A SURVEY ON POULTRY FARMS EXECUTING PROPER POULTRY

MAINTENANCE IN REDUCING THE PRESENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL

FOOTPRINT

A
Research Paper
Submitted to the Senior High School Office,

In
Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in
Research/Capstone Project

Submitted by:

PAOLO MIGUEL R. BERCERO

MATT EZEKIEL ATOK

March 2020
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
Kidapawan City Division
KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department

FEBRUARY 26,2020
Date

APPLICATION FOR RESEARCH TITLE

We wish to request permission from your office to allow us to conduct a

research on “A SURVEY ON 5 POULTRY FARMS EXECUTING PROPER
POULTRY MAINTENANCE IN REDUCING THE PRESENCE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT”, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Senior High School Program.
Very respectfully yours,

PAOLO MIGUEL R. BERCERO MATT EZEKEIL ATOK

Researcher Researcher

RECOMMENDING APPROVAL:

ISIDRO JR. B. ANDEA

Adviser

BERNADETTE B. CORTEZ
STE Coordinato

GLADY E. PAGUNSAN, PhD.

SHS Program Coordinator/Asst. to the Principal

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirement in

Research/Capstone Project.

ROSALINDA T. LONZAGA, PhD.

Principal IV
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
Kidapawan City Division
KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department

APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper/capstone project entitled, Work Values in Relation

to their Academic Performance: Input to Professional Development, prepared
and submitted by Carlos Miguel D. Lorenzo, in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the Senior High School Program, has been examined and is
recommended for oral examination/outline defense.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPROVED BY THE GUIDANCE COMMITTEE

ISIDRO JR. B. ANDEA, LPT.

_______________________
Research Adviser Date

___________________________
_______________________
Statistician Date
Passed the oral examination, with a grade of _______________

Panel Examiners

___________________________
_______________________
Member Member

RECOMMENDING APPROVAL:

BERNADETTE B. CORTEZ
_______________________
STE Coordinator Date

GLADY E. PAGUNSAN, PhD.

_______________________
SHS Program Coordinator Date

Study No. ____________ Noted:

ROSALINDA T. LONZAGA, PhD.

Principal IV
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
Kidapawan City Division
KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School Department

TRANSMITTAL

The research study attached here to entitled “THE

ACCEPTABILITY OF ALOE VERA GEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE SKIN
MOISTURIZER FOR DRY SKIN”, prepared and submitted by
ALOCELJA, RUSSEL DAWN D. and VALDEZ, VANNE MICKO V., in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Senior High School Program,
is hereby accepted.

ISIDRO JR. B. ANDEA

Research Capstone Adviser

__________________________
Date

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Research/Capstone Project for Senior High School Program.

ROSALINDA T. LONZAGA, PhD.

Principal IV

____________________________
Date
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
Kidapawan City Division
KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department

APPROVAL SHEET

Name: Russel Dawn D. Alocelja, VanneMicko V. Valdez

Year/Strand/Section: Grade 12 STEM C
Title: The Acceptability of Aloe Vera Gel as an Alternative Skin Moisturizer for Dry Skin

Indicate whether first _________ or second__________ defense

Date of Defense: _____________________________________________________________
Place: _______________________________________________________________________
MEMBERS OF THE DEFENSE COMMITTEE
Name Signature Date
ISIDRO JR B. ANDEA ________________________ _________________
______________________ ________________________ _________________
______________________ ________________________ _________________

RECOMMENDING APPROVAL:

ISIDRO JR B. ANDEA
Adviser
____________________
Statistician

BERNADETTE B. CORTEZ
STE Coordinator
GLADY E. PAGUNSAN, PhD.
SHS Program Coordinator/Asst. to the Principal
APPROVED:
ROSALINDA T. LONZAGA, PhD.
Principal IV
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

REPORT ON THE RESULT OF THE EXAMINATION

(Action of the Examination Committee – Indicate whether passed or failed under
remarks)
Name Signature
Remarks
ISIDRO JR. B. ANDEA ___________________________
________________________
_____________________ ___________________________
________________________
_____________________ ___________________________
________________________
 CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

With the increase of our population, the demands for more meat produce are at its

peak. So, farmers increase the amount of livestock they have, but with the rise of

livestock so as with the environmental footprint. And that is the main concern of our

planet right now. How can we find ways to decrease the presence of environmental

footprint, but at the same time still provide for the rising demands of our economy?

