonable and prudent conduct from clients, e.g., provision of accurate
information as required.
Responsibilities:
Rights:
Role-citizen
Responsibilities:
Rights:
Standards of care
Informed consent
Crime: A crime is an act committed in violation of the public(criminal) law and punishable by a fine or
imprisonment.
Tort: A tort is a civil wrong committed against a person or a person’s property. Torts are usually
litigated in the court by civil action between individuals. Torts may be classified as intentional or
unintentional.
Unintentional torts
Negligence: is the misconduct or practice that is below the standard expected of an ordinary,
reasonable, and prudent practitioner.
Malpractice: is a professional negligence, that is , negligence that occurred while the person was
performing as a professional.
Intentional torts
Assault: is the threat of touching another person without his or her consent.
Battery: battery is the actual carrying out of such a threat. E.g. a nurse may be sued for battery if
he or she fails to obtain consent for a procedure.
Fraud: fraud is the willful, purposeful misinterpretation of self or an act that may cause harm to
a person or property.
Good Samaritan acts are laws designed to protect healthcare providers who provide assistance
at the scene of an emergency against the claims of malpractice unless it can be shown that here was a
gross departure from the normal standards of care or willful wrongdoing on their part.
Do not leave the scene until the injured person leaves or another qualified person takes over. 6
Function within the scope of your education, job description and area of nursing practice.
Observe and monitor the client accurately. Communicate and record significant changes.
Promptly and accurately document all the assessment and care given.
Be alert when implementing nursing interventions and give each task your full attention and
skill.
Always check any order that a client questions and ensure that verbal orders are accurate and
documented appropriately.
Conclusion
Addressing ethical problems in clinical practice is a moral obligation that fosters empowerment for all
nurses. It increases the nurse’s satisfaction about what they can achieve for the clients to whom they
provide care. Nurses achieve personal and professional success by identifying ethical problems and
legal responsibilities in clinical practice and using their knowledge skills to bring about resolution.