4.1 Anchor Principles and Design (130-148) PDF

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03_4.1_Anchor.QXD:H440.04_04a Anchor.QXD 12/30/07 12:55 AM Page 130
Anchoring Systems
4.1 Anchor Principles & Design
4.1.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Terminology

The following terminology is generally compliant with that hef = effective anchor embedment
used in ICC-ES acceptance criteria for allowable stress
hmin = minimum member thickness
design of anchors.
hnom = standard embedment depth
Anom = nominal bolt cross sectional area
ho = depth of full diameter hole in base material
Asl = cross sectional area of anchor sleeve
ᐍ = anchor embedded length
Ast = tensile stress area of threaded part
ᐍ th = anchor useable thread length
c = distance from anchor centerline to free edge of
base material MuM,5% = characteristic flexural resistance of anchor
bolt (5% fractile)
ccr = critical edge distance
Nallow = allowable load (based on mean value from
cmin = minimum edge distance
tests and a global safety factor)
d = anchor bolt diameter (shank diameter)
Nd = design tension load (unfactored)
dbit = nominal drill bit diameter
Nrec = recommended tension load
dh = diameter of clearance hole in attachment
s = anchor axial spacing
(e.g. baseplate)
scr = critical spacing between adjacent
dnom = nominal anchor diameter
loaded anchors
do = anchor O.D.
smin = minimum spacing between adjacent
dw = washer diameter loaded anchors
fa = adjustment factor for anchor spacing s = elastic section modulus of anchor bolt
fc = concrete compressive strength as measured by sW = width of anchor nut across flats

testing of cylinders
t fix = maximum thickness of attachment
f 'c = specified concrete compressive strength (e.g. baseplate) to be fastened
fRN = adjustment factor for edge distance, Tinst = recommended anchor installation torque
tension loading
Tmax = maximum tightening torque
fRV1 = adjustment factor for edge distance, shear
Vallow = allowable shear load (based on mean value
loading perpendicular and towards free edge
from tests and a global safety factor)
Vd = design shear load (unfactored)
loading parallel to edge
Vrec = recommended shear load
loading perpendicular and away from free edge
fy = specified reinforcing bar yield strength
Fy = specified bolt minimum yield strength
Fu = specified bolt minimum ultimate strength
h = thickness of member in which anchor is

embedded as measured parallel to anchor axis
130 Hilti, Inc. (US) 1-800-879-8000 | www.us.hilti.com I en español 1-800-879-5000 I Hilti (Canada) Corp. 1-800-363-4458 I www.hilti.ca I Product Technical Guide 2008
Anchoring Systems
Anchor Principles & Design 4.1
4.1.2 Strength Design (SD) Terminology

The following terminology is generally compliant with that do = anchor O.D.
used in ACI 318-05 Appendix D for the strength design
e'N = distance between geometric centroid of a group
of anchors.
of anchors loaded in tension, and the resultant
A Nc = the projected area of the failure surface for the tension load applied to the group
anchor or group of anchors for calculation of
e'V = distance between geometric centroid of a group
strength in tension
of anchors loaded in shear, and the resultant
A Nco = the projected area of the failure surface of a single shear load applied to the group
anchor without the influence of proximate edges
fc = concrete compressive strength as measured by
for calculation of strength in tension
testing of cylinders
A sl = cross sectional area of anchor sleeve
f 'c = specified concrete compressive strength
A se = tensile stress area of threaded part
fya = specified bolt minimum yield strength
A Vc = the projected area of the failure surface for the
futa = specified bolt minimum ultimate strength
anchor or group of anchors for calculation of
strength in shear ha = thickness of member in which anchor is
embedded as measured parallel to anchor axis
A Vco = the projected area of the failure surface of a single
anchor without the influence of proximate edges hef = effective anchor embedment
for the calculation of strength in shear
hmin = minimum member thickness
c = distance from anchor centerline to free edge of
h0 = depth of full diameter hole in base material
base material
kcr = coefficient for basic concrete strength in
cac = critical edge distance required to develop the
tension, cracked concrete
basic concrete breakout strength of a post-
installed anchor in uncracked concrete with kuncr = coefficient for basic concrete strength in
out supplementary reinforcement to control tension, uncracked concrete
splitting kcp = coefficient for pryout strength
ca,max = distance to furthest edge ᐍe = load-bearing length of anchor for shear, not to
(ca,max < 1.5cac ) from anchor centerline exceed 8do, in.
ca,min = distance to closest edge = hef for anchors with a constant stiffness over the
(ca,min < 1.5cac ) from anchor centerline full length of the embedded section, such as
ca1 = distance from edge to anchor centerline; for a headed studs or post-installed anchors with
group of anchors, the distance from the edge to one tubular shell over the full length of the
the axis of the furthest anchor row embedment depth
c'a1 = limiting value of when anchors are located less = 2 d 0 for torque-controlled expansion anchors
than 1.5 h ef from three or more edges with a distance sleeve separated from the
expansion sleeve
ca2 = distance from centerline of anchor to edge of
concrete in the direction perpendicular to c a1 ᐍ th = anchor useable thread length
ccr = critical edge distance MuM,5% = characteristic flexural resistance of anchor

bolt (5% fractile)
cmin = minimum edge distance
n = number of anchors in a group
d = anchor bolt diameter (shank diameter)
Nb = basic concrete breakout strength in tension
dbit = nominal drill bit diameter
of a single anchor in cracked concrete
dh = diameter of clearance hole in attachment
Ncb = nominal concrete breakout strength of a single
(e.g. baseplate)
anchor in tension
dnom = nominal anchor diameter
Hilti, Inc. (US) 1-800-879-8000 | www.us.hilti.com I en español 1-800-879-5000 I Hilti (Canada) Corp. 1-800-363-4458 I www.hilti.ca I Product Technical Guide 2008 131
Anchoring Systems
4.1.2 Strength Design (SD) Terminology

