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Pre-breakdown Phenomena in New Vegetable Oil - based Jatropha Curcas Seeds

as Substitute of Mineral Oil in High Voltage Equipment

Article  in  IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation · October 2015

DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2015.005069

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS on DIELECTRICS
A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION SOCIETY

and Electrical Insulation

October 2015 Volume 22 Number 5 ITDEIS (ISSN 1070-9878)

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION

LIQUID DIELECTRICS
EDITORIALS
A Personal Perspective on the 50th Anniversary of the IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation .......................................................................G. Stone 2399–2399
LIQUID DIELECTRICS
Editorial for 2015 IEEE TDEI Special Issue on Dielectric Liquids ..................................................................................................................M. Pompili and R. Bartnikas 2400–2400
PAPERS
Scatter Reduction of the 50-60 Hz Breakdown Voltage Test for Insulating Liquids.............................................................................M. Baur, L. Calcara and M. Pompili 2401–2407
Analysis of Thermally Aged Insulation Paper in a Natural Ester-based Dielectric Fluid.....................................................................................................A. A. Abdelmalik 2408–2414
Influence of Thermally Aged Barrier on Corona Discharge Activity in Transformer Oil Under AC Voltages............................................K. Sahitya Yadav and R. Sarathi 2415–2423
Ion Mobilities in Non-Polar Dielectric Liquids: Silicone Oils .........................................................................................................................W. F. Schmidt and K. Yoshino 2424–2427
On Streamer Inception in Hydrocarbon Liquids in Point-Plane Gaps..........................................................................................................................................G. V. Naidis 2428–2432
Experimental Studies of Influence of Different Electrodes on Bridging in Contaminated Transformer Oil
.....................................................................................................................................................................S. Mahmud, G. Chen, I. O. Golosnoy, G. Wilson and P. Jarman 2433–2441
Pre-breakdown Phenomena in New Vegetable Oil - based Jatropha Curcas Seeds as Substitute of Mineral Oil in High Voltage Equipment
................................................................................................................................................................................H. B. H. Sitorus, A. Beroual, R. Setiabudy and S. Bismo 2442–2448
Effect of Electric Field at 150°C on the Formation of Corrosive Sulfur in Mineral Transformer Oil .............................B. Gonzalez, O. Gasca, M. Juarez and F. Bravo 2449–2454
Aging Degree Evaluation for Paper-Oil Insulation Using the Recovery Voltage Method.................................................................................................................S. Wolny 2455–2462
Dispersion Behavior and Breakdown Strength of Transformer Oil Filled with TiO2 Nanoparticles............E. G. Atiya, D.-E. A. Mansour, R. M. Khattab and A. M. Azmy 2463–2472
Study of the Charge Dynamics in Mineral Oil under a Non-homogeneous Field .......................................................Y. Zhou, M. Hao, G. Chen, G. Wilson and P. Jarman 2473–2482
Effect of Space Charge on the Accumulative Characteristics of Oil Paper Insulation under Repeated Lightning Impulses ..W. Sima, P. Sun, M. Yang, Q. Yang and J. Wu 2483–2490
Comparative Studies of the Stability of Various Fluids under Electrical Discharge and Thermal Stresses
........................................................................................................................................L. Loiselle, I. Fofana, J. Sabau, S. Magdaleno-Adame and J. C. Olivares-Galvan 2491–2499
Electroviscous Effect of Ionic Liquids Measured by Using Shear Horizontal Wave..........................................................................R. Ozaki, H. Moritake and K. Yoshino 2500–2506
Development of a New Graphical Technique for Dissolved Gas Analysis in Power Transformers Based on the Five Combustible Gases......................D.-E. A. Mansour 2507–2512
Understanding the Surface Discharge Characteristics of Thermally Aged Copper Sulphide Diffused Oil Impregnated Pressboard Material
...................................................................................................................................................................................................R. Sarathi, K. Sahitya Yadav and M. Swarna 2513–2521
Thermal-fluid Characterization of Alternative Liquids of Power Transformers: A Numerical Approach
...............................................................................................................................................R. Lecuna, F. Delgado, A. Ortiz, P. B. Castro, I. Fernandez and C. J. Renedo 2522–2529
Thermal Conductivity and Dielectric Characteristics of Transformer Oil Filled with BN and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles ..........................................B. X. Du, X. L. Li and J. Li 2530–2536
Behavior of the Charge Accumulation at the Pressboard/Oil Interface under DC External Electric Field Stress................P. Leblanc, T. Paillat, G. Morin and C. Perrier 2537–2542
Impact of Local Overheating on Conventional and Hybrid Insulations for Power Transformers ........................................K. S. Kassi, I. Fofana, F. Meghnefi and Z. Yéo 2543–2553
Effect of Cellulose Particles on Impulse Breakdown in Ester Transformer Liquids in Uniform Electric Fields.................................................................W. Lu and Q. Liu 2554–2564
