4.

Fire Fighting

Index
Introduction
Objectives
1. Fire and its components
1.1 Fire triangle
1.2 Classes of fire
1.3 Transmission of Heat CONDUCTION, CONVENTION, RADIATION.
1.4 Phases of fire
Quiz:-
2. Fire Extinguishment
2.1 Removing heat
2.2Removing Fuel
2.3Reducing oxygen
2.4Chemical Chain Reaction
Quiz:-
3. Fire Fighting Equipment’s(Kiran)
3.1 Fire extinguisher
3.2Fire hose reel(Kiran)
3.3Fire hydrant system (Kiran)
3.4Fire sprinkler System
Quiz:-

4. Fire Fighting PPE’s- Personal protective Equipment

4.1 Breathing Apparatus
4.2Protective Clothing
4.2.1 Foot and leg protection
4.2.2 Body Protection
4.2.3 Hand Protection
4.2.4 Head, Eye and Face protection
Quiz:-

FAQ’s
 Glossary

Introduction
This course provides an overview of basic components of fire ground operations
within the structure of an incident management system. Content focuses on fire
ground operations such as property conservation. Common techniques, tools,
equipment and their use are incorporated. Specific knowledge, attitudes and
skills of the firefighter are included.
Course Objectives
 Explain the classes of fire and the risks associated with each class.
 Identify the kinds of fire extinguishers used for each class.
 Explain the rating systems of portable fire extinguisher for each Classes
 Identify the limitations of portable fire extinguishers.
 Demonstrate the operation of portable fire extinguishers.
 Explain the care and maintenance of portable fire extinguishers.
 Discuss the inspection requirements of portable fire extinguishers.
 Able to handle Fire incidents without Fatalities and Property Damage
1. Fire and its components
1.1 Fire triangle and Tetrahedron

The Fire Triangle Theory has been accepted for many years. Simply stated, there
are three components needed in order for a fire to bum fuel, oxygen, and heat.
The fire triangle is used to predict situations that could result in fire. Today, this
theory is modified to explain combustion or fire as a 4-sided figure, called a
tetrahedron. The most recently added segment of the tetrahedron is a chemical
chain reaction, which represents the exact mixture of the other three
 components, in the right concentrations, to promote and sustain combustion or
ignition.
1. Air: The first component of the fire tetrahedron is air. The atmosphere is
made up of roughly 21 percent oxygen, the combustible component of air that
supports fire ignition. Though oxygen itself is not flammable, it is required for
combustion to occur.
2. Fuel: Fuel is the part of the fire tetrahedron with the broadest variable
content -- many natural and manmade substances burn. This variable is
important to firefighters, because the type of material burning often dictates
the approach that must be taken to extinguish it. Fuel may take the form of a
solid, liquid or gas.
3. Heat: The heat component of the tetrahedron can be supplied by any type of
heat generation. It can be direct flame impingement, mechanically generated
heat or heat from an arcing electrical source. Heat may be transferred to fuel
by radiation, direct contact or convection. This component is typically
attacked by firefighters with the application of cooling water to extinguish the
fire.
4. Chemical chain reaction: Chemical reaction in the combustion process Fuels
can be solids, liquids or gases. During the chemical reaction that produces fire,
fuel is heated to such an extent that, it releases gases from its surface.
Only gases can react in combustion. Gases are made up of molecules (groups of
atoms). When these gases are hot enough, the molecules in the gases break
apart and fragments of molecules regain with oxygen from the air to make new
product molecules – water molecules (H2O) and carbon dioxide molecules (CO2)
– and other products if burning is not complete.
1.2 Classes of fire
Class A – ordinary combustibles (wood, cloth, paper)
Fires in ordinary combustible solid materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber
and many plastics are classified under this. In general fires involving solid
materials, usually of an organic nature, in which combustion normally takes
place with the formation of glowing embers.
Water is the best extinguishing medium for Class A fires. Some Dry Chemical
Powder (DCP) is also used.
Class B – flammable oil
 Class B Include fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids. Fires in flammable
liquids, oils, greases, tars, oil based paints, lacquers, etc.
Foam is the best extinguishing medium for Class B fires. But its reactivity
should be ensured in case of Chemical fires.
Class C – flammable gases
Class C includes Fires involving flammable gases such as methane, natural gas,
acetylene, etc.
Dry Chemical Powder is widely used for extinguishing gaseous fires. Its ability
to cut the chain reaction in the combustion process makes it suitable for the
purpose.
Class D – combustible metals
Class D includes Fires involving metals, including magnesium, zirconium,
sodium, lithium, potassium, etc.
Steam, Dry Chemical Powder can be used against meal fires.
1.3 Methods of Heat Transfer (CONDUCTION, CONVENTION, RADIATION.)
Conduction: Conduction is the form of heat transfer that takes place within solids
when one portion of an object is heated. Energy is transferred from the heated
area to the unheated area at a rate dependent on the difference in temperature
and the physical properties of the material. The properties are the thermal
conductivity (k), the density (p), and the heat capacity (c). The heat capacity
(specific heat) of a material is a measure of the amount of heat necessary to raise
its temperature.
Convention: Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of
heated liquids or gases from the source of heat to a cooler part of the
environment. Heat is transferred by convection to a solid when hot gases pass
over cooler surfaces. The rate of heat transfer to the solid is a function of the
temperature difference, the surface area exposed to the hot gas, and the velocity
of the hot gas. The higher the velocity of the gas, the greater the rate of
convective transfer.
Radiation: Radiation is the transfer of heat energy from a hot surface to a cooler
surface by electromagnetic waves without an intervening medium. For example,
the heat energy from the sun is radiated to earth through the vacuum of space.
Radiant energy can be transferred only by line-of-sight and will be reduced or
 blocked by intervening materials. Intervening materials do not necessarily block
all radiant heat. For example, radiant heat is reduced on the order of 50 percent
by some glazing materials.
1.4 Phases of Fire.
There are four phase in fire
Ignition
Ignition refers to the marked transition of a system from a non-reactive
equilibrium state to a self-sustaining reactive state. This change is often
induced by an external stimulus such as heat or a spark that produces a
thermochemical runaway in the system.
Incipient (Growth) Phase

