RV College of Engineering®

(Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

5th Semester
Self-study Report Phase-I
2019-20

TRANSDUCERS AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

Self-study Title: MATLAB simulation of Transducers

Sl. Group Member USN Section Signature

No.
1. Divyananthan C 1RV17EC043 A

2. K Subrahmanya 1RV17EC055 B

Faculty coordinator name with signature

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.
• PROBLEM STATEMENT 3
• INTRODUCTION 3
• LITERATURE SURVEY 5
• OBJECTIVES 6
• METHODOLOGY 7
• MATLAB
▪ Reluctance of Variable air gap transducer 8
▪ Magnetic Field Intensity of Variable Gap inductive transducer 9
▪ Pressure Measurement using Thin Plate Diaphragm 9
▪ Capacitive Proximity Transducer 10
▪ Displacement Pressure Transducer 10
▪ Capacitive Thickness Transducer 11
• SIMULINK
▪ Main Block 11
▪ Interfacing with Arduino 12
▪ LCD Connections 13

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT

● To study the variation of capacitance of a Capacitive Thickness Transducer with

change in thickness by simulating the graph in MATLAB.
● To study the variation of capacitance of a Capacitive Proximity Transducer with
change in proximity by plotting the variation of output EMF with time in MATLAB.
● To study the variation of output pressure with respect to supply pressure in a Flapper
nozzle displacement transducer and plot the three cases in MATLAB:
1. C1 = C2
2. C1 < C2
3. C1 > C2
● To study the variation of pressure with deflection to measure the pressure in a thin
plate diaphragm and plot the same in MATLAB.
● To study the variation of magnetic field intensity(H) with displacement in an
Inductive core coil and plot the same in MATLAB.
● To study the working of a variable air-gap inductive displacement transducer, by first
analysing the variation of reluctance of the inductive core with displacement by
plotting it and then plotting this change in reluctance with respect to inductance in
MATLAB. Hence, we can deduce the variation in Inductance with displacement.
● To model a Room Temperature Sensor Data Acquisition Block using Temperature
sensor, Arduino Board and LCD display in SIMULINK.

INTRODUCTION

A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. The
parameters that are generally measured include energy, force, torque, light, motion, position,
pressure, temperature, strain, speed, etc. These transducers generally are built of capacitors or
inductors based on the simple principle that the capacitance or inductance varies with change
in any of the parameters mentioned above. This variation of capacitance and inductance with
the respective parameters can be studied effectively by plotting the variations and
representing them graphically. We have used MATLAB to model the same. Since, MATLAB
is user friendly and has a number of useful tools for visualising data.
MATLAB® combines a desktop environment tuned for iterative analysis and design
processes with a programming language that expresses matrix and array mathematics
directly. It includes the Live Editor for creating scripts that combine code, output, and
formatted text in an executable notebook. MATLAB toolboxes are professionally developed,
rigorously tested, and fully documented.
MATLAB works with Simulink to support Model Based Design, which is used for multi
domain simulation, automatic code generation, and test and verification of embedded
systems. We have incorporated Simulink for demonstrating the different blocks or stages in a
Temperature Sensor. MATLAB apps let us see how different algorithms work with our data.

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It iterates until we get the results that we want, and then automatically generate a MATLAB
program to reproduce or automate our work.
We have modelled a Data Acquisition block in SIMULINK. We have built a Room
Temperature Sensor using a Temperature Sensor (LM35), Arduino UNO board, LCD display,
LDR and a number of other basic components and we have modelled this in SIMULINK to
verify its functionality. Engineering teams use Model-Based Design with MATLAB® and
Simulink® to verify and validate embedded systems. Teams author requirements directly in
their models and can then use those models to generate production code for certification.
Using SIMULINK helped us to:
❖ Prove that your design meets requirements, and automatically generate tests.
❖ Check compliance of models and code using static analysis and formal methods.
❖ Find bugs, security vulnerabilities, and prove the absence of critical run-time errors.
❖ Produce reports and artifacts, and certify to standards (such as DO-178 and ISO
26262).

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LITERATURE SURVEY

Ref Paper Title Journal /

No. Conference / Major Observations
Publication

1. International This paper explains the architecture and

A Nozzle Flapper Conference on working of the Flapper-nozzle
Electro-Pneumatic Fluid Power and displacement transducer. The
Proportional Mechatronics, Mathematical model corresponding to
Pressure Valve 2011 the transducer was described with
relevant equations and the expected
transducer behaviour plot.It explains the
need to convert small displacements and
variations between two surfaces into
corresponding air pressure variations
(Discharge coefficients) that arises in
many situations in industries..