Ncbg = nominal concrete breakout strength of a group Ψc,p = factor modifying the pullout strength of anchors
of anchors in tension in tension based on whether the concrete is
considered to be cracked or uncracked for
Nn = nominal strength in tension
design purposes
Ψc,V
Np = pullout strength of a single anchor in
= factor modifying the shear strength of anchors
cracked concrete
based on whether the concrete is considered
Npn = nominal pullout strength of a single anchor to be cracked or uncracked and whether
supplementary reinforcement is present
Nsa = nominal strength in tension of a single anchor or
group of anchors as governed by steel strength Ψcp,N = factor modifying the tension strength of anchors
in uncracked concrete where supplementary
Nsb = side face blowout strength of a single anchor
reinforcement is not present
Ψec,N
Nsbg = side face blowout strength of a group of anchors
= factor modifying the tension strength of anchors
Nua = factored tensile force applied to an anchor subjected to eccentric tension loading
Ψec,V
or group of anchors
= factor modifying the shear strength of anchors
s = anchor axial spacing subjected to eccentric shear loading
scr = critical spacing between adjacent Ψed,N = factor modifying the tension strength of anchors
loaded anchors based on proximity to near edges
smin = minimum spacing between adjacent Ψed,V = factor modifying the shear strength of anchors
loaded anchors based on proximity to near edges
s = elastic section modulus of anchor bolt 4.1.3 Definitions
tfix = maximum thickness of attachment Adhesive Anchor System = a device for transferring tension
(e.g. baseplate) to be fastened and shear loads to structural concrete, consisting of an anchor
Tinst = recommended anchor installation torque element embedded with an adhesive compound in a
cylindrical hole drilled in hardened concrete. The system
Tmax = maximum tightening torque includes the fastening itself and the necessary accessories to
Vb = basic concrete breakout strength in shear install it appropriately.
of a single anchor in cracked concrete Anchor Category = an assigned rating that corresponds to a
specific strength reduction factor for concrete failure modes
Vcb = nominal concrete breakout strength of a
associated with anchors in tension. The anchor category is
single anchor in shear
established based on the performance of the anchor in
Vcbg = nominal concrete breakout strength of a reliability tests
group of anchors in shear Anchor Group = a group of anchors of approximately equal
embedment and stiffness where the maximum anchor spacing
Vcp = nominal pryout strength of a single anchor
is less than the critical spacing
Vcpg = nominal pryout strength of a group of anchors Anchor Spacing = centerline to centerline distance between
Vn = nominal strength in shear adjacent loaded anchors
Attachment = the structural assembly, external to the surface
Vsa = nominal strength in shear of a single anchor or of the concrete, that transmits loads to or receives loads from
group of anchors as governed by steel strength the base material
Vua = factored shear force applied to a single Characteristic capacity = 5% fractile of the anchor capacity,
anchor or group of anchors defined as that value that will be exceeded by 95% of the
φ
population with a 90% confidence
= strength reduction factor
Concrete Breakout = failure of the anchor characterized by
Ψc,N = factor modifying the concrete breakout the formation of a conical fracture surface originating at or
strength of anchors in tension based on near the embedded end of the anchor element and projecting
whether the concrete is considered to be to the surface of the base material. An angle between the
cracked or uncracked for design purposes
Anchoring Systems

surface and the breakout of 35° (Strength Design) or 45° (ASD) Torque Controlled Expansion Anchor = an expansion
can be assumed. anchor designed to expand with the application of torque to
Cracked Concrete = condition of concrete in which the anchor the anchor bolt or nut
is installed; concrete is assumed to be cracked (ft>fr) for anchor Torque Controlled Adhesive Anchor = an adhesive anchor
design purposes if cracks could form in the concrete at or near employing an anchor element designed to generate expansion
the anchor location over the service life of the anchor. Cracked forces in response to tension loading
concrete must be assumed for Seismic Design Category C Undercut Anchor = a mechanical anchor designed to
through F. interlock with drilled deformations (undercuts) in the
Critical Spacing = required spacing between adjacent loaded base material
anchors to achieve full capacity
4.1.4 Anchors in Concrete
Critical Edge Distance = required edge distance to achieve
full capacity
and Masonry
Cure Time = the elapsed time after mixing of the adhesive Anchor bolts fulfill a variety of needs in construction, from
material components to achieve a state of hardening of the securing column baseplates to supporting mechanical and
adhesive material in the drilled hole corresponding to the electrical systems; from attaching facade panels to anchoring
design mechanical properties and resistances. After the full guardrails. Critical connections, i.e., those that are either
cure time loads can be applied. safety-related or whose failure could result in significant
Displacement Controlled Expansion Anchor = financial loss, require robust anchor solutions capable of
an expansion anchor designed to expand in response to providing a verifiable and durable load path. The proper
driving a plug into the anchor body selection of a suitable anchor system and its incorporation in
Ductile Steel Element = an element with a tensile test connection design requires an understanding of the
elongation of at least 14% and corresponding reduction of fundamental principles of anchor function. An overview is
area of at least 30% at failure provided here. Additional references are provided at the
Gel Time = the elapsed time after mixing of the adhesive conclusion of this section.
material components to onset of significant chemical reaction
4.1.5 Anchor Working Principles
as characterized by an increase in viscosity. During the gel
time the anchors can be inserted. After the gel time has Anchors designed for use in concrete and masonry develop
elapsed, the anchors must not be disturbed. resistance to tension loading on the basis of one or more of
Edge Distance = distance from centerline of anchor to free the following mechanisms:
edge of base material in which the anchor is installed Friction: This is the mechanism used by most post-installed
Effective Embedment Depth = effective anchor embedment mechanical expansion anchors to resist tension loads,
equal to distance from surface of base material to point of load including the Hilti Kwik Bolt, HDI and HSL. The frictional
introduction into the base material, for expansion anchors resistance resulting from expansion forces generated between
taken as distance from surface of base material to tip of the anchor and the wall of the drilled hole during setting of the
expansion element(s) anchor may also be supplemented by local deformation of the
Minimum Edge Distance = minimum edge distance to concrete. The frictional force is proportional to the magnitude
preclude splitting of the base material during anchor of the expansion stresses generated by the anchor. Torque-
installation controlled expansion anchors like the KWIK Bolt and HSL use
Minimum Spacing = minimum spacing between adjacent follow-up expansion to increase the expansion force in
loaded anchors to preclude splitting of the base material response to increases in tension loading beyond the service
during anchor installation (preload) load level or to adjust for changes in the state of the
Minimum Member Thickness = required thickness of base material (cracking).
member in which anchor is embedded to prevent splitting of
Keying: Undercut anchors, and to a lesser degree certain
the base material
types of expansion anchors, rely on the interlock of the anchor
Projected Area = the area on the free surface of the concrete
with deformations in the hole wall to resist applied tension.
member that is used to represent the base of the assumed
The bearing stresses developed in the base material at the
rectilinear failure surface
interface with the anchor bearing surfaces can reach relatively
Side Face Blowout = failure mode characterized by blowout
high levels without crushing due to the triaxial nature of
of side cover of an anchor loaded in tension
the state of stress. Undercut anchors like the Hilti HDA offer
Supplementary Reinforcement = reinforcement that is much greater resilience to variations in the base material
proportioned and positioned to tie the concrete breakout condition and represent the most robust solution for most
surface into the structural member anchoring needs.
Anchoring Systems

