CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
India has a large population residing all over the country and the electricity supply
need of this population creates requirement of large transmission and distribution system.
Also, the disposition of the primary resources for electrical power generation viz., coal, hydro
potential is quite uneven, thus again adding to the transmission requirements.
Transmission tower is an integrated system consisting of conductor system,
subsystem, ground wire subsystem and one subsystem for each category of support structure.
Mechanical support of transmission line represents a significant portion of the cost of the line
and they play an important role in the reliable power transmission. They are designed and
constructed in wide variety of shapes, types, sizes, configuration and materials.
The supporting structure types used in transmission line generally fall into one of the
three categories: lattice, pole and guyed. The supports of high voltage transmission lines are
normally steel lattice towers.
The cost of tower constitutes about quarter to half of the cost of transmission line and
hence optimum tower design will bring in substantial savings. The selection of an optimum
outline together with right type of bracing system contributes to a large extent in developing
an economical design of transmission line tower.
The height of tower is fixed by the user and the structural designer has the task of
designing the general configuration and member and joint details.
The goal of every designer is to design the best (optimum) systems. But, because of
the practical restrictions this has been achieved through intuition, experience and repeated
trials, a process that has worked well.
Power Grid Corporations of India Limited has prescribed the following steps to
Optimize the Design of Power Transmission Lines:-
 Selection of clearances.
 Insulator and insulator string design.
 Bundle conductor studies.
 Tower configuration analysis.
 Tower weight estimation.
 Line cost analysis and span optimization.

1
  Economic evaluation of line.
In this paper, the sag tension calculation is carried for conductor and ground wire
using parabolic equation. Then different loading format including normal condition, top
conductor broken, earth wire broken condition is evaluated. The wind loading is calculated
on the longitudinal face of the towers and then two dimensional analysis of the tower is
carried out and accordingly the design is completed for different members.
Transmission line towers are used for supporting the extra high voltage (EHA)
electric transmission lines. These lines also carry very heavy current, to the turn of several
hundred amperes.

1.2 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION TOWERS

Following are various types of transmission tower which support electric power
transmission lines:
1.2.1 Based on material:
i. Timber.
a. Wood poles.
b. Wood –H poles.
ii. Concrete.
a. RCC poles.
b. Pre-stressed concrete poles.
iii. Structural steel.
a. Round (or) I-section steel poles.
b. Fabricated steel poles.
c. Flexible towers.
d. Semi flexible towers.
e. Self-supporting wide base towers.
f. Guyed towers.
1.2.2 Based on type and size of loading:
i. Towers with large vertical heads.
a. Single circuit towers.
b. Double circuit towers.
c. Multiple circuit towers.
ii. Towers with mainly horizontal wind loads.
a. Self-supporting towers.

2
 b. Guyed towers.
1.2.3 Based on angle of deviation
i. A – Type tower – angle of deviation 0º to 2º.
ii. B – Type tower – angle of deviation 2º to15º.
iii. C – Type tower – angle of deviation 15º to 30º.
iv. D – Type tower – angle of deviation 30º to 60º.
1.2.4 Based on force applied by the conductor on the cross arms
i. Tangent suspension tower.
ii. Angle tower or Tension tower.

The task of designing a stable tall tower economically is a challenging job for a
structural engineer. The task of design consists of designing:

i. General configuration.
ii. Individual members.
iii. Joint details.

Self-supporting tower or free standing tower are generally square or rectangular in plan
and are supported by four legs, fixed to the base. The towers are vertical trusses, subjected to
wind and seismic loads.

The free standing towers for power transmission have arms to both sides of the centre
line, to carry power transmission lines. These towers are therefore, also subjected to
longitudinal force induced by the wires. These types of towers are used for high voltage
levels (more than 220KV).

1.3 LOADS ON TRANSMISSION TOWERS

The transmission towers are subjected to three loads namely,

a. Vertical loads.
b. Horizontal loads.
c. Longitudinal loads

1.3.1 Vertical loads

a. Weight of tower structure.
b. Weight of insulator strings and fittings.