Most fires extinguished by firefighters are in this phase. In this phase, the fire
is in the beginning, slow fuel combustion stage, with the oxygen content in
the area still within the normal range (21 percent). There is limited heat being
generated but high levels of smoke production and flammable carbon
monoxide (CO) gas. Physical destruction from fire is limited to the immediate
surrounding area. In certain situations, the introduction of fresh air by
firefighters entering the area of fire can cause pent up CO gas to react
violently and explode (backdraft), leading to serious injury while increasing
the intensity of the fire. Also during this phase, there is the possibility of fire
gases reaching their ignition temperatures (flashover) causing the entire
area's contents to become suddenly engulfed in fire, greatly increasing the
temperature of the fire and leading to the next phase of fire, the free-burning
phase.

Free-Burning (Fully Developed) Phase

As fire spreads throughout an area, more heat and smoke are generated and
travel in an upward direction toward the ceiling. During the free-burning
phase, oxygen content in the area drops from 21 percent to approximately 15
percent, causing the volume of flames to eventually decrease, while smoke
production continues to increase. When the oxygen level falls below 15
percent, flame generation ceases and the fire enters the next and last phase,
the smouldering phase.

Smouldering (Decay) Phase

 During this phase, the oxygen content in the area is below 15 percent, causing
the rate of heat production and active flaming to decrease rapidly.
Combustibles in the room have been largely consumed by the fire and are no
longer actively burning. These combustibles, however, are still emitting large
amounts of smoke and flammable gases. If fresh air (oxygen) is introduced
into the fire area at this time, a backdraft situation is possible, since the influx
of oxygen will complete the fire triangle and cause re-ignition of the
flammable gas mixture in the area.

Quiz:-
Q1:- Convection is:
A. transfer of heat through space by infrared rays.
B. transfer of heat through a solid medium.
C. not considered a method of heat transfer.
D. transfer of heat through liquids or gases by circulating currents.

Q2:- Which stage of fire releases the maximum amount of heat for the available
fuel and produces large volumes of fire gases?
A. Ignition
B. Fully developed
C. Growth
D. Rapid oxidation
Q3:- Fire can be extinguished by:
A. reducing heat, removing oxygen, removing fuel, or stopping the chemical chain
reaction.
B. radiation, conduction, or convection.
C. reducing heat, increasing oxygen, or removing fuel.
D. ordinary combustibles, flammable liquids, electrical equipment, and combustible
metals.

Q4:- Fire Tetrahedron Elements are…………

A. Wood, plastic, Oil, Gas
B. Oxygen, Fuel, Heat, Chemical reaction
C. Fuel, water, heat, chemical reaction
D. No one of above
Q5:- Match the classes of fire with elements
 1. Class A wood, cloth, paper
2. Class B Flammable oil
3. Class C Flammable gas
4. Class D combustible metals

Q6:-Heat transfer methods are….

A. Convention, radiation, compression
B. Conduction, convention, Radiation
C. Oxidation, convention, explosion
D. All of above

Q7:- Fire Burning Phases are….