Finding ways to solve it is quite expensive for locals to start, but for big

businesses they are required by Poultry Maintenance to put in limits in their production.

But the government should really put into consideration on how this industrial farms pose

adverse aesthetic impact to the environment, which also give rise to conflicts to rural

tourism. One consideration for small poultry farms is by the use of Poultry Carbon

Footprint Calculation Tool (PCFCT), this is used to estimate the amount of Greenhouse

Gas (GHG) emission from pullet, breeder and broiler grow-out farms. But from

maintaining the limit in poultry farm production is one small step to slowly reduce the

presence of environmental footprint.

It needs to be solve because even if there are many other aspects on the

degradation of our environment, poultry industries are one of those that constitute big

environmental impacts. And finding a solution to this environmental issue can really help

our planet to slowly recover from the environmental footprint our economy has created.
 Moreover, the purpose of this study is to find ways to find a solid solution on how

can we lessen the presence of environmental footprint from poultry farms but at the same

time sustain the demands of the economy. With the help of this and other related studies

we can hopefully find a common answer and find a solution to this environmental

problem.

Background of the Study

Environmental footprint is something we want to reduce to help out planet to

thrive again, now, poultry farms are doing the complete opposite in this situation. They

are known to be mass producers of harmful environmental footprint. (1) According to

Oxford: Journal on Applied Poultry Research, emissions from poultry production farms

can be assessed based on the sources of the emissions. By identifying the source of

emissions, producers can pinpoint the areas where GHGs are being emitted, which would

then allow them to address specific problems to mitigate these emissions. Overall they

found that there are many aspects involved in poultry farms in emission production. Also

added by the Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Community, that the major

sources of greenhouse gas that are emitted on poultry production farms were from gas use

and manure management. With all the studies and evidences found scientists are finding

ways to mitigate such problem. (2) In a recent study by the Cornell University, a Highly

Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5N6 is a mutated virus of Influenza A H5N1 and a new

emerging infection that recently caused an outbreak in the Philippines. With this the

Emergency vaccination, prophylactic or preventive vaccination, and routine vaccination

are the three vaccination strategies mentioned by the United Nations Food and

Agriculture Organization (UNFAO). As reported by the World Health Organization

(WHO), H5N1 has been detected in poultry, wild birds and other animals in over 30

countries and has caused 860 human cases in 16 countries and 454 deaths. H5N6 was

reported emerging from China in early May 2014. In August 2017, cases of H5N6 in the

Philippines resulted in the culling of 667,184 chicken, ducks and quails (3) Assessments

captures most of the issues associated with poultry production, as environmental impacts

related to backyard or mixed intensive systems are marginal because of limited

concentration of wastes and reliance only on locally available sources of feed, such as

food residual, crop residues or feed collected by free-ranging birds. (4) Nutrient and

pathogen pollution are the leading causes of water quality impairment in lakes, reservoirs,

and rivers in the United States. Dissemination of these contaminants can result in

eutrophication of freshwater resources and pose a risk to public health through

recreational contact and degradation of waters used as drinking water sources.

Agricultural production practices, both crop and animal, have been identified as sources

of excess nutrients and microbial pathogens contributing to freshwater pollution.

