Dokumen - Tips - Ericsson Locating Hand Over

8/2/2019 Ericsson Locating Hand Over)
Locating
• Introduction
• Ericsson 1
• Ericsson 3
• Urgency conditions
– Quality
– Timing Advance
• Auxiliary functions
– Intra-cell handover
– Hierarchical cell structures
© TNC Ltd 2002 Page 110 GSM Radio Network Optimisation v1.3
©http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ericsson-locating-hand-over
Childerley Solutions 2002 110
1/13
Locating
• Locating Algorithm
– Works out conditions for handover decisions
for MS in active mode
– Inputs to algorithm are
• Signal strength measurements
• Quality measurements
– Output is list of candidate cells for handover
• Cells are ranked and sorted in descending order of
preference for handover
2/13
Locating
• Basic Cell Ranking

– Two algorithms
• Ericsson 1: signal strength & path loss
• Ericsson 3: signal strength only
– Common process stages
• Correction of base station output power
– different levels possible on BCCH/TCH carriers
• Calculation of minimum signal strength
– Thresholds MSRXMIN (DL) and BSRXMIN (UL)
– SSmin = min (MSRXMIN, BSRXMIN)
• Application of signal strength penalties
What happened to Ericsson 2 ???

Algorithms aim to let TCH carriers control cell borders.
Corrected signal strength SS_DLn in neighbour cell n: for different output powers
between BCCH (BSPWR) and other carriers BSTXPWR:
SS_DLn = rxlevn + BSTXPWRn – BSPWRn
Minimum signal strength conditions:
SS_DLn >= MSRXMINn
SS_ULn >= BSRXMINn
Where SS_DL is estimated by calculating DL path loss and subtracting from
maximum MS output power.
SS_ULn = min(P,MSTXPWRn) – (BSTXPWRn – SS_DLn)
Penalties are added to make it more difficult to handover to unsuitable cells. This is
done by subtracting a signal value from the signal strength estimate for the unwanted
cell, making it look worse than it really is. Penalties are applied for handover failure,
bad quality urgency handover and excessive timing advance. A penalty is removed
after the penalty duration has expired.
3/13
Locating
• Sufficient Level Condition

• Threshold separating low signal strength cells from
high signal strength cells
DL min level
UL min level
B
DL effective sufficient level

A
UL effective sufficient level
high signal
strength
low signal strength
Cells satisfying minimum condition are processed for sufficient condition.
Calculation of sufficient level: s=serving cell, n=neighbour cell

SS_DLn >= MSRXSUFFn – TROFFSETn,s + TRHYSTn,s
SS_ULn >= BSRXSUFFn – TROFFSETn,s + TRHYSTn,s
Solid lines in diagram represent final combined UL and DL condition.

Sufficient level for a serving cell may be different in relation to each different
neighbour cell. Setup shown in diagram is valid only for BS pair A,B. It would
be different for BS pair A,C.
4/13
Locating
• Ranking – signal strength (K) criterion

– Signal strength relative to sufficient level
• K-cells = Low signal strength cells,
– K values are
– K_DLn,s = SS_DLn,s – MSRXSUFFn ,s
– K_Uln,s = SS_ULn,s – BSRXSUFFn ,s
• Effective K value is minimum of UL and DL K values
modified by KHYST and KOFFSET
– K ranking
• K_RANKn= min(K_DLn, K_ULn) – KOFFSET n,s -
KHYST n,s
• Cells are ranked with the highest K_RANK first
To rank the serving cell as K or L, the sufficient level is evaluated with

respect to the best neighbour n1. If K-cell, then it is ranked with the other K-
cells. Otherwise, it is ranked with the L-cells.
KHYST is used to decrease ranking values to underrate neighbour cells – to

prevent ping pong handovers. Defined for a pair of cells and is always
symmetrical KHYSTa,b = KHYSTb,a
KOFFSET if positive decreases ranking value and if negative increases
ranking value. The cell border is displaced AWAY from cell with positive
value, and moved TOWARD the cell with a negative value. It is defined anti-
symmetrical for a pair of cells: KOFFSETa,b = -KOFFSETb,a
5/13
Locating
• Ranking – path loss (L) criterion

– Path loss is assumed symmetrical
• Applied to high signal strength cells
– Path Loss values
• p_Ln,s = BSTXPWRn,s – SS_DLn,s
– L ranking values
• L_RANKs = p_Ls
• L_RANKn = p_Ln + LOFFSET n,s + LHYST n,s
• Cells are ranked with the lowest L_RANK first
LHYST and LOFFSET have the same properties as the K counterparts.
Path Loss criterion is independent of BS and MS power ratings. It facilitates

transfer of calls from big cell (strong interference) to small cells (less
interference). L-criterion should lower overall statistical interference in
network
6/13
Locating
• Basic Ranking Candidate List
Best cell Highest L-Rank

(lowest path loss)
L-cells list
Lowest L-Rank
Highest K-Rank
(highest signal level)
K-cells list
Lowest K-Rank
Worst cell
7/13
Locating
• Ericsson 3
– Considers only signal strength
– Ranking values
• RANKs = SS_DLs
• RANKn = SS_DLn – OFFSET n,s – HYST n,s
where
• HYST = LOHYST if rxlevDL S < HYSTEP
• HYST = HIHYST if rxlevDL S ≥≥ HYSTEP
• HYSTEP indicates Low or High signal strength for

serving cell
The effects of OFFSET and HYST are similar to those described for
Ericsson1.
HYSTEP specifies when signal strength is high or low for serving cell. When
high, a larger hysteresis value can be allowed than when it is low, in order to
reduce the number of handovers.
LOHYST and HIHYST are symmetrical and OFFSET is anti-symmetrical,
defined for a pair of cells. HYSTEP is a cell parameter.
8/13
Locating
• Urgency Condition: Bad Quality