3
 c. Weight of power conductor.
d. Weight of ground wire.
e. Weight of ice weightings.
f. Weight of maintenance crew with tools.
1.3.2 Horizontal loads
i. Wind load on conductors.
ii. Wind load on ground wire.
iii. Wind load on insulator string.
iv. Wind load on tower structure.
v. Transverse components of tensions in conductors.
1.3.3 Longitudinal loads
i. Unbalanced pull due to a broken conductor.
ii. Unbalanced pull due to a broken ground wire.
iii. Seismic load on wires.
iv. Seismic load on tower structure.
v. Load due to temperature variation.
1.4 PARTS OF TRANSMISSION TOWER
Transmission towers have to carry the heavy transmission conductor at a sufficient
safe height from the ground. In addition to that all towers have to sustain all kinds of natural
calamities. So transmission tower designing is an important job.
A power transmission tower consists of the following parts,
1. Peak of transmission tower
2. Cross arm of transmission tower
3. Boom of transmission tower
4. Cage of transmission tower
5. Transmission tower body
6. Leg of transmission tower
7. Stub/Anchor bolt and Base plate assembly of transmission tower
1.4.1 Peak of Transmission Tower

The portion above the top cross arm is called as the peak of transmission
tower. Generally earth shield wire is connected to the tip of this peak. The peak height
depends on the specific angle of shield and clearance of mid span.

4
1.4.2 Cross Arm of Transmission Tower
. Cross arms of transmission tower hold the transmission conductor. The
dimension of cross arm depends on the level of transmission voltage, configuration and
minimum forming angle for stress distribution. Number of cross arms depends upon the
number of circuits in the Transmission line
1.4.3 Boom of Transmission Tower
Boom is a rectangular beam of cross section in middle tapered in the end
section and part of a horizontal configuration tower. Normally boom is connected to lower
body to support mechanically to the power conductors.

FIGURE 1.1 PEAK AND CROSS ARM

1.4.4 Cage of Transmission Tower

The portion between tower body and peak is known as the cage of
transmission tower. This portion of the tower holds the cross arms. The main vertical section

5
of any transmission tower is named as cage. Normally cross section of cage takes square
shape and the shape also depends on the height of the transmission line.
1.4.5 Transmission Tower Body
The portion from bottom cross arms up to the ground level is called
transmission tower body. This portion of the tower plays a vital role for maintaining required
ground clearance of the bottom conductor of the transmission line.

FIGURE 1.2 CAGE AND TOWER BODY

1.5 WEIGHT OF THE TOWER

The weight (W) of the tower may be estimated by comparison with similar
existing tower. Alternatively, it may also be estimated with the help of the following
empirical by Ryle:
W = KH√M KN.
The weight can also be determined by using the following formula

6
 W = cKh(ft2/3+0.41 fv1/2+f12/3)KN.
1.6 FOUNDATION FOR TOWERS
The stability of a tower depends both on the strength as well as stability of
foundations. The foundation for a tower is designed for the following forces/moments:
i. Downward load on the leg.
ii. Uplift load on leg.
iii. Horizontal thrust.
iv. Over turning moments.
1.6.1 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
A transmission tower is a three-dimensional cantilever truss. Its
analysis as a space frame is highly tedious. However, a majority of the forces act only
at its top end. The conventional procedure is to analyze it by resolving the tower in
planar frames.
Here the torsional shear has to be calculated using the following formula,

P=

Where,
M – Bending moment.
A – Twisting moment.
The members of the tower are either tension members (or) compression
members. Since the members are slender, secondary stresses are ignored. The various
factors which are to be considered are:
 Factor of safety.
 Allowable stress.
 Permissible stress in bolts.
 Slender ratio.

7
1.7 OBJECTIVE
 The design of transmission tower of 220kv current distribution wire.
 Focus of this project is to propose a steel lattice tower for electricity transmission
system.
 Analyse it under various loads there by designing and checking the proposed
member for failures.
 The model of transmission tower is analysed and designed using STAAD.Pro and
Auto CADD
 The stress distribution and load calculation for whole structure is the combination of
loads that can be analysed by the support reactions.

1.8 SCOPE
 Transmission line towers are used for supporting the extra voltage (EHA) electric
transmission lines.
 These lines also carry very heavy currents, to the tune of several hundred amperes.
 It is therefore necessary that these transmission lines should be carried at a level
which is very much higher than the ground level.
 This has necessitated the use of tall towers to support the transmission lines
conductors carrying a combination of EHV and heavy currents.