(5) Overall, poultry farms do have environmental effects on its different media-

air, water and land. Not only that but also poses harmful effects on human health. So, we

need to find a solution to this thriving problem on poultry farms to the environment but at

the same time, still able to sustain the need of the growing population.
Conceptual Framework
This section provides a schematic overview of the procedure on how the

researchers will gather data on poultry farms that conduct proper poultry maintenance

through the interplay of the independent, dependent and moderator variables.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Poultry Farms Presence of Environmental

Footprint:

1. Local Disturbance

2. Poultry Manure

3. Health Maintenance

Demographic Profile:

1. Number of workers in

the farm

2. Budget allotted for the

farm

3. Sources of poultry

Objectives of the Study

 The objectives of the study are to know how Poultry Farms find ways in

reducing the presence of Environmental Footprint which are divided into three:

1. To know how Poultry Farms affect the locals with its Local Disturbance (e.g

Unpleasant Odours, Land Degradation, Flies , Mosquitoes, Rats and similar pests

and the likes);

2. To ascertain how poultry farms properly dispose their Poultry Manure; and

3. To determine how Poultry Farms maintain the health of its farms animals-

through cleanliness and immunization.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine how Poultry Farms find ways in reducing the

presence of Environmental Footprint.

In particular it seeks to find answers to the following questions:

1. What is the Demographic profile of the Poultry Farms when

analyzedby:

1.1 Number of workers in the farm;

1.2 Budget allotted for the farm; and
1.3 Sources of Poultry?
2. How are the Poultry Farms executing proper poultry maintenance in

reducing the presence of Environmental Footprint when analysed by:

2.1 Local Disturbance;

2.2 Poultry Manure; and
2.3 Health maintenance?

Hypothesis of the Study

 This section of the study describes both the null and alternative hypothesis of

the study:

Alternative Hypothesis:

1. Poultry Farms produce Local Disturbances in nearby residences of the farm.

2. The Poultry Farms execute proper poultry manure protocols.

3. The farm maintains health treatments for the poultry animals.

Null Hypothesis:

1. Poultry Farms does not produce Local Disturbances in nearby residences of the

farm.

2. The Poultry Farms does not execute proper poultry manure protocols.

3. The farm does not maintain health treatments for the poultry animals.

Significance of the Study

The benefits or advantages of this study is that it can really help our environment

in finding solution to the world problem that is the presence of environmental footprint

caused by poultry farms. Because with the help of recent- and/or previous- studies it can

contribute to have a closer answer in mitigating environmental footprint.

This study doesn’t only focuses on way to prevent or mitigate it but also what are

the scientists doing to help improve our technologies in lowering the energy cost,

improve speed control, and reduce maintenance in the said farms. And more to that also help

the human kind prevent in health risks imposed by the poultry farms.
 And hopefully give the society a well-informed answer to the environmental

problem and a hope for improvement. Because all we want is to have a better planet, where

the environment is taken care of, but at the same time be able to provide to the growing

population.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

An indefinite number of poultry farms will be the coverage for the study, which

hopefully can be found within the locality. The reason for this is because it is highly

dependent on the farms availability for the researchers to conducting the study. And to

study and observe the situation of their farms and the community in their vicinity.

The reason for this is so the researchers can comply the study within the limited

period of time, not only that but also the financial limitations for the transportation. But

hopefully because of the community close to the rural areas they can find good local

poultry farms to conduct their research study.

Definition of Terms

Degradation The action or fact of spreading something, especially information,

widely.
Economy The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms

of the production and consumption of goods and services.

Emission The production and discharge of something, especially gas or

radiation.
Environmental The effect that a person, company, activity, etc. has on
Footprint
the environment, for example the amount of natural resources that
 they use and the amount of harmful gases that they produce.
Eutrophication Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water,

frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth

of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

Plausible Seeming reasonable or probable.
Poses Present or constitute (a problem, danger, or difficulty).

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 This chapter provides an overview of previous researches on the knowledge

regarding Poultry Farms and their poultry maintenance in reducing the presence of

Environmental Footprint. It also focuses on several aspects that will aid the development

of this research study.

The main purpose of the literature review work is to survey previous studies on

Poultry Farms and what do they execute to help reduce Environmental Footprint. In this

chapter, the researcher will dive deep for knowledge surrounding both the independent

(Poultry Farm) and dependent (Presence of Environmental Footprint) variables through

both local and foreign literatures, thus, providing direction in the construction of the

research design process.