Bonding (Adhesion): Regardless of the material used • concrete breakout as characterized by the formation of a
(polymer adhesive, cementitious grout), grouted anchors rely conical fracture surface;
on bond to resist tension loads at the service load level. The • concrete splitting whereby the member in which the
degree of bond available is influenced by the condition of the anchor is embedded fractures in a plane coincident with
the anchor axis.
hole wall at the time of anchor installation. Injection adhesive
anchor systems like Hilti’s RE 500 Epoxy Adhesive Anchor Failure modes associated with anchors loaded to failure in
offer unparalleled flexibility and high bond resistance for a shear may be characterized as follows:
wide variety of anchor element options. • shear/tension rupture of the anchor bolt or body;
Hybrid systems like the Hilti HIT-TZ combine the functionality • anchor pullout or pull-through whereby the anchor is
extracted intact from the hole;
of an adhesive anchor with the working principle of a torque-
controlled expansion anchor for increased reliability under • concrete edge breakout as generated by near-edge
anchors loaded in shear toward a free edge;
adverse job-site conditions.
• pryout whereby the anchor body rotates and produces
Shear Resistance: Most anchors develop resistance to shear a spall surface on the lee side of load application.
loading via bearing of the anchor element against the hole wall
4.1.6.1 Long Term Behavior
near the surface of the base material. Shear loading may
cause surface spalling resulting in significant flexural stresses For the long term behavior of anchoring systems various
and secondary tension in the anchor body. influences may have to be considered:
Independent of the anchor working principle, proper Adhesive Anchoring Systems:

installation in accordance with Hilti’s published installation • Pretensioning relaxation • Fatigue
instructions is required. • Chemical resistance / durability • Concrete cracking
• Creep • Corrosion
4.1.6 Anchor Behavior
• Freeze / Thaw conditions • Fire
Under Load
• High temperature • Seismic
In general, correctly installed anchors do not exhibit noticeable Mechanical Anchoring Systems:
deflection at service load levels since the preload in the anchor • Pretensioning relaxation • Corrosion
bolt resulting from the application of installation torque sets
• Fatigue • Fire
(pre-displaces) the anchor to the level of the preload applied.
• Concrete cracking • Seismic
External tension loading results in a reduction of the clamping
Hilti’s current product portfolio of Adhesive anchoring
force in the connection with little corresponding increase in the
Systems meets or exceeds the creep test requirements of
bolt tension force. Likewise, shear loads are resisted by a ICC-ES AC58. More information is available in section
combination of friction resulting from the anchor preload 4.1.10-12, and 4.1.14 (anchor selection guide) or contact Hilti.
forces and bearing.
4.1.7 Anchor Design
At load levels beyond the clamping load, anchor deflections
The design of anchors to resist a specific constellation of
increase and the response of the anchor varies according to
exterior loads is properly based on an assessment of the
the anchor force-resisting mechanism. Expansion anchors
anchor strength. Both Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and
capable of follow-up expansion will show increased deflection
Strength Design (SD) or Load and Resistance Factor Design
corresponding to relative movement of the cone and
(LRFD) as incorporated in the Concrete Capacity Design
expansion elements. Grouted anchors exhibit a change in
(CCD) method, are currently in use in North America for the
stiffness corresponding to loss of adhesion between the grout
design of anchors.
and the base material whereby tension resistance at increasing
displacement levels is provided by friction between the uneven Allowable loads: Under the allowable stress design approach
hole wall and the grout plug. In all cases, increasing stress still prevalent in many building codes, the “allowable load”, or
levels in the anchor bolt/body result in increased anchor resistance, is based on the application of a global safety factor
displacements. to the mean result of laboratory testing to failure, regardless of
the controlling failure mode observed in the tests. The global
When loaded in tension to failure, anchors may exhibit one or
safety factor is intended to account for reasonably expected
more identifiable failure modes. These include:
variations in loading as well as resistance and, in many
• rupture of the anchor bolt or body; application codes, is traditionally set at 4 for inspected
• anchor pullout or pull-through whereby the anchor is installations and 8 for uninspected work. Adjustments for
extracted more or less intact from the hole;
anchor edge distance and spacing are developed as individual
Anchoring Systems

factors based on testing of two- and four-anchor groups and
single anchors near free edges. These factors are multiplied
together for specific anchor layouts. This approach is
discussed further in 4.1.8.
Strength design: The Concrete Capacity Design (CCD)

method for anchor design has been incorporated into several
codes such as ACI 318 during the past decade. It assigns
specific strength reduction factors to each of several possible
failure modes, provides predictions for the strength associated
with each failure mode, and compares the controlling strength
Frec,a = Fallow,a ⋅ fRx ⋅ fRy ⋅ fAx ⋅ fAy

with factored loads. The CCD method is generally considered
to result in a more consistent factor of safety and a more
reliable estimate of anchor resistance as compared to the
“allowable loads” approach (ASD). The CCD method, as Note that no reduction factor for the diagonally located
incorporated in ACI 318-05, is discussed in 4.1.9. Strength adjacent anchor is required.
Design is state of the art and Hilti recommends the use of 4.1.8.2 Critical and Minimum
Strength Design where applicable. Spacing and Edge
4.1.8 Allowable Stress Distance
Design (ASD) In all cases, the adjustment factors are applicable for cases
4.1.8.1 Recommended Loads where the anchor spacing is:
The recommended allowable load for an anchor or group of s min ≤ s < s cr

anchors is obtained as follows: where:
Tension: Nrec = Nallow ⋅ fRN ⋅ fA s min = minimum spacing between adjacent loaded
Shear: Vrec = Vallow ⋅ fRVN ⋅ fA anchors; and
where: s cr = critical spacing between adjacent loaded anchors;

anchor spacing equal to or greater than requires
Nrec = recommended tension load; no reduction factor.
Nallow = allowable load (based on mean value from tests Similarly, for near-edge anchors, the adjustment factor(s) are
and a global safety factor); applicable for cases where the anchor edge distance is:
Vrec = recommended shear load; c min ≤ c < c cr
Vallow = allowable shear load (based on mean value from where:
tests and a global safety factor); c min = minimum edge distance; and
fA = adjustment factor for anchor spacing; c cr = critical edge distance; anchor edge distance equal
fRN = adjustment factor for edge distance, to or greater than requires no reduction factor.
tension loading; 4.1.8.3 Interaction - ASD
fRV1 = adjustment factor for edge distance, shear loading Where anchors are loaded simultaneously in tension and
perpendicular and toward free edge; shear, interaction must be considered. The usual form of the
fRV2 = adjustment factor for edge distance, shear loading interaction equation for anchors is as follows:
Nd α Vd α
parallel to edge; and
[ ] [ ] + ≤ 1.0
N rec Vrec
fRV3 = adjustment factor for edge distance, shear loading where:
perpendicular and away from free edge.
Nd = design tension load (ASD);
Adjustment factors are applied for all applicable near edge and
spacing conditions. Vd = design shear load (ASD); and
For example, the recommended tension load corresponding to α = exponent, 1 ≤ α ≤ 2

anchor a in the figure below is evaluated as follows:
Anchoring Systems

For cases governed by steel failure, an exponent of 2 may be n = 0.5 for static loading without clamping at the concrete
appropriate. For most cases, however, an exponent of 5/3 surface, e.g., adhesive anchor without nut and
represents the mean behavior as observed in tests. For load washer at concrete surface;
cases involving a substantial seismic or fatigue component,
n = 1.0 for cyclic or seismic loading.
recent investigations indicate that an exponent of 1 should
be used.
4.1.8.4 Bolt Bending - ASD