8
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW

2.1.1 Y. M. Ghugal , U. S. Salunkhe :

“Analysis and Design of Three and Four Legged 400KV Steel
Transmission Line Towers: Comparative Study”. The present work describes the analysis
and design of two self-supporting 400 KV steel transmission line towers viz three legged and
four legged models using common parameters such as constant height, bracing system, with
an angle sections system are carried out. In this study constant loading parameters including
wind forces as per IS: 802 (1995) are taken into account.
2.1.2 V. Lakshmi, A. Rajagopala Rao:

“Effect of medium wind intensity on 21M 132KV Transmission tower”.

In this paper the performance of 21M high 132kV tower with medium wind intensity is

observed. The Recommendations of IS 875-1987, Basic wind speeds, Influence of height

above ground and terrain, Design wind speed, Design wind pressure, Design wind force is

explained in detailed.

2.1.3 M.Selvaraj, S.M.Kulkarni, R.Ramesh Babu:

“Behavioral Analysis of built up transmission line tower from FRP
pultruded sections”. This paper discusses experimental studies carried out on an X-braced
panel of transmission line tower made from FRP pultruded sections. Mathematical model of
individual members and members in the X-braced panel are generated using FEM software to
study the analytical correlation with the experiments.
2.1.4 S.Christian Johnson G.S.Thirugnanam:
“Experimental study on corrosion of transmission line tower foundation
and its rehabilitation”. In this paper, Physical, Chemical and electro chemical parameters,
studied on transmission line tower stubs excavated from inland and coastal areas have been
presented. A methodology for rehabilitation of transmission tower stubs has been discussed.

9
 2.1.5 F.Albermani and M. Mahendran:
“Upgrading Of Transmission Towers Using Of Diaphragm Bracing
System”. Tower strength improvement was investigated by adding a series of diaphragm
bracing types at mid-height of the slender diagonal members. Analytical studies showed that
considerable strength improvements could be achieved using diaphragm bracings. They also
showed the effects of different types of bracings, including those of joining the internal nodes
of diaphragm members and the location of diaphragms.
2.1.6 N.PrasadRao, G.M.Samuel Knight, S.J.Mohan, N. Lakshmanan
“Studies on failure of transmission line towers in testing”. Different types
of premature failures observed during full scale testing of transmission line towers at Tower
Testing and Research Station, Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai are
presented. Failures that have been observed during testing are studied and the reasons
discussed in detail. The effect of non-triangulated hip bracing pattern and isolated hip
bracings connected to elevation redundant in “K” and “X” braced panels on tower behavior
are studied.
2.1.7 G.Visweswara Rao:
“Optimum designs for transmission line towers”. A method for the
development of optimized tower designs for extra high-voltage transmission lines is
presented in the paper. The optimization is with reference to both tower weight and geometry.
It is achieved by the control of a chosen set of key design parameters. Fuzziness in the
definition of these control variables is also included in the design process. A derivative free
method of nonlinear optimization is incorporated in the program, specially developed for the
configuration, analysis and design of transmission line towers. A few interesting result of
both crisp and fuzzy optimization, relevant to the design of a typical double circuit
transmission line tower under multiple loading condition, are presented.

2.2 SUMMARY
The literature reviews which we have gone through have provided us a wide
range of thoughts, ideas and details about the construction procedures of transmission tower
and the forces acting on them. The literature review provides details about different types of
transmission towers used for carrying electricity and about the braces which are being used in

10
them. It also provided us with a wide range of knowledge and aspects which are to be taken
into account while designing a tower and the ways in which we can construct them
economically. After going through various literatures presented by various people we
designed a transmission tower which will be stable and economically viable.

11
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Literature review

Scope

Collection of data

Planning

Analysis in STAAD.Pro

Load Application

Design Calculation

Conclusion

References

12
 CHAPTER 4

TOWER CONFIGURATION
Depending upon the requirements of the transmission system, various line
configurations have to be considered ranging from single circuit horizontal to double circuit
vertical structures and with single or V strings in all phases, as well as any combination of
these. The configuration of a transmission line tower depends on the following factors:
i. The length of the insulator assembly.
ii. The minimum clearances to be maintained between conductors, and between
conductor and tower.
iii. The location of ground wire or wires with respect to the outermost conductor.
iv. The mid-span clearance required from consideration of the dynamic behaviour of
conductors and lightning protection of the line.
v. The minimum clearance of the lowest conductor above ground level.

The tower configuration is determined essentially by three factors:

a. Tower height.
b. Base-width.
c. Top hamper-width.