A. Ignition, explosive, radiation
B. Growth, spread,
C. Fully burned, decay, ignition, growth
D. All of above

2. Fire Extinguishment
Fire Extinguishment Theory
The extinguishment of fire is based on an interruption of one or more of the
essential elements in the combustion process. With flaming combustion the fire
may be extinguished by reducing temperature, eliminating fuel or oxygen, or by
stopping the uninhibited chemical chain reaction. If a fire is in the smouldering
mode of combustion, only three extinguishment options exist: reduction of
temperature, elimination of fuel or oxygen.
2.1 Extinguishment of Temperature Reduction(Cooling)
One of the most common methods of extinguishment is by cooling with water.
The process of extinguishment by cooling is dependent on cooling the fuel to a
point where it does not produce sufficient vapour to burn. If we look at fuel
types and vapour production, we find that solid fuels and liquid fuels with high
flash points can be extinguished by cooling. Low flashpoint liquids and
flammable gases cannot be extinguished by cooling with water as vapour
production cannot be sufficiently reduced. Reduction of temperature is
dependent on the application of an adequate flow in proper form to establish a
negative heat balance.
2.2 Extinguishment by Fuel Removal(starvation)
In some cases, a fire is effectively extinguished by removing the fuel source. This
may be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by
removing solid fuel in the path of the fire. Another method of fuel removal is to
allow the fire to burn until all fuel is consumed.
 2.3 Extinguishment by Oxygen Dilution(smothering)
The method of extinguishment by oxygen dilution is the reduction of the oxygen
concentration to the fire area. This can be accomplished by introducing an inert
gas into the fire or by separating the oxygen from the fuel. This method of
extinguishment will not work on self-oxidizing materials or on certain metals as
they are oxidized by carbon dioxide or nitrogen, the two most common
extinguishing agents.
2.4 Extinguishment by Chemical flame Inhibition
Some extinguishing agents, such as dry chemicals and halons, interrupt the flame
producing chemical reaction, resulting in rapid extinguishment. This method of
extinguishment is effective only on gas and liquid fuels as they cannot burn in the
smouldering mode of combustion. If extinguishment of smouldering materials is
desired, the addition of cooling capability is required.
Quiz:-
Q1:- Fire is an exothermic chemical chain reaction in between Oxygen, Heat & Fuel
- True
- False
Q2:- Propagation of a fire is also dependent on chemical chain reaction
- True
- False
Q3:- We can put off fire with starvation, smothering, cooling
- True
- False
Q4:- Starvation means
- Removal of the Heat in the fire.
- Removal of the fuel burning in the fire.
- Removal of oxygen in the fire.
Q5:- Smothering means
- cutting of fuel supply
- cutting of oxygen supply
- all of above
- no one of above
3. Fire Fighting Equipment’s
3.1 Fire extinguisher
3.1.1 Fire Extinguisher and its parts
It is important to be familiar with the basic design of portable fire extinguishers.
Most extinguishers consist of the basic parts described below.
Cylinder: The body of a typical stored pressure extinguisher is constructed of
either low carbon steel or aluminium. The cylinder holds some combination of
extinguishing agent and expellant gas.
Nameplate: A large nameplate affixed to the cylinder contains information about
operating instructions, the extinguishing agent and the class of fires against
which the extinguisher is effective.
Pressure gauge: the operating range of an extinguisher and its ability to expel all
of its extinguishing agent decrease as the pressure drops. The pressurized water
and multi-purpose dry chemical and sodium chloride dry powder extinguishers all
have pressure gauges. These gauges measure the pressure stored inside the
extinguisher on a scale calibrated in pounds per square inch. Most pressure
gauges are also color-coded so you can tell at a glance if the needle is pointing to
the fully-charged or empty range.
Handle: The handle is designed so that you can securely carry and hold an
extinguisher while you use it. All handles are located below the trigger. Note:
Lifting an extinguisher by the handle will not discharge the unit.
Trigger/Lever: The trigger is a short lever mounted above the handle at the top
of the extinguisher. Squeezing the trigger releases the extinguishing agent
through the hose. Releasing the trigger will stop the release of extinguishing
agent.
Locking mechanism (Pull pin and seal): To prevent accidental discharge, all
extinguishers come with a locking mechanism that must be removed before the
extinguisher will work. This mechanism is a pin, with a large loop at one end,
located below the trigger. You must pull the pin out before you can squeeze the
trigger to discharge the extinguisher. Most pins are secured in place by a
lightweight plastic tie. This tie serves as a tamper-proof seal and prevents the pin
from falling out accidentally. The tie will break easily when you tug on the pin.
Nozzle or horn: The extinguishing agent is expelled from the top of the
extinguisher through a hose or a nozzle or cone attached to the extinguisher by a
short hose. The pressurized water extinguishers have a hose clip affixed to the
cylinder to hold the hose in place. The CO2 extinguishers have a large cone at the
end of a short hose that easily identifies them.
3.1.2 Understand fire extinguisher types,
Water Type Fire extinguisher
Water type fire extinguish agent are suitable only for class “A” fires, There are
typically three types of water extinguishers. Soda-acid, cartridge-operated and
stored pressure water extinguishers. Water extinguishers may be filled with
either water or a water/antifreeze solution. Mostly used fire extinguisher is
stored pressure water type.
Foam Type Fire extinguisher (Chemical foam, Mechanical foam)
Form type fire extinguish agents are suitable only for class “A” and “B” Fires,
Foam is produced by the combination of three materials Water, Air, Foam making
agent. Firefighting foam is used to form a blanket on the surface of flaming
liquids. The blanket prevents flammable vapours from leaving the surface and
prevents oxygen from reaching the fuel.
Chemical foam:-Chemical foam is formed by mixing together a solution of an alkali (usually sodium
bicarbonate), an acid (usually aluminium sulphate), water and a stabilizer. The stabilizer is added
to make the foam tenacious and long-lived. When these chemicals react, they form a foam