Where shear loads are applied at some distance from the
surface of the base material, the anchor bolt will be subject to
combined shear and bending, and a separate assessment of
this combined stress condition in the anchor bolt is
appropriate. In the absence of other guidance, the
recommended shear load associated with bolt bending
for anchors subjected to shear loads applied at a standoff
distance z may be evaluated as follows:
αM ⋅ MuM,5%
1.7 ⋅ ᐍ
Vrec = Determination of bolt bending – ASD
where: Note that stand-off installations of post-installed mechanical
α M = 1 standoff installation without rotational restraint anchors require a nut and bearing washer at the concrete
α M = 2 standoff installation with rotational restraint,

surface as shown above in order to ensure proper anchor
function and to properly resist compression loads.
e.g. double-nutted baseplate as shown
4.1.8.5 Increase in Capacity
Vrec = recommended shear load corresponding
for Short-Term
to bending;
Loading – ASD
αM = adjustment of bending moment associated
Some building codes allow a capacity (stress) increase of 1/3
with rotational restraint;
when designing for short-term loading such as wind or seismic
MuM,5% = characteristic flexural resistance of bolt with allowable stress design methodologies. The origin of the
corresponding to approximately 1/3 increase is unclear as it relates to anchor design, but it is
1/2 degree rotation generally assumed to address two separate issues: 1) strain-
= 1.2 ⋅ S ⋅ fuM,5% ( 1 - NN )d rate effects, whereby the resistance of some materials is

rec increased for transitory stress peaks, and 2) the lower
fu,min = minimum nominal ultimate tensile strength probability of permanent and transitory loads occurring
of anchor rod, see 8.3.2; simultaneously.
S = elastic section modulus of anchor bolt While Hilti does not include the 1/3 increase in published
at concrete surface (assumes uniform capacities for anchors in concrete, the IBC continues to permit
cross section); its use in conjunction with the Alternate Basic Allowable Load
Combinations. It is the responsibility of the designer to
ᐍ = internal lever arm adjusted for spalling of
determine the appropriateness of such a capacity increase
the surface concrete as follows:
= z + (n ⋅ do) ;
under the applicable code.
Hilti does not recommend the use of the 1/3 increase for
z = standoff distance; and power-driven fasteners.
d = anchor outer diameter at concrete surface. 4.1.9 Strength Design –
n=0 for static loading with clamping at the concrete SD (LRFD)
surface as provided by a nut and washer assembly The strength design of anchors should be in conformance with
(required for mechanical anchors); ACI 318 and ICC-ES AC193 and AC308. A summary of
selected relevant design provisions contained in that
document, especially as they pertain to post-installed anchors,
is provided here.
Anchoring Systems
4.1.9.1 Load Distribution 4.1.9.2 General Requirements

Per D.3 – General requirements, load distribution should be
for Anchor Strength
determined on the basis of elastic analysis unless it can be In accordance with general LRFD principles and D.4.1 –
shown that the nominal anchor strength is controlled by General requirements for strength of anchors, the design of
ductile steel elements. Where plastic analysis (assumption of anchors must satisfy the following conditions:
φNn ≥ Nua
fully yielded anchors) is used, deformational compatibility must
(D-1)
φVn ≥ Vua
be checked.
(D-2)
whereby φNn and φVn are the controlling design strengths

from all applicable failure modes and Nua and Vua are factored
tension and shear loads resulting from the governing load
combination. (The load combinations given in 9.2 – Required
Strength conform generally with ASCE 7-05 load
combinations.) For this assessment, the following possible
failure modes are considered:
a) steel rupture of the anchor bolt in tension
b) steel rupture of the anchor bolt in shear
c) concrete cone breakout in tension
d) concrete edge breakout in shear
e) anchor pullout in tension
Example of deformational incompatibility
f) side-face blowout of the concrete
For most cases, elastic analysis yields satisfactory results and g) pryout failure in shear
is recommended. It should be noted, however, that an
The splitting failure mode (characterized by the formation of a
assumption that the anchor load is linearly proportional to the
planar crack in the base material passing through and
magnitude of the applied load and the distance from the
coincident with the anchor axis) is not directly addressed.
neutral axis of the group also implies that the attachment (e.g.
Minimum edge distances, anchor spacings and member
baseplate) is sufficiently stiff in comparison to the axial
thickness are generally considered as preventing this failure
stiffness of the anchors. For additional information on elastic
mode from controlling for the design.
load distribution in typical column baseplate assemblies,
the reader is referred to Blodgett, O., Design of Welded Note that per D.4.1.2, the strength reduction factors applicable
Structures, The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, for each failure mode must be applied prior to determining the
Cleveland, Ohio. controlling strength. Thus, for an anchor group, the controlling
strength would be determined as follows:
φ N n = min | φ N sa, φ nN pn, φ N sbg, φ N cbg |

Note: Hilti’s PROFIS Anchor analysis and design software
performs a simplified finite element analysis to establish
anchor load distribution on an elastic basis and provides φ V n = min | φ V sa, φ V cpg, φ V cbg |
recommendations for attachment thickness as required.
4.1.9.3 Strength
Reduction Factors
Strength reduction factors are intended to account for
possible reductions in resistance due to normally expected
variations in material strengths, anchor installation procedures,
etc. Relevant strength reduction factors as given in D.4.4 for
load combinations in accordance with 9.2 –
Required Strength are provided below:
Steel failure of a ductile steel element:
Tension . . . . . . .0.75
Shear . . . . . . . .0.65
Example of simplified elastic load distribution in a
beam-wall connection
Anchoring Systems

Steel failure of a non-ductile steel element: 4.1.9.4 Design Requirements
Tension . . . . . . .0.65 for Tensile Loading
Shear . . . . . . . .0.60 In accordance with D.5.1 – Steel strength of anchor in
tension, anchor steel strength is determined as follows:
Note that the Hilti HDA, HSL-3 and KB-TZ are equipped with
bolt elements that conform to the definition of a ductile steel Nsa = nAsefuta (D-3)
where futa ≤ 1.9fya ≤ 125,000 psi (860 MPa)

element as given in ACI 318-05 (see 4.03 Definitions).
Failure characterized by concrete breakout, side-face blowout,