4.1 Transmission Line Components:

4.1.1 Transmission Line Tower
The following parameters for transmission line and its components are assumed
from I.S. 802: Part 1: Sec: 1:1995, I.S. 5613: Part 2: Sec: 1:1989.
 Transmission Line Voltage : 220 kV (A. / C.)
 No. of Circuits : Single Circuit
 Right of Way (recommended) : 35, 000 mm
 Tower Configuration : Vertical Conductor Configuration
 Angle of Line Deviation : 0 to 2 degrees
 Bracing Pattern : Pratt system
 Terrain Type Considered : Plain

13
  Cross Arm : Pointed
 Terrain Category : 2
 Inclination of the tower legs : 70 (with vertical)
 Return Period : 50 years
 Shielding Angle : 30°
 Wind Zone : 5
 Insulator Type : I String
 Basic Wind Speed : 50 m/s
 Number of Insulator Discs : 15
 Design Wind Pressure : 793 N/sq.m
 Size of Insulator Disc : 255 × 145 mm (Skirt Diameter)
 Tower Type : Self-Supporting, Type “A”
 Length of Insulator String : 2,500 mm
 Tower Geometry : Square Base Tower
 Creep Effect : Not Considered

4.1.2 Conductor
A substance or a material which allows the electric current to pass through its
body when it is subjected to a difference of electric potential is known as Conductor. The
properties of the conductor considered here are tabulated in Table1.

Mechanical and electrical properties of Conductor

 Conductor material ACSR
 Conductor size 30/7/3.00 mm
 Area of the conductor (for all strands), A 2.6155 cm2
 overall diameter of the conductor (d) 21 mm
 Weight of the conductor (w) 0.973 kg/m
 Bearing strength of the conductor (UTS) 9130 kg
 Coefficient of linear expansion (α) 17.73 × 10-6/˚C
 Modulus of elasticity Final (E1) 0.787 × 106kgf/cm2
 Modulus of elasticity Initial (E2) 0.626 × 106kgf/cm2

14
4.1.3 Earth wire
The earth wire is used for protection against direct lightning strokes and the
high voltage surges resulting there from. There will be one or two earthwire depending upon
the shielding angle or protection angle. The earthwire considered for transmission line has the
following properties as mentioned in Table 2.
Mechanical and electrical properties of Earthwire
 Material of earth wire Galvanized steel
 No of earth wire One
 Stranding/wire diameter 7/3.15mm
 Total sectional area 54.55mm2
 Overall diameter 9.45 mm
 Approximate weight 428kg/km
 Calculated D.C. resistance at 20˚C 3.375ohm/km
 Mini UTS 5710 kg
 Modulus of elasticity 19361 kg/mm2
 Coefficient of linear expansion 11.50 × 10-6/˚C
 Maximum allowable temperature 53˚C

4.1.4. Insulator Strings

Insulators are devices used in the electrical system to support the conductors
or to support the conductors carrying at given voltage. The insulators separate the current
carrying conductors of a transmission line from their support structures to prevent the flow of
current through the structure to ground and to provide necessary mechanical support to the
conductors at a safer height above the ground level.

4.2 Sag tension for conductor and ground wire:

Indian standard codes of practice for use of structural steel in over-head transmission
line towers have prescribed following conditions for the sag tension calculations for the
conductor and the ground wire:
 Maximum temperature (75°C for ASCR and 53°C for ground wire) with design
wind pressure (0% and 36%).
 Every day temperature (32°C) and design wind pressure (100%, 75% and 0%).

15
  Minimum temperature (0°C) with design wind pressure (0% and 36%).
IS 802: part 1:sec 1: 1995 states that conductor/ ground wire tension at every day
temperature and without external load should not exceed 25 % (up to 220 kV) for conductors
and 20% for ground wires of their ultimate tensile strength. Sag tensions are calculated by
using the parabolic equations as discussed in the I.S. 5613: Part 2-Sec: 1: 1989 for both the
conductor and ground wire. In this paper, the consideration of the sag of ground wire as 90%
the sag of the conductor at 0°C and 100% wind condition. The sag tension values are
mentioned in the Table 3.
Parabolic Equation
(F2 – (K – α.t.E)) =

Take, K = F1 –

Table 4.1. Sag tension for conductor (ASCR)

Temperature variation °C 0 32 75
Wind variation % 0 0.36 0 0.75 1 0
Tension (Kg) 2282.5 3733 3246.24 3108.3 3416.27 2367.23

All tension values are giving F.O.S < 4.So, we consider the minimum tension(tension for
F.O.S = 4.) to find the maximum sagging in all condition.
So, Sagging = 5.46m
By increasing 4% of calculated sag we get = 5.46 × 4%= 5.70 m.

