ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila

EXPERIMENT ___

_________
Group 5

Unit Operations Lab 1 / 51021

14:00-17:00 Tuesdays / ChE Lab
Date Performed: August ___, 2017

Submitted by:

Alfaras, Alexander Allen S. (201412178)

Murillo, Ma. Cristine Bernadette A. (201320118)

Odasco, Joyce Reniel P. (201320109)

Villarete, Meredith Mae Q. (201313289)

Zafra, Alister Mae A. (201513706)

Submitted to:

Engr. Anabella Vilando

Date Submitted: August __, 2017

ABSTRACT

I. INTRODUCTION

The third way to transfer heat, in addition to convection and conduction, is by radiation,
in which energy is transferred in the form of electromagnetic waves. An electromagnetic wave is
basically an oscillating electric and magnetic field traveling through space at the speed of light.
There are different kind of electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, microwaves, the visible
light, X-rays, and ultraviolet rays. The only difference between the different kinds is the
frequency and wavelength of the wave.

The radiation in regard to heat transfer, is not the same thing as the dangerous radiation
associated with nuclear bombs, etc. That radiation comes in the form of very high energy
electromagnetic waves, as well as nuclear particles. The radiation associated with heat transfer is
entirely electromagnetic waves, with a relatively low (and therefore relatively safe) energy.

Everything around us takes in energy from radiation, and gives it off in the form of
radiation. When everything is at the same temperature, the amount of energy received is equal to
the amount given off. Because there is no net change in energy, no temperature changes occur.
When things are at different temperatures, however, the hotter objects give off more energy in
the form of radiation than they take in; the reverse is true for the colder objects (Boston
University Physics).

One of the first to recognize that heat radiation is related to light was the English
astronomer William Herschel, who noticed in 1800 that if a thermometer was moved from one
end of a prism produced spectrum to the other, the highest temperatures would register below the
red band, where no light was visible. Because of this position, this form of radiation is called
infrared (infra being the Latin word for below or within). Sometimes this kind of radiation is
called "heat waves" but this is a misnomer. Recall that heat is the transfer of internal energy from
one region to another. As all forms of electromagnetic radiation transfer internal energy, they
could all be called "heat waves" (Elert, 2017).

In this experiment, Inverse Square Law for Heat and Stefan-Boltzmann Law will be
investigated in an experimental setup. The relationships of these equations will be investigated in
parameters such as source temperature and distance.

Inverse Square Law for Heat

Inverse square law is a relationship that states that electromagnetic radiation is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance from a point source. A point source of gamma rays
emits in all directions about the source. It follows that the intensity of the gamma rays decreases
with distance from the source because the rays are spread over greater area as the distance
increases. As light radiates from a point source, the intensity of light (I) is inversely proportional
to the square of the distance(x) from the source.

Figure 1: Illustration of Intensity and Distance

The relationship between radius and sphere surface area is an inverse square relationship.
That means that intensity will depend on 1/r2. If you double the distance from the source the
intensity will not halve but drop to a quarter of its value, tripling the distance will make the
intensity drop to a ninth and so on.
Any point source which spreads its influence equally in all directions without a limit to
its range will obey the inverse square law (Campbell et al., 2017).
Some examples of the inverse square law are:

 universal law of gravity

 electric fields and forces
 intensity of light
 radiation from a source
 intensity of sound (although we hear sound on a logarithmic scale in decibels)

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

The Stefan-Boltzmann law relates the heat flow rate emitted or absorbed from an object
to its temperature (and surface area and darkness). It was empirically derived by the Austrian
physicist Joseph Stefan in 1879 and theoretically derived by the Austrian
physicist Ludwig Boltzmann in 1884. It is now derived mathematically from Planck's law.

Φ = εσA(T4 − T04)

Φ = (phi) net heat flow rate [W] emitted (+) or absorbed (−)
ε = (epsilon) emissivity, a dimensionless (unitless) measure of a material's effective
ability to emit or absorb thermal radiation from its surface; ranges from 0 (none) to 1
(maximal)
σ = (sigma) Stefan's constant, 5.670 × 10−8 W/m2K4
A = surface area [m2] of the object emitting or absorbing thermal radiation
T = absolute temperature [K] of the object emitting or absorbing thermal radiation
T0 = absolute temperature [K] of the environment

where:

Connect Stefan-Boltzmann law to Planck's law

2π5k4 π2k4
σ =  3 2  = 
15h c 60ℏ3c2
2π5(1.38× 10−23 J/K)4
σ = 
15(6.63 × 10−34 Js)3(3.00 × 108 m/s)2
 
σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2K4
 

Dark colors absorb more radiant energy than do light colors. Hot objects are "brighter"
than cold objects. Dark objects are lose and gain heat faster than light objects. (Elert, 2017). 

A black body is defined as a body that absorbs all radiation that falls on its surface. A
black body is a hypothetic body that completely absorbs all wavelengths of thermal radiation
incident on it. Such bodies do not reflect light, and therefore appear black if their temperatures
are low enough so as not to be self-luminous. All blackbodies heated to a given temperature emit
thermal radiation.

II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Inverse Square Law

A number of physical properties (like the force between two charges) get smaller as they

get farther apart in a way that can be represented by an inverse square law. This means that the
intensity of the property decreases in a particular way as the distance between interacting objects
increases. Specifically, an inverse square law says that intensity equals the inverse of the square
of the distance from the source. For example, the radiation exposure from a point source (with no
shielding) gets smaller the farther away it is. If the source is 2x as far away, it's 1/4 as much
exposure. If it's 10x farther away, the radiation exposure is 100x less.
Inverse square laws always look something like this:

1
X∝ d 2

 X is the quantity or intensity (sound, light, electric field)

 d is the distance from the center (rather than the surface)

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

The total power radiated per unit area by a black-body at all frequencies is given by 

or 

where  . The above integral can easily be looked up in standard mathematical

tables. In fact, 

Thus, the total power radiated per unit area by a black-body is 

This   dependence of the radiated power is called the Stefan-Boltzmann law, after Josef
Stefan, who first obtained it experimentally, and Ludwig Boltzmann, who first derived it
theoretically. The parameter 
is called the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

VII. LITERATURE CITED

Boston University Physics. (2017). Heat Transfer. Retrieved from

http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Heattransfer.html.

Campbell, A., Heffernan, B., Jenden, J., Street, K., & Doney, J. (2017). Inverse Square
Law. Retrieved from http://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Inverse_square_law.

CyberPhysics. (2017). The Inverse Square Law. Retrieved from

http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/general_pages/inverse_square/inverse_square.htm.

Elert, G. (2017). Radiation. Retrieved from https://physics.info/radiation/.

University of Texas. (2017). The Stefan-Boltzmann Law. Retrieved from

http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/sm1/lectures/node85.html.