Issues at The Production Process of Poultry Farms To The Community

The tremendous growth of poultry farms that has been accompanied by structural

changes within the sector, characterized by the emergence and growth of “land-

independent” (industrial) farming establishments, and the intensification and

concentration of poultry operations. Pressure to lower production costs and increase

supply has led to more efficient operations, made possible through the shift to larger,

specialized and more integrated facilities, and through improvements in the use of animal

genetics, optimized nutrition and new production technologies. The driving forces behind

structural change in poultry production are no different than those that affect other

livestock commodities: market pull, innovation and economies of scale. Innovation and

economies of size that characterize the livestock sector have also served to separate

animal production from crop production. Large, specialized facilities today focus on
producing animals, and purchase most of their feed. This often means that there is limited

access to land on which to spread manure. And that for Local disturbances (e.g. odor,

flies and rodents) and landscape degradation are typical local negative amenities in the

surroundings of poultry farms. Pollution of soil and water with nutrients, pathogens and

heavy metals is generally caused by poor manure-management and occurs where manure

is stored. Water and soil pollution related to poultry litter is, however, generally not an

issue at the production site, as poultry manure is only directly discharged into the

environment in exceptional conditions. Indeed, the high nutrient content and low water

content of poultry litter make it a valuable input to agriculture. Manure is either recycled

on cropland belonging to the animal farm or marketed. In the usual setup, an intermediary

or a processor collects manure from poultry farms. Manure is either resold rough or

processed into compost or pellets. Manure products are used as fertilizer, or as animal

feed especially for fish and cattle. Poultry facilities are a source of odor and attract flies,

rodents and other pests that create local nuisances and carry disease. Odor emissions from

poultry farms adversely affect the life of people living in the vicinity. Odor associated

with poultry operations comes from fresh and decomposing waste products such as

manure, carcasses, feathers and bedding/ litter (Kolominskas et al., 2002; Ferket et al.,

2002). On-farm odor is mainly emitted from poultry buildings, and manure and storage

facilities. Odor from animal feeding operations is not caused by a single compound, but is

rather the result of a large number of contributing compounds including ammonia (NH3),

volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) (IEEP, 2005). Of the

several manure-based compounds which produce odor, the most commonly reported is

ammonia. Ammonia gas has a sharp and pungent odor and can act as an irritant when
present in elevated concentrations. Flies are an additional concern for residents living

near poultry facilities. Research conducted by the Ohio Department of Health indicated

that residences that were located in close proximity to poultry facilities (within half a

mile2) had 83 times the average number of flies. In addition to the nuisance they cause,

flies and mosquitoes can transmit diseases, such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid, malaria,

filarial and dengue fever. Although less often reported than flies and mosquitoes, rats and

similar pests are also a local nuisance associated with poultry production. As with flies

and mosquitoes, they can be a vector for disease transmission. Their presence is mainly

related to animal-feed management and especially to storage and losses from feeding

systems. torage and losses from feeding systems. Pesticides used to control pests (e.g.

parasites and disease vectors) and predators have been reported to cause pollution when

they enter groundwater and surface water. Active molecules or their degradation products

enter ecosystems in solution, in emulsion or bound to soil particles, and may, in some

instances, impair the uses of surface waters and groundwater (World Bank, 2007). Land

use and landscape, the trend to larger production units, and their regional concentration,

certainly has the potential to adversely affect surrounding land use and the appearance of

the landscape. Massive industrial poultry installations can create an adverse aesthetic

impact. Impact on land use in highly concentrated areas is manifested through conflict

with development needs and in some areas with rural tourism. Lastly, Poultry and

Carcass disposal, because the improper disposal of this waste material really do pose

threats to the environment. Improper disposal of poultry carcasses can contribute to

water-quality problems especially in areas prone to flooding or where there is a shallow

water table. Methods for the disposal of poultry carcasses include burial, incineration,
composting and rendering. In the case of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza

(HPAI) outbreaks, the disposal of large numbers of infected birds has presented new and

complex problems associated with environmental contamination. Large volumes of

carcasses can generate excessive amounts of leachate and other pollutants, increasing the

potential for environmental contamination. The potential for pollution of groundwater is

high with this method of disposal. After selecting the sites, two to three monitoring wells

were placed around each pit to a depth of 4.5 meters. Ammonia concentrations were high

in two of the wells. Three of the disposal pits caused an increase in ammonia

concentrations in the groundwater. Total dissolved solids concentrations were high in all

monitoring wells for most dates. Bacterial contamination of groundwater by the disposal

pits was low (Gerber P., Opio C., Steinfeld H. 2-5).