For reference purposes, nominal minimum bolt steel strengths
anchor pullout or anchor pryout:
for selected Hilti anchors are tabulated below:
Condition A Condition B
fya futa
i) Shear . . . . . . . . . . . 0.75 . . . . . . . 0.70
Hilti Anchor Designation ksi (MPa) ksi (MPa)
ii) Tension
HDA-T/-TF/-P/-PF 92.8 (640) 116 (800)
Cast-in headed studs and bolts,
HDA-TR/-PR (SS) 87.0 (600) 116 (800)
hooked bolts . . . . . . . .0.75 . . . . . . . .0.70
HSL-3 92.8 (640) 116 (800)
Post-installed anchors:
HSL-3-R (SS) 65.0 (450) 102 (700)
Category 1 . . . . . . . . 0.75 . . . . . . . 0.65
KB-TZ 3/8"ø 100 (690) 125 (862)
Category 2 . . . . . . . . 0.65 . . . . . . . 0.55
KB-TZ > 3/8"ø 84.8 (585) 106 (731)
Category 3 . . . . . . . . 0.55 . . . . . . . 0.45
SS KB-TZ < 3/4"ø 92.0 (634) 115 (793)
Note that Condition A applies only in the case of concrete
SS KB-TZ 3/4"ø 76.1 (525) 102 (700)
breakout where supplementary reinforcing (typically in the
form of hairpins, see below) specifically designed to take up ASTM A193, B7 105 (724) 125 (862)
the forces in the concrete introduced by the anchor is present The concrete breakout strength of single anchors loaded in
in the concrete. tension is determined in accordance with D.5.2 – Concrete
In general, post-installed anchors should be designed breakout strength of anchor in tension, as follows:
Ψ ed,N Ψ c,N Ψ cp,N Nb

assuming Condition B. A Nc
Ncb = (D-4)
A Nco
Anchor categories are determined via testing conducted in The concrete breakout strength of anchor groups is likewise
accordance with ACI 355.2, wherein the anchor sensitivity to determined as follows:
variations in installation parameters and in the concrete
Ncbg = Nc Ψ ec,N Ψ ed,N Ψ c,N Ψ c,N Nb
A
condition is investigated. (D-5)
A Nco
where:
A Nco = 9 h ef2
A Nc = area defined by projecting from the

centerlines of the anchor or from the
centerline of anchor rows in each of two
orthogonal directions .
Ψ ec,N = modification factor for anchor groups

loaded by an eccentric tension force
tension shear
1
Example hairpin layouts corresponding to Condition A = ≤1
2 e'N
1+
3 h ef
Ψ ed,N = modification factor for near edges for single

anchors and anchor groups
Anchoring Systems

ca,min
= 0.7 + 0.3 if ca,min < 1.5hef
1.5hef
Ψ c,N = modification factor for concrete that is
anticipated to remain uncracked for the
service life of the anchor (> 1)
k uncr
=
k cr
Ψ cp,N = modification factor for splitting
ca,min
≥
1.5hef
= if ca,min < cac
cac cac
= basic concrete breakout strength of a single
anchor in tension in cracked concrete
e'N
= kcr f 'c hef1.5
Note that ACI 318-05 refers to k c ( ≡ k cr ) as the “coefficient for

basic concrete breakout strength in tension” and default Definition of e'N for anchor
ca1 groups
values for k c and Ψ ec,N are provided in Appendix D.
s
ca2,1
For post-installed anchors that have been tested in
ca2,2
accordance with ACI 355.2, specific values of k cr (cracked
concrete) and k uncr (uncracked concrete) are established in ca2,1 ca2,2
accordance with the provisions of that document or the ca1 s/2 s/2
relevant ICC-ES acceptance criteria. A summary of values for

selected Hilti anchors is provided below:
h'ef
Hilti Anchor hef
Designation k cr k uncr Ψec,N
HDA 24 30 1.25 h
HSL-31 24 24 1.00
KB-TZ 17 24 1.41
*HSL-3 M81 ca1 ca2,1 ca2,2 s

17 24 1.41 h'ef = max 1.5 ,
1.5
,
1.5
,
3
1 These values supersede default values provided for post-installed
anchors in ACI 318.
Example of determination of h'ef in a stem wall
The pullout strength of anchors loaded in tension is

determined in accordance with D.5.3 – Pullout strength of
ca,1 s1 1.5hef anchor in tension, as follows:
Npn = Ψ c,P Np (D-14)
where:
A Nc
1.5hef
Np = for post-installed anchors, pullout strength

in cracked concrete as determined by tests
in accordance with ACI 355.2 or the relevant
s2
ICC-ES acceptance criteria
Ψ c,P = modification factor for concrete that is

ca,2
anticipated to remain uncracked for the

service life of the anchor (> 1)
Example of determination of A Nc
Anchoring Systems

1
≤1
Pullout values are based on direct tension testing of anchors in
cracks as well as on the results of the crack movement test. =
2 e'V
Additional pullout values associated with seismic testing may 1+
also be provided. 3 ca1
For deep headed anchors placed close to an edge (c a1 < Ψ ed,V = modification factor for near edges for single
0.4h ef), side-face blowout may control the design. In most anchors and anchor groups
cases, restrictions on the placement of post-installed anchors ca2
= 0.7 + 0.3 if ca,min < 1.5h ef
close to an edge will preclude this failure mode. For further 1.5ca1
information, see D.5.4 – Concrete side-face blowout Ψ c,V = modification factor for concrete that is
strength of a headed anchor in tension. anticipated to remain uncracked for the
service life of the anchor
4.1.9.5 Design Requirements
for Shear Loading = 1.4
In accordance with D.6.1 – Steel strength of anchor in shear, Vb = basic concrete breakout strength of a single
anchor steel strength for headed stud anchors is determined anchor in shear in cracked concrete
0.2
as follows: = 7
le
do
( do )
f 'c ( ca1 )1.5
Vsa = n A se futa (D-19) The concrete pryout strength of single anchors loaded in
For post-installed anchors without a sleeve extending through shear is determined in accordance with D.6.3 – Concrete
the shear plane: pryout strength of anchor in shear, as follows:
Vsa = n 0.6A se futa (D-20) Vcp = k cp Ncb (D-29)
where futa ≤ 1.9 fy ≤ 125,000 psi (860 MPa). Likewise, for anchor groups, the pryout strength is determined
as follows:
For other post-installed anchors, the shear strength as
controlled by steel failure must be determined by test in Vcpg = k cp Ncbg (D-30)
accordance with ACI 355.2 or the relevant ICC-ES where:
acceptance criteria.
k cp = 1.0 for h ef < 2.5 in.
h ef ≥ 2.5 in.
In accordance with D.6.1.3, the shear strength of baseplate
k cp = 2.0 for
anchors used in conjunction with grout pads must be reduced
by 20%. 4.1.9.6 Interaction –
The concrete breakout strength of single anchors loaded in Strength Design (LRFD)
shear is determined in accordance with D.6.2 – Concrete Where anchors are loaded simultaneously in tension and
breakout strength of anchor in shear, as follows: shear, interaction must be considered. In accordance with D.7
Ψ ed,N Ψ c,V Vb
A Vc – Interaction of tensile and shear forces, interaction may be
Vcb = (D-21)
A Vco checked as follows:
Vua ≤ 0.2 φVn φVn ≥ Vua

The concrete breakout strength of anchor groups is likewise
determined as follows: If
Vcbg = A Vc Ψ ec,V Ψ ed,V Ψ c,V Vb (D-22) If Nua ≤ 0.2 φ Nn φ Nn ≥ Nua

Nua > 0.2 φ Nn
A Vco
where: If
A Vco = 4.5hef2 Vua > 0.2 φVn

and [ φNN ] + [ φVV ] ≤ 1.2
ua
n
ua
A Vc = area defined by projecting 1.5 c a1 from Alternatively, ACI 318-05 permits the use of an interaction
the centerlines of the anchor or from the expression of the form:
α α
centerline of anchor rows to the face of the
free edge being considered .
[ φNN ] + [ φVV ]
ua ua
≤ 1.0
Ψ ec,V
n n
= modification factor for anchor groups loaded
by an eccentric shear force with α = 5/3.
Anchoring Systems
4.1.9.7 Required Edge αM = adjustment of bending moment associated