Mechanical foam: - Mechanical foam is produced by mixing a foam concentrate with water to
produce a foam solution. The bubbles are formed by the turbulent mixing of air and the foam
solution. As the name air foam implies that the bubbles are filled with air. Aside from the
workmanship and efficiency of the equipment, the degree of mixing determines the quality of
the foam.

Carbon-dioxide Type Fire extinguisher

Carbon-dioxide type fire extinguish agents are suitable only for B & C Class
(Inflammable Liquids, Gases, Electrical Fire) The operator must grasp the hose
handle and not the discharge horn. The CO2 expands and cools very quickly as it
leaves the extinguisher. The horn gets cold enough to frost over and cause
severe frostbite. When a CO2 extinguisher is used in a confined space, the
operator should guard against suffocation by wearing breathing apparatus.

Dry chemical powder Type Fire extinguisher

Dry chemical powder type of fire extinguisher agents are suitable Often termed
the ‘multi-purpose’ extinguisher, as it can be used on classes A, B & C fires and
highly effective against B &C class fires, Dry chemical extinguishers are available
in several sizes, with any of five different extinguishing agents are Mono
ammonium phosphate, Potation bicarbonate, Potassium Chloride, Urea
 Potassium bicarbonate Cartridge-Operated Dry Chemical powder Extinguisher
Stored-Pressure Dry Chemical powder Extinguishers.
Dry powder Type Fire extinguisher
Dry chemical agent that is specifically suitable for use on combustible metal (class
D) fires. Accordingly, the term “Dry Powder” extinguisher is intended to
specifically refer to that extinguisher which has an extinguishing agent’s graphite
and sodium chloride (salt), Suitable for use on combustible metal (class D) fires.
The extinguishing agent typically found in “Dry Powder” extinguishers is sodium
chloride, which forms a crust on the burning metal.
3.1.3 Portable Extinguishers its Selection

3.1.4 Fire Extinguisher Operating procedures,

In operating a fire extinguisher, it is helpful to remember the word “PASS” to

guide you through each step. PASS stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and
Sweep.
Step 1–Pull the pin. Some extinguishers require releasing a lock latch or
pressing a puncture lever.
Step 2–Aim. Point the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire.
Step 3–Squeeze the handle while holding the extinguisher upright. This
releases the extinguishing agent.
Step 4–Sweep from side to side. Keep the extinguisher aimed at the base of
the fire, and sweep back and forth until it appears to be out. Watch the fire
area. If fire breaks out again, repeat the process.
 Most portable extinguishers work according to these directions. Each unit
carries specific directions for its use printed on the extinguisher case. It is
important to be familiar with these instructions before an emergency.
3.1.5 Fire extinguisher limitations.
 Operate extinguishers at their maximum effective distance. Stand back from the fire,
the minimum distance stated on the name plate and aim at the base of the fire
nearest you.
 Never stand in an open doorway when attempting to extinguish a fire. This is usually
the ventilation point for smoke, heat and steam, and could cause injury to the
operator.
 Always lay the extinguisher down on its side when empty.
 Do not touch the metal components of the Carbon Dioxide extinguisher, due to the
build-up of “dry ice” as frostbite may occur.
 Avoid pointing Carbon Dioxide extinguisher applicators at people.  If the extinguisher
is accidentally operated, frostbite to the face and eyes may occur.