4.3 Height of tower:

h1 = minimum permissible ground clearance = 7.1 m (cl=13.1, IS: 5613.2.1)

h2 = sag (maximum) = 5.46 × 1.04 (increase by 4%) = 5.7 m

h3 = minimum clearance between two conductors = 4.9 × 2 m. = 9.8m (cl=7.3.1.1, IS:

5613.2.1)

h4 = vertical distance between earth and top conductor = 7.4 (cl=13.2, IS: 5613.2.1)

Total H = (h1 + h2 + h3 + h4) = 30 m

16
4.4 BASE WIDTH OF THE TOWER

The base width of tower is taken as one-fifth of the total height of the tower.
h h
Base Width = = = 6 m.

4.5 LENGTH OF MEMBERS

All the members are spaced out at equal lengths in order to increase the
stability of the tower in the body and the cage of the tower respectively.
AB = BC = CD = DE = EF = 3.1185 m.
A’B’= B’C’= C’D’= D’E’= E’F’ = 3.1185 m.
FG = GH = HI = IJ = JK = 2.54 m.
F’G’= G’H’= H’I’ = I’J’ = J’K’ =2.54 m.
KL = K’L = 2.45 m.

BB’ = ( )

CC’ = ( )

DD’ = ( )

EE’ = ( )

FF’ = GG’ = HH’ = II’ = JJ’ = KK’ = ( )

17
4.6 PLAN

4.1 Dimensions of tower in meter

18
 CHAPTER 5

ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION TOWER

5.1 STAAD.Pro REPORT

STAAD.Pro Report
To: From:

Copy to: Date: Ref:

08/10/2018 ca/ Document1
10:36:00

Job Information

Engineer Checked Approved

Name:
Date: 08-Oct-18

Project Name Analysis of electrical Transmission tower.

.Tower
Structure Type SPACE FRAME

Number of Nodes 51 Highest Node 57

Number of
188 Highest Beam 207
Elements
Number of Basic Load Cases 2

19
Number of Combination Load Cases 1
Included in this printout are data for:
All The Whole Structure

Included in this printout are results for load cases :

Type L/C Name

Primary 1 LOAD CASE 1

Primary 2 LOAD CASE 2

COMBINATION 3 COMBINATION LOAD CASE 3

Basic Load Cases

Number Name

1 LOAD CASE 1
2 LOAD CASE 2

Combination Load Cases

Comb. Combination L/C Primary Primary L/C Factor
Name Name
3 COMBINATION 1 LOAD CASE 1 1.00
2 LOAD CASE 2 1.00

20
5.2 INPUT
The modelling of the tower is done as per the dimensions of the members
calculated in the previous chapter. The model of the tower is shown in the figure 5.1
MODEL DIAGRAM

FIGURE 5.1
5.3 OUTPUT
DISPLACEMENT

FIGURE 5.2

21
AXIAL FORCE

FIGURE 5.3
TORSION

FIGURE 5.4

22
SHEAR FORCE
Shear at Y-direction

FIGURE 5.5
Shear at Z-direction

FIGURE 5.6

23
BENDING MOMENT
Bending at y - direction

FIGURE 5.7
Bending at Z - direction

FIGURE 5.8

24
Beam Stress

FIGURE 5.9
Support Reactions

FIGURE 5.10

25
Bending moment at Z-direction

Shear at Y-direction

Axial force

FIGURE 5.11

26
LOADS ACTING ON THE TOWER
DEAD LOAD

FIGURE 5.12
WIND LOAD

FIGURE 5.13

27
COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE LOADS

FIGURE 5.14
3D RENDERED VIEW

FIGURE 5.15

28
TABLE 5.1 BEAM DISPLACEMENTS

TABLE 5.2 NODAL DISPLACEMENTS

29
 CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION TOWER

6.1 Wind load on tower:

Wind loads on all the towers are calculated separately by developing excel programs
by following Indian Standards. For finding the drag coefficients for the members of triangular
tower, the solidity ratio is derived from Table 30 – IS –875 (part 3)-1987 in the similar
fashion as prescribed in the IS- 826 (part-1/sec 1) - 1995.