Global Discussion About the Benefits of Poultry Farms And Its Backlashes

Global poultry sector and future trends, and discusses the challenges the sector is

facing, with particular emphasis on four areas: food security, social challenges (poverty

alleviation and equity), health (animal and human) and environment (natural resources

and climate change). Poultry makes a substantial contribution to food security and

nutrition, providing energy, protein, and essential micro-nutrients to humans, with short

production cycles and the ability to convert a wide range of agri-food by-products and

wastes into meat and eggs edible by humans. Poultry is the fastest growing agricultural

sub-sector, especially in developing countries. The global poultry sector is expected to

continue to grow as demand for meat and eggs is driven by growing populations, rising

incomes and urbanization. In this context, the sector is facing unprecedented challenges.

Particularly for small holders and the poor, both in rural and urban areas, poultry is a
major asset and key to poverty alleviation, providing income and market participation.

Birds can be sold in times of crisis and act as household insurance. But the growing

market is essentially benefiting large scale operations and access to market is critical for

small holders. However, poultry represent a threat to human health, especially as a vector

of infectious diseases and because of its role in antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore,

poultry has a significant impact on the environment and is a large consumer of natural

resources. While the sector is usually seen as efficient in converting natural resources into

edible products, it uses large amounts of land, water and nutrients for the production of

feed materials and contributes to climate change, mainly through feed production, and air

and water pollution (Motet. A., Tempio. G., 2017).

Emissions Poultry Farms Produce and Its Biological Impacts

Most gaseous pollutants originate from the breakdown of faucal matter and the

concentrations depend on the ventilation efficiency and rate, as well as the stocking

density and movements of the animals. The litter type, management, humidity and

temperature affect the gas concentration and emission from broiler fattening (Redding,

2013). Also commercial egg production facilities involve variety of housing systems and

manure handling practices, which can produce different magnitudes of environmental

footprint. However, research information concerning the environmental pollution for

various production systems and the system’s ability to maintain the microenvironment

that is conducive to poultry welfare and health, conservation of natural resources and

production efficiency is not very clear. The production and emission of gases in poultry

or any livestock facilities involve complex biological, physical and chemical processes.

The rate of emission is influenced by many factors, such as diet composition and
conversion efficiencies, manure handling practices and environmental conditions. The

composition of poultry diet and the efficiency of its conversion to meat or eggs affect the

quantity and physical and chemical properties of the manure. Manure handling practices

and environmental conditions also affect chemical and physical properties of the manure,

such as chemical composition, biodegradability, microbial populations, oxygen content,

moisture and pH (Xin et al., 2011).

Safety Precautions Poultry Farmers Took Action in Prevention Of Emission

In animal housing there are several factors that affect the production and release

of harmful gaseous compounds. These are primarily the number and live weight of

housed animals, floor surface covered with their excrements, manure storage time in

housing area, performance of ventilation system, air temperature, year season, air

movement above the litter surface or not bedded barn floor, air penetration through the

litter, litter temperature, moisture, pH, the C:N ratio and feed composition (Knowlton,

2000; Wheeler et al., 2003; Coufal, 2006; Mihina et al., 2012). Much of the greenhouse

gases (GHG) generated from the poultry industry is primarily from feed production