 After Carbon Dioxide extinguishers have been operated into a confined space, the
level of oxygen will be reduced and suffocation may occur if the operator remains or
the area is entered prematurely.
 Do not discharge water onto suspect electrical type fires. Water is an excellent
conductor of electricity and you may be electrocuted.
 Do not discharge water onto flammable liquid fires, as flammable liquid floats on
water and this may cause the fire to spread.
After using Extinguisher
 Empty Extinguisher lay the extinguisher down out of the way after use.
 Empty Extinguisher don’t place back on the hook
 Replace with the same type of Extinguisher
3.1.6 Requirement of Placement, Use, Maintenance, Testing
Fire extinguishers need to be regularly checked to ensure that:
a. The extinguisher is not blocked by furniture, doorways, or anything
that might limit access in an emergency.
b. The pressure is at the recommended level. Some extinguishers have
gauges that indicate when the pressure is too high or too low.
c. All parts are operable and not damaged or restricted in any way. Make
sure hoses and nozzles are free of insects or debris. There should not
be any signs of damage or abuse, such as dents or rust, on the
extinguisher.
d. The outside of the extinguisher is clean. Remove any oil or grease that
might accumulate on the exterior.
e. Shake dry chemical extinguishers once a month to prevent the powder
from settling or packing. Check the manufacturer's recommendations.
 f. Pressure test the extinguisher (a process called hydrostatic testing)
after a number of years to ensure that the cylinder is safe to use. Find
out from the owner's manual, the label, or the manufacturer when an
extinguisher may need this type of testing.
g. Immediately replace the extinguisher if it needs recharging or is
damaged in any way.
3.2 Fire hose reel(Kiran)
A fire hose reel is a first attack piece of fire-fighting equipment. It is designed
to be used as a quick-response method by any member of the general public
for fighting fires in their early stages. Hose Reels are suitable for Class A fires
Such as Paper, Textiles, Wood, Most Plastics and Rubber.
Fire Hose Reels are easy to use, provide a virtually unlimited supply of water,
as they are connected to the mains water supply, and should extend for
approximately 35 metres.
Don’t use on electrical fires. Remember water conducts electricity, so using a
fire hose reel on it could lead to electro conduction.
There two type of Hose reels: 1. Swinging type hose reel 2. Horizontal type
hose reel.
Operating procedure
 Always read the instruction plate before use, to ensure that you have
selected the correct extinguisher for the fire you intend to fight.
 Open the inlet valve, before running out the hose to lection of the fire.
Control the discharge by using the nozzle in a Jet/ spray/ off mode.
 Minimum two persons are required to run out effectively the hose to the
sense of the fire.
 Ensure that you are positioned between the fire and a safe exit.
 Apply the water jet to the base of the fire in short sweeping.
 Warning there is a continuous supply of water to the hose reel, don’t fight
the fire if the size increase or for too long.
3.3 Fire hydrant system
Fire hydrant system is a safety measure or emergency equipment required in
some buildings that comprises a series of components that when assembled
together provide a source of water to assist fire authorities in a fire.
Pressurised water will be discharged from landing valve/ Hydrant valve, usually
this this is designed in outdoor area, 1 meter height from ground. Water
supply header and main pipe up to hydrant valve/landing valves shall be kept
pressurised by the jockey pump which shall start automatically on receiving
the impulse from the pressure switch in case of any pressure drop in the
header. It shall stop at a present pressure as soon as pressure builds up in the
header. For smaller fires, first aid hose reel would be used while hydrant valve
would be used for bigger fires.
Fire hydrant system components
Fire hose BOX and cabinet (Box)
Fire Hose Box. These boxes are the glass reinforced boxes which are used as a
store box for fire hoses. M.S./S.S./FRP materials are used to manufacture these
Fire Hose boxes. These hose boxes are available in single as well as in double
door. This is used to store GM nozzle/ Branch pipe, Hose with coupling.
Fire hose with coupling
Flexible tube used by fire fighters to carry water under pressure from the
source of supply to the point of discharge. Fire hose is generally classified by
its size and construction. 63 mm nominal internal dia hose, rubber lined
woven - jacketed coupling with (Reinforced Rubber lined type), firefighting
delivery hose 15 M long each, fitted with gun metal coupling of 63 mm size
with multi serrated tail and double instantaneous spring lock arrangement
comprising of male half at one end and female half at other end complete
with rubber cup washer.

Branch pipe/Nozzle
Gun metal, short type, instantaneous pattern branch pipe to suit fire hose
delivery coupling of 63 mm size complete with G M nozzle of 20 mm nominal
size
Landing Valves (Hydrant Valve)
Gun metal landing valve (internal/external Fire-Hydrants) with oblique type
single outlet as per schedule of quantities complete with hose coupling
adaptor of 63 mm size, instantaneous spring lock arrangement and blank cap
with chain
Fire hydrant operating procedure
Identify nearest fire hydrant post in fire incident place, fire hose pipe should
be able to reach near fire incident place. Minimum two Number of persons are
required to carry out operation.
 Fire hose with coupling, Nozzle is available in fire hose box (cabinet),
unlock fire hose box with help of key.
 Grab delivery coupling lugs, laid down fire hose pipe on ground from
hydrant post to Fire incident place.
 Fix male coupling side in female hydrant valve.
  Fix Branch pipe/Nozzle to fire hose pipe.
 Open fire hydrant valve anti clock wise direction, Keep remember water
pressure is near about 7Kg/M2 and two persons required to Extinguish fire
3.4 Fire sprinkler System
"Sprinkler system" means a system of piping designed in accordance with fire
protection engineering standards and installed to control or extinguish fires.
The system includes an adequate and reliable water supply, and a network of
specially sized piping and sprinklers which are interconnected. The system
also includes a control valve and a device for actuating an alarm when the
system is in operation.
For most fires, water represents the ideal extinguishing agent. Fire sprinklers
utilize water by direct application onto flames and heat, which causes cooling
of the combustion process and prevents ignition of adjacent combustibles.
Sprinkler head and types
Sprinkler systems are essentially a series of water pipes that are supplied by a
reliable water supply. At selected intervals along these pipes are
independent, heat activated valves known as sprinkler heads.
There are mostly used sprinkler are