Design Wind Pressure

To calculate design wind pressure on conductor, ground wire, insulator and panels
K0 =1.375 [conversion factor]
K1 =1.0[ risk coefficient]
K2 =1.10[ terrain roughness coefficient]
Reduced wind speed,

` = 36.3636.
Design wind speed,
=
= 40 m/s.
Design wind pressure,
=
= 960 N/m²
= 97.86 kg/m²
6.2. Wind Load on Conductor
Total wind load on conductor,
=
= wind load on conductor
= 97.86 [design wind pressure ]
= 1.0[ drag coefficient for conductor]

30
 = 2.32 [gust response]
Space factor = 0.6
For 100% wind,
= 4.3046
For 75% wind,
= 3.2284
For 36% wind,
= 1.5496

6.3 Wind Load on Ground wire

Total Wind load on ground wire,
=
= 97.86 [design wind pressure ]
= 1.2[ drag coefficient for ground wire]

= 2.39 [gust response]

Space factor = 0.6
For 100% wind,
= 1.5913
For 75% wind,
= 0.9946
For 36% wind,
= 0.4774

6.4. Wind Load on Panels

The lateral force due to wind acting at every panel joint is found as a product
of intensity of wind and the exposed area of members of the tower consist of the projected
area of the windward force plus fifty percent of plant of the leeward force. The sizes of the
members taken are as
Assuming:
Main leg: ISA 200×200×25 single angle back to back section.

31
 For diagonal bracing: ISA 100×100×8 single angle
Horizontal bracing: ISA 130×130×10 single angle
Cross arm bracing: ISA 90×90×12 single angle
To calculate wind load on panels,
Where,
Cdt = drag coefficient for panel considered against which the wind is blowing
Ae = effective area of the panel
GT = gust response factor for towers

The wind load on panels for various conditions:

1. Normal operating conditions.
2. Top most power conductor in broken wire condition.
3. Ground wire in broken condition.
The Wind force acting at different panels are shown in Figure 2 and the values are tabulated.

TABLE 6.1 LATERAL FORCES

Under the various conditions

Lateral force Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3
PL 11.17 11.17 5.79
PK 3.965 3.965 3.965
PJ 19.19 9.98 19.19
PI 3.89 3.89 3.89
PH 18.37 18.37 18.37
PG 3.72 3.72 3.72
PF 20.32 20.32 20.32
PE 4.47 4.47 4.47
PD 4.83 4.83 4.83
PC 5.21 5.21 5.21
PB 5.57 5.57 5.57

32
6.5 Stresses in the members of the tower under various conditions:

The transmission line tower as shown in the above figure is highly indeterminate. The
stresses in the various members may be found by approximate method.

The tower is reduced to a determinate plane frame by neglecting the horizontal and
secondary members. The stresses are determined for the following conditions:

1. Normal operation conditions.

2. Due to lateral forces under the topmost power conductor broken condition.
3. Due to longitudinal forces under the topmost power conductor broken condition.
4. Due to lateral forces under the ground wire in broken condition.
5. Due to longitudinal forces under the ground wire in broken condition.

The axial forces in column and diagonal members are determined by the method of
joints and by horizontal equilibrium and these values are shown in the following table.

The positive value shown indicates tension and the negative value shown indicates
compression for the various members of the tower and greater value under different
conditions are highlighted.

The stresses acting in each of the member varies depending upon the loads acting on
them and the stresses acting on different members of the tower in normal condition, top wire
broken condition and earth wire broken condition are calculated and tabulated.