Distances, Anchor with rotational restraint
Spacing and Member MuM,5% = characteristic flexural resistance of bolt
Thickness – corresponding to approximately 1/2
Strength Design (LRFD) degree rotation
In accordance with D.8 – Required edge distances, spacing, = 1.2 ⋅ S ⋅ fu,min ( 1 - NN )
d
and thicknesses to preclude splitting failure, default rec

fu,min = minimum nominal ultimate tensile strength
minimum edge distance, spacing and member thickness are
of anchor rod
given as follows:
S = elastic section modulus of anchor bolt
min. min. min.
at concrete surface (assumes uniform
edge anchor member
cross section)
Anchor type dist.*† spacing† thickness†
Untorqued min.
4do
ᐍ = internal lever arm adjusted for spalling of the
anchors cover surface concrete as follows:
z + (n ⋅ do)
Torqued anchors 6do 6do
=
Undercut
6do 6do
anchors z = standoff distance
Torque- 1.5hef
do = anchor outer diameter at concrete surface
controlled
8do 6do
expansion n=0 for static loading with clamping at the concrete
anchors surface as provided by a nut and washer assembly
Displacement- (required for mechanical anchors)
controlled
10do 6do n = 0.5 for static loading without clamping at the concrete
expansion
surface, e.g., adhesive anchor without nut and
anchors
washer at concrete surface
* may not be less than twice the max. aggregate size
† unless determined in accordance with AC193/AC308 n = 1.0 for cyclic or seismic loading
The critical edge distance value cac to be used in the Note that stand-off installations of post-installed mechanical
determination of Ψ cp,N for post-installed anchors is determined anchors require a nut and bearing washer at the concrete
by tests in accordance with ACI 355.2. Default values are surface as shown below in order to ensure proper anchor
given in ACI 318-05 as follows: function and to properly resist compression loads.
Undercut anchors: cac = 2.5 h ef
Torque-controlled
and displacement-controlled
expansion anchors: cac = 4 h ef
4.1.9.8 Bolt Bending –

Strength Design (LRFD)
Hilti recommends that an additional check of bolt bending be
performed for so-called stand-off installations as follows:
Vrec = Nominal shear strength corresponding

to bolt bending
Determination of bolt bending – strength design
αM ⋅ MuM,5%
whereby:
Vsa,bending =
ᐍ
Anchoring Systems
4.1.10 Torquing and 4.1.11 Design of Anchors

Pretensioning for Fatigue
of Anchors The design of structural elements to resist fatigue loading can
Application of torque to anchor bolts is intended to induce a be a significant aspect of the connection design. The reader is
tension force in the anchor bolt. It is therefore important that referred to standard texts for additional information on this
the torque-tension relationship associated with the anchor nut, subject. Design of anchors for fatigue should consider the
washer and threaded anchor element be maintained as close following points:
to factory conditions as possible during anchor installation. 1. The use of preload to prevent stress fluctuations in the
This is best accomplished by keeping the anchor assembly in anchor rod element may be complicated by gradual loss
its packaging to prevent undue contamination with dust, oil, of preload over time, particularly in cases where cracking
etc. prior to anchor installation. Note that damage to anchor in the base material may occur, and the fact that many
anchor designs do not provide sufficient gauge length to
threads as caused by attempts to re-straightening an anchor
permit the development of a meaningful degree of pre-
after installation, hammer impacts, etc., can significantly alter load strain.
the torque-tension relationship and result in improper anchor
2. Design of anchor groups for fatigue is often far more criti-
function under load. Likewise, application of lubricants to the cal than the design of a single anchor due to the unequal
threads may generate excessive pretension loads in the distribution of loads. Load distribution is affected by
anchor during torquing. anchor slip as well as by the degree of annular gap
between the anchor and the baseplate and the specific
There are three possible reasons to apply torque to an anchor location of the anchor with respect to the hole in the
bolt in concrete or masonry: baseplate. It is therefore recommended that where
anchor groups are to be subjected to significant fatigue
1. To produce a clamping force, therefore eliminating gaps
loading, the annular gap between the anchors and the
and play in the connected parts. Note that this clamping
baseplate be eliminated through the use of weld wash-
force is not assumed to be sufficient to permit the shear
ers, grout, or other means.
resistance of the anchorage to be determined on the
basis of baseplate friction (i.e., as a slip-critical condition) 3. Secondary flexural stresses as generated by eccentrici-
owing to the relaxation of clamping forces over time. ties or gaps in the connection may be critical to the
fatigue behavior of the anchor.
2. To produce a pretension force in the anchor bolt which is
resisted by a corresponding pre-compression in the base Hilti has conducted extensive testing of a variety of anchor
material (concrete or masonry). Pretension force serves types under fatigue conditions and can provide specific design
to reduce anchor displacements under service load and recommendations for many situations. For specific cases,
may also serve to reduce the fatigue effects of cyclic
please contact Hilti Technical Support at 1-800-879-6000
loading.
ext. 6337.
3. To properly set the anchor. This applies to most post-
installed mechanical anchors (expansion anchors) but 4.1.12 Design of Anchors
may or may not apply to undercut anchors.
for Fire
Where given, the installation torque Tinst should be
Building codes in the U.S. are generally silent on the need to
differentiated from the maximum tightening torque Tmax .
design anchors specifically for fire conditions. It may be
The former is the torque required to properly set the anchor assumed, however, that structural connections to concrete or
and to produce a residual clamping force that is roughly masonry involving sustained dead and live loads should be
equivalent to the anchor working tension load ( N ult /4). The protected for fire exposure in the same manner as other
second term, Tmax, refers to the maximum torque that may be structural steel elements, i.e., through the use of appropriate
applied to the anchor and is intended to prevent premature fireproofing materials, concrete cover, etc.
damage to the anchor rod (in the form of steel yielding).
In some cases, it may be necessary to ascertain the length of
Anchor pretensioning forces dissipate over time due to time over which unprotected anchorages will survive fire
relaxation in the concrete and, to a lesser degree, in the bolt exposure. The design of anchors for fire conditions is
threads. Re-torquing anchors can result in a higher level of predicated on the availability of test data for the performance
residual prestress. of anchors subjected to a standardized time-temperature
Anchor pretensioning should not be counted on for cases curve (e.g., ASTM E 119, ISO 834) while under load. Hilti can
where cracking of the concrete may occur such as provide such data for specific cases, as well as specific
earthquake loading. information for the design of reinforcing dowels embedded in
Hilti HIT HY or RE bonding materials. Please contact Hilti
Technical Support at 1-800-879-6000 ext. 6337.
Anchoring Systems
4.1.13 Design of Post-Installed ccritical scritical