2. Simulation and International In this paper, a parametric analytical

Analytical study of Conference on and simulation solution for MEMS
MEMS based Microelectronics, based pressure sensor is proposed. The
piezoresistive Computing and principle of the paper is to design, obtain
pressure sensor. Communications the results with the simulation using
(MicroCom), 2016 MATLAB programming for a
square/rectangular diaphragm
deflection. In order to achieve better
sensor performance, a parametric
analysis is performed to evaluate the
system output sensitivity of the pressure
sensor. The design parameters of the
pressure sensors include the variation of
the dimension of the diaphragm and the
position of piezo resistor. The findings
depict that proper selection of the
diaphragm geometry and the
piezoelectric position can enhance the
sensor sensitivity.

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 3. Modeling and 6th International In this paper, a new capacitive pressure
Investigation of Conference on sensor (CPS) is investigated and
smart capacitive Systems and modelled by means of neural approach.
pressure sensor Control (ICSC), The sensing principle in our pressure
using artificial 2017 sensor is based on the determination of
neural networks. the change in the capacity induced by the
applied pressure. A ring oscillator is used
to convert the capacity variation of the
pressure sensor to an output frequency.
The obtained results make the proposed
smart sensor as a potential alternative
for high performance pressure sensing
applications.

4. Simulation on IEEE This paper introduces a fuzzy linear

Temperature International control design method for the
Fuzzy Control in Conference on temperature control in injection mould
Injection Mould Networking, machine. The temperature control
Machine by Sensing and system is a time delay system, which is
Simulink Control described as a first order system on
transfer function. The temperature
control fuzzy model has two inputs and
one output, and using trapezoidal
membership function for fuzzification.
In the research, it uses Simulink in
MATLAB to simulate fuzzy control, and
get the best fuzzy parameter. The
simulation method can be used to choose
fuzzy parameters in embedded system of
the temperature controller.

OBJECTIVES

● To implement various Equations of different transducers in MATLAB.

● To observe the Result obtained through MATLAB and relating it to the working
principle of Transducers.
● To understand the variation in the output, with varying inputs to the transducers.
● To understand the simulation of Data Acquisition System in Simulink and to study the
variation of various parameters from the model.

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METHODOLOGY

The implementation of the problem statement involves three steps:

● Understanding:
○ The implementation of any transducer equation requires Thorough
understanding of the concepts.
○ The clarity in the concepts will enable us to put the equations as a MATLAB
code.
○ The output Obtained through the MATLAB have a knowledgeable impact
only when the concepts are understood.
● Implementation:
○ Once the theoretical Concepts are clear, then the MATLAB code
corresponding to each of the Equation is written.
○ The Thickness of any object is varied as a parameter by assigning relevant
values resembling the real time scenarios.
○ Similarly, the proximity of the objects is given in terms of array of values and
the output is plotted.
○ For inductive transducers, the equation for the reluctance and magnetic field
intensity is implemented and plotted to verify the behaviour of the transducer
for an array of inputs.
○ PLOT function is used to plot the values obtained by the equation.
○ The inputs needed to the equation, in real time, are mimicked through array of
Values in MATLAB. Parametric analysis of the equations are performed.
○ SWITCH-CASE is used (In case of Flapper nozzle displacement transducer )
to observe values for different conditions within the equation.
○ Values for the parameters in the equation are either calculated separately or
used from MATLAB library or calculated manually and entered for the
execution of the Equation.
○ The MATLAB code is then realized into the SIMULINK model for the
simulation of the transducer replicating the real time data acquisition system.
● Observation:
○ It is important to observe the details in the plotted graph to conclude the
verification of the behaviour of transducer.
○ Various conditions are observed in the graph with the change in the input.
○ Capacitive Thickness Transducer: The variation in the capacitance with the
thickness of the object is to be observed.
○ Capacitive Proximity Transducer: The Capacitance is affected based on the
proximity of the object that is mounted as a movable plate to the capacitor as
the separation between the plates is varied.
○ Similarly, Displacement of the object (Plate) is observed as the change in
capacitance.

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 ○ The behaviour of the transducer in respect of the data acquisition system is
also observed through the scope and various output interfaces in SIMULINK
model.
○ Values obtained through the plot are recorded to verify the functionality of the
transducer.

MATLAB

RELUCTANCE OF VARIABLE GAP INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER:

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MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY OF VARIABLE GAP INDUCTIVE
TRANSDUCER:

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT USING THIN PLATE DIAPHRAGM:

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CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY TRANSDUCER:

DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE TRANSDUCER:

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CAPACITIVE THICKNESS TRANSDUCER:

SIMULINK

Main Block:

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Interfacing with Arduino:

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LCD connections:

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