33
TABLE 6.2 STRESESS IN DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF THE TOWER
Condi ti ons
Normal Top conductor Earth wi re
Member (KN) broken (KN) broken (KN)
AB 189.81 214.45 245.67
AB' 11.83 23.1 10.29
A'B' -189.8 -214.45 -245.67
A'B -11.83 -23.1 -10.29
BC 178.63 203.37 236.2
BC' 10.36 22.04 8.52
B'C' -178.6 -203.37 -236.2
B'C -10.36 -22.04 -8.52
CD 167.63 192.53 227.56
CD' 9.18 21.45 6.88
C'D' -167.6 -192.53 -227.56
C'D -9.18 -21.45 -6.88
DE 156.5 181.63 219.85
DE' 8.4 21.65 5.35
D'E' -156.5 -181.63 -219.85
D'E -8.4 -21.65 -5.35
EF 144.55 170.04 213.35
EF' 8.28 23.24 3.81
E'F' -144.6 -170.04 -213.35
E'F -8.28 -23.24 -3.81
FG 117.98 140.38 183.8
FG' 26.33 45.27 34.32
F'G' -118 -140.38 -183.8
F'G -26.33 -45.27 -34.32
GH 80.75 96.78 134.65
GH' 24.14 43.51 32.31
G'H' -80.75 -96.78 -134.65
G'H -24.14 -43.51 -32.31
HI 50.43 60.1 92.4
HI' 16.88 35.82 24.87
H'I' -50.43 -60.1 -92.4
H'I -16.88 -35.82 -24.87
IJ 27.41 30.7 57.45
IJ' 14.34 33.71 22.52
I'J' -27.41 -30.7 -57.45
I'J -14.34 -33.71 -22.52
JK 11.61 11.65 29.73
JK' 7 7 14.99
J'K' -11.61 -11.65 -29.73
J'K -7 -7 -14.99
KL 7.12 7.16 20.57
K'L -7.12 -7.16 -20.57

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6.6 Design of the members of the tower:

In X-type bracings the member which is under tension, due to lateral load acting in
one direction, undergoes compressive force, when the direction of the lateral load is changed
and vice-versa (as in the member force calculations). Hence, such members are to be
designed to resist both tensile and compressive forces.

The Members used in the Towers are standard Indian Angles of:

1. Main leg: ISA 200×200×25 single angle back to back section.

2. Diagonal and Cross arm bracing: ISA 100×100×8 single angle.
3. Horizontal bracing: ISA 130×130×10 single angle.

The gusset plate is of 20 mm thickness and connection of gusset plate with angles is shown.

Figure 6.1 : Angles Eccentrically Loaded through Gussets

6.6.1 Design of tension member by limit state method (LSM) (IS 800:2007)

Tension members are linear members in which axial forces act to cause
elongation (stretch). Such members can sustain loads up to the ultimate load, at which stage
they may fail by rupture at a critical section. The design strength of the tension member shall
be minimum of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb. The charts have been prepared based on IS 800:2007 for
Tension members. The procedure is shown below.

Assumed material properties:

fy = 250 MPa,

fu = 400 MPa,

fub = 410 MPa

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6.6.1.1 Design chart for Main leg ISA 200×200×25

Tensile Strength of Single Angle ISA 200 X 200 X 25 (As per IS 800:2007) with
single row bolted connection as shown in Figure 7 (9nos. 20mm dia.). The no of bolts
considered for the design of tension members for end connections is based on minimum no.
of bolts required for the full strength of the angle for Block shear.

20 mm φ bolts

ISA 200*200*25

FIGURE 6.2 DESIGN DETAILS OF LEG MEMBER

(all dimensions are in mm)
Design strength due to yielding of gross section

Ag= 9380 mm2 (from steel table), m0 = 1.1

= 2131.818 KN

Design Strength due to rupture of critical section

e = 40 mm, p = 60 mm

= ( ) ( )

=* + = 4137.5 mm²

=* + = 4687.5 mm²

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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 = 60×8 = 480, = 200+140-25 = 315

= ( ) ( ) ( ) = 1.156 > 0.7

1.156 < ( ) =( )= 1.44

Therefore, =( ) ( ) = 2446.5 KN

Design strength due to block shear

The block shear strength , at an end connection is taken as the smaller of

( ) ( ) Or,
√

=( ) ( )
√

= (40+60×8) ×25 = 13000 mm2

= (40+60×8-22×7.5) ×25 = 8325 mm2

= (60×25) = 1500 mm2

= (60-0.5×22) ×25 = 1225 mm2

( ) ( ) = 2067 KN,
√

( ) ( ) = 1759 KN
√

Therefore, the block shear strength is = 1759 KN

Now, Strength of the single angle Tension member should be least of the above
three values (i.e. 2131.81 KN, 2446.5 KN and 1759 KN) which is equal to 1759 KN.

As per our calculation we get that the maximum tension force is in the leg member
of the ground panel which is 245.67 KN

Therefore factored load = 245.67×1.5 = 368.5 KN is lesser than the above three
values. Therefore our design is safe for maximum tension.