Reinforcing Bar
Connections
Polymer bonding materials such as Hilti HIT HY and RE are
increasingly used to execute the installation of reinforcing bars
in hardened concrete, either to serve as dowels for structural
extensions (slabs, footings), or to provide shear connection for
seismic retrofitting elements such as infill shear walls.
Reinforcing dowels designed using anchor theory
post-installed
reinforcing bars
transverse
reinforcement
Dowels placed in preparation for a new structural topping slab limits width of
splitting cracks
A
A
CIP
reinforcing
bars
forces
transferred
directly to CIP
reinforcing bars
Post-installed reinforcing for widening of a bridge deck via bond
A distinction must be made between cases where the Section A-A

reinforcing bar is designed in the same manner as a post- Post-installed reinforcement designed as a lap splice
installed adhesive anchor, i.e. using the principles of anchor
For specific cases, please contact Hilti Technical Support
design as described in this document, and those instances
at 1-800-879-6000 ext. 6337.
where the bar embedment length is established using the
principles of reinforcing, e.g. in accordance with ACI 318
Chapter 12. This distinction is generally made on the basis of
the specific geometry of the connection and whether the
anticipated concrete failure mode corresponds to one of those
considered in anchor design, e.g., concrete breakout, pryout
etc. as opposed to the splitting failure mode associated with
reinforcing bar design.
Anchoring Systems
4.1.14 Anchor Selection Guide
Applications Grid Key: Very Suitable May be Suitable Per Application

HVA Adhesive HIT HY 150 MAX HIT ICE8/HIT HY 150 Adhesive
Anchor
Products HVU Capsule with with HAS with HAS
with HIT-TZ rod with HIT-TZ rod
HAS threaded rod threaded rod threaded rod
Design R R R
Criteria
Non-cracked Concrete

Fastening Base Material 1
Cracked Concrete
Lightweight Concrete
Hollow Core Concrete
Grout Filled Concrete Block
Hollow Concrete Block
Solid Brick
Hollow Brick
Hard Natural Stone
Soft Natural Stone
Oversized Holes

Installation 2
Cored Holes
Water Saturated Concrete
Water-Filled Holes
Submerged
In-place (through) Fastening
Application Criteria 2
Immediate Loading
Bolt Head or Flush Finish w/ HIS Insert w/ HIS or HIT-I w/ HIS or HIT-I
Removable to Flush Surface w/ HIS Insert w/ HIS or HIT-I w/ HIS or HIT-I
Seismic
High Cycle Fatigue
Shock / Impact Load
High Temperature Resistance

Miscellaneous Corrosion 3
Electro or Mechanically Zinc Plated
Sherardized Carbon Steel

Hot-dipped Galvanized 7/8" Diameter 7/8" Diameter 7/8" Diameter
Stainless Steel (AISI Series) 304 & 316 304 & 316 316 304 & 316 304 & 316
Anchor Rod Diameters 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4,
3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4
Available (in.)4 7/8, 1, 1-1/4 7/8, 1, 1-1/4 7/8, 1, 1-1/4
Anchor Versions Available Stud, Rebar, Insert Stud, Rebar, Insert Stud Stud, Rebar, Insert Stud
Anchor is bonded Anchor is bonded Expansion against and Anchor is bonded Expansion against and
Anchor Working Principles5
to base material to base material bonding to base material to base material Bonding to base material
1 Base materials may vary widely. Site specific anchor testing may be required.
2 Most testing is performed in normal weight concrete. For specific base materials tested, see selected anchor.
3 Refer to Section 2.3 for a more detailed discussion on corrosion and corrosion resistance.
4 Listed diameters are those with published load data. Larger diameter anchor rods may be used. Contact Hilti for more information.
5 Refer to Section 4.1.2.1 for a more detailed discussion on anchor working principles.
Anchoring Systems
Anchor Selection Guide 4.1.14
HIT HY 20 Adhesive HSL-3

HIT-RE 500-SD HIT-RE 500 HDA
Anchor Masonry Hollow CMU, Epoxy Anchoring Epoxy Anchoring Heavy-Duty
Undercut
Products Construction Tile & Brick Expansion
System System Anchor
with Voids with Holes Anchor
Design
Criteria

Cracked Concrete

1
Solid Brick
Hollow Brick
Hard Natural Stone
Soft Natural Stone
Oversized Holes

Installation 2
Cored Holes
Water Saturated Concrete (per ICC)
Water-filled holes (per ICC)
Submerged

Immediate Loading
Bolt Head or Flush Finish w/ HIT-I w/ HIS Insert w/ HIS Insert Bolt
Removable to Flush Surface w/ HIT-I w/ HIS Insert w/ HIS Insert
Seismic
High Cycle Fatigue
Shock / Impact Load

Corrosion 3
Electro or Mechanically Zinc Plated

Hot-dipped Galvanized 7/8" Diameter 7/8" Diameter 7/8" Diameter
Stainless Steel (AISI Series) 304 & 316 304 & 316 304 & 316 304 & 316 316
Anchor Diameters 3/8, 1/2, 5/16, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, M10, M12, M8, M10, M12
Miscellaneous
Available (in.)4 5/8, 3/4 3/8, 1/2 7/8, 1, 1-1/4 7/8, 1, 1-1/4 M16, M20 M16, M20, M24
Stud, Bolt,
Anchor Versions Available Stud, Rebar Stud, Insert Rebar, Stud, Insert Rebar, Stud, Insert Stud
Torque Cap
Anchor is attached to base Anchor is bonded Anchor is bonded Metal Undercut Metal Circumferential
Anchor Working Principles5
material by adhesive keying to base material to base material Keying Expander Sleeve
4 Listed Diameters are those with published load data. Larger diameter anchor rods may be used. Contact Hilti for more information.
Anchoring Systems
Anchor Kwik Bolt TZ Kwik Bolt 3

HSL Heavy-Duty HUS-H Concrete HCA
Expansion Expansion
Products Expansion Anchor Screw Anchor Coil Anchor
Anchor Anchor
Design
Criteria

Fastening Base Material1
Cracked Concrete

1

Solid Brick
Hollow Brick
Hard Natural Stone
Soft Natural Stone
Oversized Holes

Installation 2
Cored Holes
Submerged
No Hole Cleaning Procedures

Immediate Loading
Bolt Head or Flush Finish see offering bolt both
Removable to Flush Surface
Seismic
High Cycle Fatigue
Shock / Impact Load

Electrodeposited or Mechanically
Corrosion 3
HSL-I M12 65/80

Zinc Plated
Hot-dipped Galvanized
Stainless Steel (AISI Series) A4 (316) 304 304 & 316
Anchor Diameters 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8,
M12, M16, M20 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4 3/8, 1/2, 5/8
Miscellaneous
Available (in. except as noted) 4 3/4, 1 3/4

Stud, Long Thread,
Anchor Versions Available Stud, Insert Stud Counter Sunk, Tie Wire, Bolt Bolt
Rod coupling
Metal Circumfrential Single metal expansion Single metal expansion Undercutting Screw Metal Expansion
Anchor Working Principles 5
Expander Sleeve piece three section wedge. piece three section wedge. Threads Coil
Anchoring Systems
Anchor Selection Guide 4.1.14
Anchor HDI / HDI-L HDI-P HCI-WF/MD HLC Kwik Con II+