(Dunkley et al., 2013). Numerous factors affect the emission of these gases from broiler

facilities. Xin et al. (2011) evaluated more of studies directed on formation of greenhouse

gas emissions from poultry houses. The results showed that 90% of the emissions from

the broiler and pullet farms were originally from propane and diesel gas use, but only 6%

from laying hen farms. On laying hen farms, about 29% of GHG emissions were the

result of electricity use while the pullet and broiler farms had only 3% emissions from

electricity use. Emissions from manure management in the layer facility were responsible

for 53% of the total emission from the facility, while electricity use represented 28% of
the total emissions. In emission mitigation, increasing attention must be devoted to

investigating to reduce air emissions possibilities from animal housings. High levels of

noxious gases, especially ammonia, causing poor environmental conditions for the birds

and the workers inside the house as well as for the neighbors. Primary action to reduce

emissions is to modify housing and manure handling. Agriculture accounts for 10–12%

of the World’s total GHG emissions. Manure management alone is responsible for 13%

of GHG emissions from the agricultural sector. During the last decades, farming

production systems have shifted from deep-pit housing systems to manure belt housing

systems (Fournel et al., 2012). Belt manure using improves the quality housing

environment over the years. Indoor air quality, especially ammonia and dust levels, of

manure belt houses is generally much better than that with other manure management

practices (high rise manure removing or littered floor rearing systems) (Green et al.,

2009). The another factor, namely the frequent manure removal, also results in

significantly lower NH3 emissions from manure belt housing than manure scraper

removing houses (Li et al., 2011). It should be noted that manure storage for manure belt

houses also contributes to harmful emissions (Chai et al., 2010). In the other technique,

ventilation air is blown at high pressure through the system to reach a dry matter content

of 80–85% in less than 72 h, depending on the atmospheric humidity. Drying manure to

over 80% dry matter content reduces odour and NH3 (Sluis, 2012). Current poultry farm

planners and policymakers must adapt to the ever increasing demands on quality of

animal and human environment. Poultry owners must continually seek advances in

housing technology to improve their farms in order to remain competitive and be

successful. However, further research is still needed. Scientists must focus on indoor air
quality; the causes of emissions, especially in alternative hen housing systems and

enriched cage systems; environmental footprint for different poultry production systems

through life cycle assessment and practical means to mitigate air emissions from

production systems (Broucek. J., Cermak. B., 2015).

Waste Management Practices of Poultry Farms in the Philippines

The swine and poultry industries have long been at the forefront of livestock

production development in the Philippines with Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog as

the major sites of expansion activities for these two agricultural sectors (Delgado et al.

2003; Costales et al. 2003). Although this translates to greater income and employment

opportunities, it has also been implicated in environmental degradation and pollution.

Scaling up of livestock and poultry operations often result in mismanagement and

overutilization of available natural resources due to excessive demand for ecosystems

services. Furthermore, intensification of animal production is concomitant to key

environmental issues such as higher production of waste products such as manure and

effluent. The case in point is the province of Laguna, which has experienced high rates of

population growth, urbanization and industrialization through intensive agricultural

pursuits particularly in livestock and poultry-raising (BAS 2007). Unfortunately, these

activities have contributed significantly to the steady decline in the environmental quality

of the Laguna Lake watershed. Numerous small to large scale livestock enterprises exist

within the lake basin with untreated farm effluent frequently discharged into its

tributaries. Nutrient loading in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus from animal by-

products from swine and poultry farms have led to eutrophication of the lake, severely

reducing its biota (Alcantara and Donald 1996). The presence of pollutants and
contaminants from both point and non-point sources alter water conditions resulting in

ecosystem dysfunction and a drop in biodiversity (Ongley 1996). (Paraso. M.G.,

Espaldon. M. A., Alcantara. A. J.… Valdez. C. A. 2010).

Current Status of Important Transboundary Animal Diseases In The Philippines

To support the animal health program, the Philippine government operates a

central laboratory facility that processes requests for confirmatory animal disease

diagnosis, accredits government and private veterinary laboratories and conducts regular

competency training for laboratory personnel. This is the Animal Disease Diagnosis and

Reference Laboratory (formerly known as the Philippine Animal Health Center). With a

US$3.5 million loan from USDA’s Food for Peace program, the Philippines is currently

implementing a three-year project entitled “Profiling of Economically Important Diseases

of Swine and Cattle in the Philippines for Enhanced Disease Management, Surveillance

and Control” (Arejola, 2016). The project features the active partnership of BAI, the