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6.6.1.2 Design chart for Diagonal member ISA 100×100×8

Tensile Strength of Single Angle ISA 100 X 100 X 8 (As per IS 800:2007) with
single row bolted connection as shown in Figure 8 (3nos 16mm dia.). The no of bolts
considered for the design of tension members for end connections is based on minimum no.
of bolts required for the full strength of the angle for Block shear.

16 mm φ bolts

ISA 100×100×8

FIGURE 6.3 DESIGN DETAILS OF DIAGONAL MEMBER

(all dimensions are in mm)
Design strength due to yielding of gross section

Ag = 1539 mm2 (from steel table), m0 = 1.1

= = 349.7 KN

Design Strength due to rupture of critical section

e = 40 mm, p = 60 mm

= ( ) ( )

= (100 – 18 – 8/2) ×8 = 624 mm2

= (100 – 8/2) ×8 = 768 mm2

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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 = 60×2 = 120, = 100+44-8 = 136

= ( ) ( ) ( ) = 0.74 > 0.7

0.74 < ( ) =( )= 1.44

Therefore, =( ) ( ) = 313 KN

Design strength due to block shear

The block shear strength , at an end connection is taken as the smaller of

( ) ( ) Or,
√

=( ) ( )
√

= (40+60×2) ×8 = 1280 mm2

= (40+60×2-18×2.5) ×8 = 920 mm2

= (40+18) x 8 = 1500 mm2

= (40+18-0.5×18) ×8 = 920 mm2

( ) ( ) = 283.6 KN,
√

( ) ( ) = 262 KN
√

Therefore, the block shear strength is Tdb = 262 kN

Now, Strength of the single angle Tension member should be least of the above three
values (i.e. 349.7kN, 313kN and 262kN) which is equal to 262kN.

As per the calculation, the maximum tension force is obtained in the diagonal member
of the sixth panel which is 45.27kN

i.e. factored load = 45.27×1.5 = 67.9kN is lesser than the above three values.
Therefore the design is safe for maximum tension.

39
6.6.2 Design of compression member by limit state method (IS 800:2007)

6.6.2.1 Design chart for Main leg ISA 200×200×25

Length = 3.02 m

K = 0.85

fy = 250 MPa

A = 9380 mm2

r min = 60.5 mm

= = 42.43

From Table 10 of IS 800:2007, the member belongs to buckling class c. Therefore,

from Table 9(c) of IS 800:2007 the values of fcd are found using KL/r = 42.43 and fy = 250
MPa.

Here,

For, = 40 fcd = 198 MPa

= 50 fcd = 183 MPa

Therefore, for = 42.43

fcd = 194.35 N/mm2

Thus, strength of the angle as column

= 9380×194.35 = 1823050 N = 1823 kN

Working load = 1823/1.5 = 1215 kN > 245.67 kN

Therefore, the section is safe for maximum compressive force.

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 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

 The transmission line tower is a statically indeterminate structure and the manual
analysis of such a structure is very complex.

41
 A rigorous analysis considering three dimensional space actions is quite difficult.
The development and application of computer analysis opened up a new and
practically unlimited possibilities for the exact solution of these statically
indeterminate structures with precise statically analysis of their three dimensional
performance.

 Analysis of the transmission tower is carried out by using STAAD.Pro package.

 The trial section which is adopted for this analysis is compatible with the
calculated loads.

 The observed nodal displacement, beam displacement, shears, bending, axial force
and support reactions is found by STAAD.Pro.

 The member sizes are compared with those found after their design. The
deflections are found to be negligible.

 Thus the transmission tower designed can be implemented in a successful manner.

CHAPTER 8

REFERENCE

 Dr.Ram Chandra and Virendra gehlot (2007), “Design of steel structures 2”.

42
 S.S.Bhavikatti, “Design of steel structures”, I.K.International publishing house
Pvt.Ltd.

 N.Subramanian, “steel structure design and practice”, Oxford University press.

 Code for Practices:

IS 4091-1967(Foundation design).

IS 802 -1967(Structural steel).

IS 800 -2007(Design of members).

IS 875 -1987(Design loads).

IS 5613 (Design, maintenance & installation).

 Madras state electrical engineers association(1964)”power engineer’s hand book”.

 Indian electricity rules,1956- rule 76(1)(a).

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