 Pendent type,
 Upright type,
 Conventional type,
 Vertical sidewall type,
 Horizontal side wall type
Befits of fire Sprinklers
1. Immediate identification and control of a developing fire. Sprinkler
systems respond at all times, including periods of low occupancy.
Control is generally instantaneous.
2. Reduced heat and smoke damage. Significantly less heat and smoke
will be generated when the fire is extinguished at an early stage.
3. Decreased insurance expenditure. Sprinkler controlled fires are less
damaging than fires in non-sprinkler buildings. Insurance underwriters
may offer reduced premiums in sprinkler protected properties.
QUIZ:

1. A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection system measure, consisting of a

water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water
distribution piping system, onto which are connected to
- Fire sprinkler
- Fire alarm control panel
- Fire alarm system
- Automatic fire suppression
2. Fire sprinkler system help to immediate identification and control of a developing
fire. By this reduce the loss of property.
- True
- False
3. Type of Fire sprinkler heads…..
- Pendent type,
- upright type,
- Low right type
- conventional type,
- (vertical/ Horizontal) sidewall type,
4. Sprinkler are parallel connected to branch water pipes in fire sprinkler system
- Tue
- False
5. Fire Extinguishment methods...
- Reduction of temperature, elimination of fuel, break chemical chain reaction and
oxygen
- Reduction of water, elimination of fire
- A& B
6. Water Co2 Type of Fire Extinguisher can be used on
- -BC class fire
- -AB class fire
- -Only A class fire
7. Dry Chemical Powder extinguisher can be used on
-
- -BC class fire
- -AB class fire
- -D class fire
8. Mechanical Form Type of Fire Extinguisher can be used on 
- -BC class
- -ABC class
- -AB class
9. Co2 Type of Fire Extinguisher can be used on
- -BC class fire
 - -AB class fire
- -D class fire
- -all of above
10. In PASS, “P” stand for
- Put
- Pull
- Pole
- All of above
11. In PASS, “A’ stand for
- Attack
- Aim at base of fire
- Aim at top of fire
- All of above
12. Hose Reel is suitable for
- Class D fire
- Class A fire
- Class B&C fir
13. Fire hydrant system is for providing a source of ……….to assist fire authorities in a
fire.
- Air
- Water
- Vehicle fuel
- All of above

4. Fire Fighting PPE’s- Personal protective Equipment

The personal protection equipment’s include gloves, Gas mask, Breathing
apparatus set, Resuscitator, Aluminized suit, Helmet, Goggle, Shower &
Fountain, Safety touch, Face shield, Ear muff, Ear plug, Apron, Blanket, Safety
Belt, Safety Net, Rope ladder etc. These are only used by Trained Fire Fighters.
4.1 Breathing Apparatus (These are only used by Trained Fire Fighters)
Self-contained breathing Apparatus and its parts
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) provides respiratory protection
through an independent air supply.
Cylinder
Cylinder consists of a tank and a cylinder valve assembly. The cylinder Valve
includes a valve body, cylinder valve inlet tube, hand wheel, safety disc (burst
disc), and pressure gauge. The cylinder is composed of aluminium ‘fully’
wrapped in carbon fibber and fiberglass.
 Back Pack
Backpack consists of a back plate, back pad, a cylinder band and latch to hold
the cylinder, and a harness, consisting of shoulder pads, a chest strap,
adjustable pulls traps, and a waist strap.
Low pressure warning device
Personal alert safety system is an electronic device that sounds a loud audible
signal if a fire fighter is motionless for a set time period or if activated by the
fire fighter.

The Alarm gives audible alarm rings when there is approximately less than 50
bar
Lung demand valve
Lung demand valve is Suitable for the most extreme applications whenever
Breathing Apparatus has to be worn, with its compact and robust design, and
excellent pneumatic performance, the Dragger PSS Lung Demand Valve will
always deliver the air that you need.
Full Face Mask
During firefighting full face covered fire resistance mask is a clean, simplified
respirator that's up to 40% lighter than conventional full-face respirators and
gives high performance, customized fit, comfort, economy, and user
acceptance.
4.2 Protective Clothing (These are only used by Trained Fire Fighters)
These requirements apply to those employees who perform interior structural firefighting.
These requirements do not apply to employees who use fire extinguishers or standpipe
systems to fire incipient level fires.