National Dairy Authority (NDA) and top veterinary schools to renovate academic

laboratories, enhance their diagnostic capabilities, and characterize bacterial, viral,

fungal, parasitic diseases of poultry and swine in the Philippines. The Animal Health and

Welfare Division of the BAI serves as the main arm of the government to monitor and

manage animal diseases. Disease prevention starts with its function of accreditation of

livestock and poultry farms in the country. Its Epidemiology Section runs the surveillance

system while the Animal Disease Control Section provides the technical and material

assistance to field units during disease outbreaks. (Domingo. R. D., Lopez. E. L.,

Cabantac. L. Z… Bucad. A. C. 2016).

 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the research methodology for this

applied research study about the effective ways poultry farmers can reduce the presence

of environmental footprint.

The research plan, including the research design, research locale, population and

sampling techniques, research instruments, data gathering procedure, and the statistical

tools are also primary components of this chapter.

Research Design

This study uses the descriptive research approach. Because this answers the

questions “How do the Poultry Farms execute proper poultry maintenance?” It is used to

obtain information concerning the current status and the phenomena. The main goal of

this research is to have a certain impact of improvement on human conditions and it

focuses more on solving societal and real-life concerns or problems concerning poultry

maintenance.

Population and Sampling Techniques

This study uses the Availability Sampling. The study will be conducted on few

selected farms in the nearing areas. The respondents are those who work in Poultry farms

and even the affected community around the farm. The survey will be conducted within

two months’ time. The respondents will share some thought and opinions on how it

affects them.

Research Locale
 The study will be conducted in an indefinite number poultry farms in North

Cotabato. That would depend on their availability on the set dates the study will be

conducted.

Research Instrument

The research instrument utilized to gather the needed information was as follows:

a. Questionnaires. Questionnaires will be used in conducting the study. This is

intended by the researchers to gather concrete information determining how

poultry farms execute proper poultry maintenance in reducing the presence of

environmental footprint and how does this affect the community within the farms

vicinity. The instruments used the 5- pint Likert Scale, in determining how likely

the question is.

A. Effects on the locals by the Local Disturbances

Scale Verbal Description Interpretation
5 Strongly Agree The locals are really
devastated by the
disturbances of the Poultry
Farm
4 Agree The Poultry Farm disturbs
the locals in the area
3 Moderately Agree The Poultry Farm slightly
disturbed the locals in the
area
2 Disagree The Poultry Farm slightly
does not disturb the locals in
the area
1 Strongly Disagree Locals are not affected by
the disturbances caused by
the Poultry Farm
Table 1. A 5-point Likert scale measuring the Local Disturbances caused by Poultry

Farms to the locals in the farms vicinity.

B. Proper Drainage of Poultry Manure

 Scale Verbal Description
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Moderately Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
Table 1.1 A 5-point Likert scale measuring Proper Manure Drainage the Poultry Farms
execute.
C. Health Maintenance of Poultry Animals
Scale Verbal Description
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Moderately Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
Table 1.2 A 5-point Likert scale measuring the Poultry Farms awareness towards the
Health Maintenance of Poultry Animals.
Interpretation
The Poultry Farm really do
follow proper manure
drainage protocols
The Poultry Farm follows
manure drainage protocols
The Poultry Farm slightly
follows manure drainage
protocols
The Poultry Farm slightly
doesn’t follow manure
drainage protocols
The Poultry Farm does not
really follow proper manure
drainage protocols
Interpretation
The Poultry Farm is well
aware for their animals
health maintenance
The Poultry Farm is aware
for their animals health
maintenance
The Poultry Farm is slightly
aware for their animals
health maintenance
The Poultry Farms is
slightly unaware for their
animals health maintenance
The Poultry Farm is really
unaware of their animals
health maintenance
 b. Documentation. The researchers will also take documentations with the

institutions permission. To make sure the survey was actually conducted and

present evidences of how they properly maintain the poultry farm. And by this

instrument, it makes the study more reliable.