– Handover is initiated when rxqual exceeds
specified thresholds, even if the level is good
• rxqualUL > QLIMUL or
• rxqualDL > QLIMDL
– Handover is allowed to cell of lower ranking,
but not to cell with worse quality.
• BQOFFSET , applied to K-rank and L-rank values,
defines how far from nominal border MS can be to
qualify for the quality handover.
When BQ urgency exists, unsuitable neighbours are removed from candidate list.
Signal strength of serving cell is compared with signal strength of candidates, and
those cells with large differences are removed from the list.
Ericsson1
If K_RANKn – K_RANKs < -KHYSTn,s – BQOFFSETn,s remove n.
If L_RANKn – L_RANKs > LHYSTn,s – BQOFFSETn,s remove n.
Ericsson3
If RANKn – RANKs < -HYSTn,s – BQOFFSETn,s remove n.
Nominal cell border BQOFFSETb,a
B A
Hysteresis corridor BQ urgency HO
prohibited
BQ urgency region
If BQ urgency handover performed, a penalty value PSSBQ and penalty duration

PTIMBQ are applied to prevent immediate handover back to the old cell.
9/13
Locating
• Urgency Condition: Timing Advance

– Timing advance (TA) can be used as a soft cell
limiter, to force small cells
– TALIM is the defined cell limit, maximum (63
bits or 35 km).
– TA urgency occurs if TAs ≥≥ TALIM
– Urgent handover is performed to neighbour

cells where TAn < TALIMs
– If no suitable candidate found, call remains on

serving cell
If TA urgency handover performed, a penalty value PSSTA and penalty

duration PTIMTA is applied to prevent immediate handover back to the old
cell.
10/13
Locating
• Auxiliary network functions

– Assignment to another cell
– Hierarchical cell structures
– Dynamic overlaid/underlaid subcells
– Intra-cell handover
– Extended range
– Cell load sharing
Assignment to another cell: performed only a certain period after immediate

assignment.
where a better cell other than the serving cell is found, this cell is first in the
locating candidate list, and setup is “assignment to better cell”.
where congestion exists on serving or better cell, “assignment to worse cell”
can be made.
Hierachical cells: Up to three layers, used for directing traffic from higher to
lower layers. Higher layers to pick up traffic when congestion or coverage
problems occur.
Overlaid/Underlaid: for increasing traffic capacity. Overlaid cell serves
smaller area, smaller re-use distance possible.
Extended Range: allows cells with radius up to 72 km.
Cell
trafficLoad
loadSharing:
exceedsenables traffic
a defined load sharing
threshold. during
All calls closepeak traffic to
to border when
cells with
low load (below defined threshold) become load sharing candidates. The
ranking values for candidate neighbour cells are recalculated using reduced
hysteresis values.
11/13
Locating
• Intra-cell handover
– Try to find another frequency and/or timeslot
in the same cell with better quality
– Only if RxQual is bad AND RxLev is good
• RxQual_UL/DL > QOFFSETUL/DL +
FQSS (RXLEV_UL/DL +SSOFSETUL/DL)
– RxLev_DL/UL = actual measured signal strengths, no
pc compensation
– FQSS = quality vs signal strength function
– Does not work for:
• BCCH downlink
• Random frequency hopping
QOFFSETUL/DL: quality offset parameters uplink/downlink

SSOFSETUL/DL: signal strength offset parameters uplink/downlink
FQSS table
RXLEV rxqual
<=30 infinity
31 60
32-35 59
36-38 58
39-41 57
42-45 56
46-48 55
49-52 54
53-55 53
56-58 52
59-62 51
>=63 50
12/13
Locating
• Hierarchical cell structures

– Up to three cell layers
• Can be configured as an umbrella layer over a
microcell layer
• Dual band network can be configured as different
layers
– Aim to carry most traffic on the smaller/lower
layer cells.
– Handover to a higher layer if lower layer
congested or coverage problems exist
– Cells in different layers ranked separately
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8/2/2019 Ericsson Locating Hand Over)

• Basic Cell Ranking

What happened to Ericsson 2 ???

• Sufficient Level Condition

DL effective sufficient level

low signal strength

Cells satisfying minimum condition are processed for sufficient condition.

Calculation of sufficient level: s=serving cell, n=neighbour cell

Solid lines in diagram represent final combined UL and DL condition.

• Ranking – signal strength (K) criterion

To rank the serving cell as K or L, the sufficient level is evaluated with

KHYST is used to decrease ranking values to underrate neighbour cells – to

• Ranking – path loss (L) criterion

LHYST and LOFFSET have the same properties as the K counterparts.

Path Loss criterion is independent of BS and MS power ratings. It facilitates

• Basic Ranking Candidate List

Best cell Highest L-Rank

• HYSTEP indicates Low or High signal strength for

• Urgency Condition: Bad Quality

Nominal cell border BQOFFSETb,a

If BQ urgency handover performed, a penalty value PSSBQ and penalty duration

• Urgency Condition: Timing Advance

– Urgent handover is performed to neighbour

– If no suitable candidate found, call remains on

If TA urgency handover performed, a penalty value PSSTA and penalty

• Auxiliary network functions

Assignment to another cell: performed only a certain period after immediate

QOFFSETUL/DL: quality offset parameters uplink/downlink

• Hierarchical cell structures

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