Foot and leg protection

Foot and leg protections (boots) are constructed of rubber or leather. Which
have ability resist cut, slip, Heating and with a heavy sole and reinforced toe to
prevent injury. Which must have a heavy sole with a slip-resistant design, a
puncture-resistant sole.
Body protection
 Body Protection Fire proof suite is designed to protect a firefighter from high
temperatures, especially near fires of extreme temperature in fire incident.
Hand Protection
Gloves protect the hands from heat, cuts, and abrasions, usually constructed of
heat-resistant leather, required wristlets prevent skin exposure. A liner adds
thermal protection and serves as a moisture barrier. Firefighters need to practice
manual skills while wearing gloves to become accustomed to them and to adjust
movement accordingly.
Helmet (Head, eye and face protection)
Head and face protection device is a helmet with face shield is a form of
protective gear worn to protect the head from injuries.
 Protects against direct pain and includes ear coverings.
 A hard outer shell is lined with energy-absorbing material and a suspension
system protects against impact from falling objects.
 The shape of the helmet deflects water from the head and neck.
 A face shield, goggles, or both, protect the eyes.
 A chin strap keeps the helmet in the proper position.
 Covers any exposed skin between the coat collar and the helmet.
Quiz:-
Q1:- SCBA stands for
- Smooth combo breathing apparatus
- self-contained berating apparatus
- A&B
- None of above
Q2:- Low pressure warning device in SCBA is
- Electronic device for pre-alert
- Amplifier
- Mike for communication
- All of above
Q3:- Helmet is …………

- Head and face protection device

- Body protection device
- A& B
FAQ’S

1.What is Fire tetrahedron?

The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component, the chemical
chain reaction, to the three already present in the fire triangle. Once a fire
has started, the resulting exothermic chain reaction sustains the fire and
allows it to continue until or unless at least one of the elements of the fire
is blocked

2.What are the classes of Fire?

Fire classes are classified according to Material properties there are
four type of Fire classes
Class A – ordinary combustibles (wood, cloth, paper)
Class B – flammable oil
Class C – flammable gases
Class D – combustible metals

3.What are the methods to extinguish Fire?

Cooling the Burning Material
Cooling the burning material is the most common method used to
extinguish fire. Water is widely available and the best cooling agent to use
specially in fires involving solid materials.
Excluding Oxygen from the Fire
Smothering agents are substances used to extinguish a fire by cutting off
the oxygen supply. Foam, which is the content of some fire extinguishers,
can help to cool down and isolate the fuel surface from the air, eliminating
combustion and being able to resist wind and draught disruption.
Removing Fuel from the Fire
Another method of extinguishing a fire is to remove the fuel supply by
switching off the electrical power, isolating the flow of flammable liquids
or removing the solid fuel, such as wood or textiles.
Using a Flame Inhibitor
Flame inhibitors are substances that chemically react with the burning
material, thus extinguishing the flames. Dry-chemical fire extinguishers
work in this way, and can contain mono ammonium phosphate, sodium
and potassium bicarbonate and potassium chloride.

4.What are the steps to operate Fire

Extinguisher?
Step 1–Pull the pin. Some extinguishers require releasing a lock latch or
pressing a puncture lever.
Step 2–Aim low. Point the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire.
Step 3–Squeeze the handle while holding the extinguisher upright. This
releases the extinguishing agent.
Step 4–Sweep from side to side. Keep the extinguisher aimed at the base
of the fire, and sweep back and forth until it appears to be out. Watch the
fire area. If fire breaks out again, repeat the process.

5.What is the Fire hose reel?

A fire hose reel is a first attack piece of fire-fighting equipment. It is
designed to be used as a quick-response method by any member of the
general public for fighting fires in their early stages. Hose Reels are
suitable for Class A fires Such as Paper, Textiles, Wood, Most Plastics and
Rubber.
Fire Hose Reels are easy to use, provide a virtually unlimited supply of
water, as they are connected to the mains water supply, and it can extend
for approximately 35 metres.

6.What is the Fire hose pipe?

Fire hose pipe made of rubber lined woven - jacketed coupling with
(Reinforced Rubber lined type), firefighting delivery hose 15 M long each,
fitted with gun metal coupling of 63 mm size with multi serrated tail and
double instantaneous spring lock arrangement comprising of male half at
one end and female half at other end complete with rubber cup washer.
7.How to operate Fire hose reel?
Always read the instruction plate before use, to ensure that you have
selected the correct extinguisher for the fire you intend to fight.
Open the inlet valve, before running out the hose to lection of the fire.
Control the discharge by using the nozzle in a Jet/ spray/ off mode.
Minimum two persons are required to run out effectively the hose to the
sense of the fire.
Ensure that you are positioned between the fire and a safe exit.
Apply the water jet to the base of the fire in short sweeping.
Warning there is a continuous supply of water to the hose reel, don’t fight
the fire if the size increase or for too long

8.How to use Fire hose pipe?