Data Gathering Procedure

In gathering our data:

1. First, we need to ask for permission first to the managers of the institution/ farm;

2. Then ask permission to the respondents themselves if they would gladly

participate;

3. Next, is by distributing few survey questionnaires for the selected respondents;

and

4. Lastly, is the data analysis;

The name of the specific location wouldn’t be exact yet, because it would depend

on the farms/ institutions availability.

Data Analysis Procedure (Statistical Techniques)

The 5- point Likert Scale was implemented to interpret the items in the

questionnaire. The responses are based on the respondents answer and the range and

interpretation are shown below.

 Scale Range Description
5 4.24-5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.43-4.23 Agree
3 2.62-3.42 Moderately Agree

2 1.81-2.61 Disagree
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree
Table 2. Cronbach’s Alpha Measure of Reliability

Weighted mean was used to measure the general response of the survey samples;

they agree to a given statement or not. The formula in computing the weighted is as

follow;

WM=xf Where. f=weight given to each responses

xt _= number of responses

x=total number of responses

The result was analyzed with the use of Statistical Approach.

Test of Normality

Before parametric statistics were used, a normality test was conducted on each

factor to evaluate whether the data is forming a normal distribution curve. According to

Chua (2008), data is normally distributed when each construct’s (factor) skewness and

kurtosis magnitude is less than 1.96.

Test for Reliability and Validity

Cronbach’s alpha provides a useful lower bound on reliability. It will generally

increase when the correlation between the items increase. For this reason, the coefficient
measures the internal consistency of the test. Its maximum value is 1, and usually its

minimum is 0, although it can be negative (see below). According to Zaoints (2013), a

commonly-accepted rule of thumb is that an alpha of 0.7 ((some say 0.6) indicates

acceptable reliability and 0.8 or higher indicates good reliability. Very high reliability

(0.95 or higher) is not necessarily desirable, as this indicates that the items may be

entirely redundant.

Cronbach Alpha’s Measure of Reliability

Cronbach Alpha Descriptive Measure of Reliability

0.70 – 0.78 Acceptable Reliability
0.79 – 0.86 Good Reliability
0.87 – 0.95 Very High Reliability
Table 3. Cronbach’s Alpha measure of Reliability

Ethical Considerations

The research seeks to ensure the research study’s consistency and honesty. The

respondents’ consent to participate was only obtained after a thorough explanation of the

procedure. The respondent will be kept anonymous and confidential by not reviewing

their names and identities in the data collection.

Tools and Research Instruments

QUESTIONNARE

Title: A Survey on Poultry Farms Executing Proper Poultry Maintenance in Reducing the
Presence of Environmental Footprint

Direction: Please note that this survey is for research purposes only. Your accurate
answers are vital for us and they will be kept confidential by the researchers.
Direction: Please rate the following based on the scale provided following the indicted
legend. Put a (✔) check mark in your preferred rate.

1- Strongly Disagree 4- Agree

2- Disagree 5- Strongly Agree
3- Moderately Agree

A. Effects to the locals by the Local 1 2 3 4 5

Disturbances
1. Poultry farms should be located near
residential areas
2. Land degradation in our area are obvious
because of the Poultry farm
3. Unpleasant odors are easily detectible caused
by the farm
4. I can see the increase of flies, mosquitoes, rats
and similar pests in the area caused by the
poultry farm
5. The poultry carcass are disturbing our water
sources (e.g groundwater, rivers, surface
waters, lakes)

B. Proper Drainage of Poultry Manure 1 2 3 4 5

1. The farm must conducts proper manure
disposal
2. The farm uses drainage in disposing animal
faces
3. The poultry farm should clean the pens
regularly to reduce the piling of gas emissions
4. The farm should not release manure in local
bodies of water (e.g lakes, rivers, ponds,
groundwater)
5. The farm should use the poultry manure in
other economical purposes (e.g plant
fertilizers)

C. Health maintenance of poultry animals 1 2 3 4 5

1. The farm should be well prepared in case
animal epidemics might happen
2. The farm must know much about epidemic
prevention and control
3. The farms utensils are disinfected regularly
4. Animal hospitals should be located nearby
poultry farms
5. The poultry animals must be immunized on a
regular schedule