Drop-In Drop-In Cast-in Sleeve Screw
Products Anchors Anchors Anchors Anchor Anchor
Design
Criteria
Cracked Concrete
Solid Brick

Hollow Brick
Hard Natural Stone
Soft Natural Stone
Oversized Holes N/A

Installation 2
Cored Holes N/A

Water Saturated Concrete (per ICC) N/A
Water-filled holes (per ICC) N/A
Submerged N/A
No Hole Cleaning Procedures N/A

Immediate Loading
Bolt Head or Flush Finish
Seismic
High Cycle Fatigue
Shock / Impact Load

Electrodeposited or Mechanically
Corrosion 3
Zinc Plated
Hot-dipped Galvanized
Stainless Steel (AISI Series) 303 304 410
Anchor Diameters 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 1/4, 3/8, 5/16,
3/8 3/16, 1/4, 3/8
Miscellaneous
Available (in.) 5/8, 3/4 5/8, 3/4 1/2, 5/8, 3/4

Bolt, rod coupling, Torx HWH, Torx Flat
Anchor Versions Available Insert Insert Insert hex nut, wire tie Head, Phillips Flat Head
Impact Expansion Impact Expansion Metal Circumferential Thread Undercut

Anchor Working Principles5 Cast-in Head
Sleeve Sleeve Expander Sleeve Keying
Anchoring Systems
Anchor HPS-1 HTB

HLD HSP/HFP IDP
Metal HIT Impact TOGGLER® Drywall Insulation
Products Anchor Anchor Bolt Kwik-Tog Anchor Anchor
Design
Criteria

Fastening Base Material1
Light Weight Concrete

Solid Brick
Hollow Brick
Hard Natural Stone
Soft Natural Stone
Gypsum Drywall
Oversized Holes
Cored Holes
Installation

Submerged
No Hole Cleaning Procedures

Application Criteria
Immediate Loading
Bolt Head or Flush Finish
Seismic
High Cycle Fatigue
Shock / Impact Load
Electrodeposited or
Mechanically Zinc Plated (Drive Pin) (Drive Screw)
Zinc Aluminum Alloy
Corrosion2
(Body)
Plastic
(Body)
Stainless Steel (AISI Series) 304 (Drive Pin) 304 (Drive Screw)
Anchor Diameters Available (in.) 3/16, 1/4 3/16, 1/4, 5/16 3/16, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2 #8, #10 3/16, 1/4, 3/8
Anchor Versions Available Round Head
Miscellaneous
Round Head, Phillips, Flat

Nail Drive-screw
Head, Machine Screw Plastic
Anchor Working Principles(3) Impact Expansion Impact Expansion Anchor holds Keying in hollow Self-drilling Anchor holds by
base materials. Friction
Anchor Anchor by keying in solid base materials. Self-tapping friction
Hilti Product Technical Guide Hilti Product Technical Guide
In The United Sates In Canada
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than 90 days after invoice date. Proof of purchase is required i) it is returned by the original purchaser
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Anchor Design Software code compliance, Hilti provides complete The Hilti Diaphragm Deck Design WARRANTY: Hilti warrants that for a period of 12 months from the date it sells a iii) it is not discontinued, clearance or
product it will, at its sole option and discretion, refund the purchase special order product
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4.1 Anchor Principles and Design (130-148) PDF

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4.1 Anchor Principles and Design (130-148) PDF

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Attached are page(s) from the 2008 Hilti North

American Product Technical Guide. For

Hilti Product Technical Guide

PROFIS: Firestop Systems Hilti Diaphragm

Hilti Online MI – Industrial

4.1 Anchor Principles & Design

4.1.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Terminology

fc = concrete compressive strength as measured by sW = width of anchor nut across flats

fy = specified reinforcing bar yield strength

Fy = specified bolt minimum yield strength

Fu = specified bolt minimum ultimate strength

h = thickness of member in which anchor is

Anchor Principles & Design 4.1

4.1.2 Strength Design (SD) Terminology

ccr = critical edge distance MuM,5% = characteristic flexural resistance of anchor

4.1 Anchor Principles & Design

4.1.2 Strength Design (SD) Terminology

Anchor Principles & Design 4.1

4.1 Anchor Principles & Design

Independent of the anchor working principle, proper Adhesive Anchoring Systems:

Anchor Principles & Design 4.1

Strength design: The Concrete Capacity Design (CCD)

Frec,a = Fallow,a ⋅ fRx ⋅ fRy ⋅ fAx ⋅ fAy

The recommended allowable load for an anchor or group of s min ≤ s < s cr

where: s cr = critical spacing between adjacent loaded anchors;

For example, the recommended tension load corresponding to α = exponent, 1 ≤ α ≤ 2

4.1 Anchor Principles & Design

4.1.8.4 Bolt Bending - ASD

α M = 2 standoff installation with rotational restraint,

= 1.2 ⋅ S ⋅ fuM,5% ( 1 - NN )d rate effects, whereby the resistance of some materials is

Anchor Principles & Design 4.1

4.1.9.1 Load Distribution 4.1.9.2 General Requirements

whereby φNn and φVn are the controlling design strengths

φ N n = min | φ N sa, φ nN pn, φ N sbg, φ N cbg |

Steel failure of a ductile steel element:

4.1 Anchor Principles & Design

where futa ≤ 1.9fya ≤ 125,000 psi (860 MPa)

Failure characterized by concrete breakout, side-face blowout,

Ψ ed,N Ψ c,N Ψ cp,N Nb

A Nc = area defined by projecting from the

Ψ ec,N = modification factor for anchor groups

Ψ ed,N = modification factor for near edges for single

Anchor Principles & Design 4.1

Note that ACI 318-05 refers to k c ( ≡ k cr ) as the “coefficient for

relevant ICC-ES acceptance criteria. A summary of values for

Designation k cr k uncr Ψec,N

*HSL-3 M81 ca1 ca2,1 ca2,2 s

Example of determination of h'ef in a stem wall

The pullout strength of anchors loaded in tension is

Npn = Ψ c,P Np (D-14)

Np = for post-installed anchors, pullout strength

ICC-ES acceptance criteria

Ψ c,P = modification factor for concrete that is

anticipated to remain uncracked for the

4.1 Anchor Principles & Design

Vsa = n 0.6A se futa (D-20) Vcp = k cp Ncb (D-29)

Vua ≤ 0.2 φVn φVn ≥ Vua

Vcbg = A Vc Ψ ec,V Ψ ed,V Ψ c,V Vb (D-22) If Nua ≤ 0.2 φ Nn φ Nn ≥ Nua

A Vco = 4.5hef2 Vua > 0.2 φVn

Anchor Principles & Design 4.1

4.1.9.7 Required Edge αM = adjustment of bending moment associated

and thicknesses to preclude splitting failure, default rec

Undercut anchors: cac = 2.5 h ef