Fire hose with coupling, Nozzle is available in fire hose box (cabinet),
unlock fire hose box with help of key.
Grab delivery coupling lugs, laid down fire hose pipe on ground from
hydrant post to Fire incident place.
Fix male coupling side in female hydrant valve.
Fix Branch pipe/Nozzle to fire hose pipe.
Open fire hydrant valve anti clock wise direction, Keep remember water
pressure is near about 7Kg/M2 and two persons required to Extinguish fire
and start operation.

9.What is the landing valve?

Landing valve is connected to Fire hydrant post to delivery water for
firefighting, which made of Gun metal landing valve (internal/external Fire-
Hydrants) with oblique type single outlet as per schedule of quantities
complete with hose coupling adaptor of 63 mm size, instantaneous spring
lock arrangement and blank cap with chain.

10. What is Firefighter PPE?

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for firefighters refers to protective
helmets, masks, boots or other garment designed to protect firefighters
or rescue workers from injury. Firefighters PPE is technically advanced to
protect against the demands of firefighting and rescue. Protective
 Personal Equipment is also used by rescue and emergency teams for
search and rescue.

GLOSSARY
Fire Tetrahedron
The fire triangle is used to predict situations that could result in fire. Today, this theory is
modified to explain combustion or fire as a 4-sided figure, called a tetrahedron. A tetrahedron
resembles a pyramid and offers a new element when considering combustion. The base of the
pyramid represents the chemical chain reaction that occurs when the three other elements
heat, fuel and oxygen are present in appropriate proportions
Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by between particles of objects in direct contact
Convention
Convention is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of fluids (gas or liquid).
Radiation
Radiation is the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves.
Fire extinguisher
An extinguisher, is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires,
often in emergency situations. There are different type of Fire extinguishers which are
classified according to class of Fire.
Trigger/Lever
Lever is a part of Fire Extinguisher by operating lever, its allow you to discharge the
extinguisher. Some extinguishers may have different type levers.
Fire extinguisher horn
Fire extinguisher horn is Gas discharge pipe, when gas discharged form fire extinguisher
which is delivery from Horn.
Foam
A firefighting foam is simply a stable mass of small air-filled bubbles, which have a lower
density than oil, gasoline or water. Foam is made up of three ingredients - water, foam
concentrate and air. When mixed in the correct proportions, these three ingredients form a
homogeneous foam blanket.
DCP
Dry chemical powder best fire extinguisher agent and it’s usually a mix of mono ammonium
phosphate and ammonium sulphate, this is being used in fire extinguisher
Fire hose reel
A fire hose reel is a first attack piece of fire-fighting equipment. It is designed to be used as a
quick-response method by any member of the general public for fighting fires in their early
stages. Hose Reels are suitable for Class A fires Such as Paper, Textiles, Wood, Most Plastics
and Rubber.

Fire hydrant
Fire hydrant system is a safety measure or emergency equipment required in some buildings
that comprises a series of components that when assembled together provide a source of
water to assist fire authorities in a fire.

Fire hose cabinet

Fire Hose Box. These boxes are the glass reinforced boxes which are used as a store box for
fire hoses. M.S./S.S./FRP materials are used to manufacture these Fire Hose boxes.
Landing valve
Gun metal landing valve (internal/external Fire-Hydrants) with oblique type single outlet as
per schedule of quantities complete with hose coupling adaptor of 63 mm size
Branch pipe
SCBA
A self-contained breathing apparatus is a device worn by rescue workers, firefighters, and
others to provide breathable air in an IDLH (immediate danger to life and health)
atmosphere.
Fire PPE
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an important part of firefighter's personal protection
against fire like coat, pants, hood, helmet, boots, gloves, breathing apparatus, and personal
alert safety system (PASS) device.
Soda-Acid Extinguishers
The extinguisher is carried to the fire by means of the top handle. At the fire, the
extinguishers is inverted; the acid mixes with the sodium bicarbonate solution, which then
forms carbon dioxide gas. The pressure of the CO2 can then propel the water out through the
nozzle.
Cartridge-Operated Water Extinguisher
For use, the extinguisher is carried to the fire, then inverted and bumped against the deck.
This ruptures the CO2 cylinder and expels the water. Once again, the stream should be
directed at the seat of the fire. The nozzle should be moved back and forth to quench as
much of the burning material as possible in the short time available. The discharge time is less
than one minute and the entire content of the extinguisher will be discharged, since like the
soda acid extinguisher,