Size Effect on Breakdown Strength in Sub-cooled Liquid Nitrogen for Superconducting Power Apparatus ........N. Hayakawa, S. Nishimachi, H. Kojima and H. Okubo 2565–2571
Laboratory Validation of Method of Solvent Extraction for Removal of Sulphur Compounds from Mineral Oil.....A. Akshatha, J. Sundara Rajan and H. Ramachandra 2572–2580
Breakdown of Liquids in Long Gaps: Influence of Distance, Impulse Shape, Liquid Nature, and Interpretation of Measurements
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................A. Denat, O. Lesaint and F. McCluskey 2581–2591
The Effect of Magnetite, Graphene Oxide and Silicone Oxide Nanoparticles on Dielectric Withstand Characteristics of Mineral Oil
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................A. Cavallini, R. Karthik and F. Negri 2592–2600
Quantitative Study of Electric Conduction in Mineral Oil by Time Domain and Frequency Domain Measurement .Y. Zhou, M. Hao, G. Chen, G. Wilson and P. Jarman 2601–2610
Effect of Oil Replacement on Furfural Analysis and Aging Assessment of Power Transformers...........................................Y. Lin, L. Yang, R. Liao, W. Sun and Y. Zhang 2611–2619
Breakdown Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation under Lightning Impulse Waveforms with Oscillations.......Z. Wang, L. Pang, T. Wang, H. Yang, Q. Zhang and J. Li 2620–2627
Interface Charge Behavior of Multi-Layer Oil-Paper Insulation under DC and Polarity Reversal Voltages .........................................B. X. Du, J. G. Zhang and D. S. Liu 2628–2636
Complex Flow Patterns at the Onset of Annular Electroconvection in a Dielectric Liquid Subjected to an Arbitrary Unipolar Injection
...............................................................................................................................................................................................J. Wu, A. T. Pérez, P. Traoré and P. A. Vázquez 2637–2645
Influence of Microbubbles Motion State on Partial Discharge in Transformer Oil .........................................................J. Tang, S. Ma, M. Zhang, Z. Liu, X. Li and Y. Gui 2646–2652
Assessing Insulating Oil Degradation by Means of Turbidity and UV/Vis Spectrophotometry Measurements...................Y. Hadjadj, I. Fofana, J. Sabau and E. Briosso 2653–2660
Influence of Thermal Degradation on Surface Discharge Characteristics for Oil-Polypropylene Insulation
................................................................................................................................................................M.-X. Zhu, Y. Li, Y.-H. Wei, J. B. Deng, H.-B. Mu and G.-J. Zhang 2661–2668
Simulation and Analysis of Coalescence of Water Droplets on Composite Insulating Surface under DC Electric Field
........................................................................................................................................................................................J. Ndoumbe, A. Beroual and A. Moukengue Imano 2669–2675
Classification in Iso-Attention Classes of HV Transformer Fleets.....................................................................................................................M. Pompili and F. Scatiggio 2676–2683
Explanation and Analysis of Oil-Paper Insulation Based on Frequency-Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy
.......................................................................................................................................................M. Dong, M. Ren, F. Wen, C. Zhang, J. Liu, C. Sumereder and M. Muhr 2684–2693
Quantitative Evaluation of Ageing Condition of Oil-Paper Insulation Using Frequency Domain Characteristic Extracted from Modified Cole-Cole Model
..........................................................................................................................................................................................J. Gao, L. Yang, Y. Wang, C. Qi, J. Hao and J. Liu 2694–2702
Compatibility of Transformer Construction Materials with Natural Ester-Based Insulating Fluids............................H. M. Wilhelm, V. Franch, L. Tulio and A. F. Franch 2703–2708
Characteristics of Electrohydrodynamic Pump of the Dissociation Type: Low- and High-Voltage Ranges ........................V. A. Chirkov, Y. K. Stishkov and S. A. Vasilkov 2709–2717
Stray Gassing Cases of Insulating Liquids in HV Equipment.......................................................................................................................................I. Atanasova-Höhlein 2718–2722
Development of a Novel Dual Temperature Model for Insulation Aging in Oil Immersed Transformers ......................................A. K. Mehta, R. Naresh and S. Chauhan 2723–2736
Effects of Thermal Aging on Creepage Discharge in Oil-Impregnated Pressboard under Combined AC-DC Voltage
..............................................................................................................................................Y. X. Zhou, F. B. Jin, M. Huang, T. H. Le, J. W. Huang, Z. H. Liu and L. C. Lu 2737–2746
Partial Discharge Behavior of Mineral Oil based Nanofluids .............................................................................H. Jin, P. Morshuis, A. R. Mor, J. J. Smit and T. Andritsch 2747–2753
Streamer Propagation in Small Gaps of Synthetic Ester and Mineral Oil under Lightning Impulse ................................................................................................P. Rozga 2754–2762
Simulation of the Integral Electric Current Characteristics of Unsteady-State Current Passage through Liquid Dielectrics
...............................................................................................................................................................................................V. A. Chirkov, Y. K. Stishkov and A. A. Sitnikov 2763–2769
(continued on inside)
2442 H. B. H. Sitorus et al.: Pre-breakdown Phenomena in New Vegetable Oil - based Jatropha Curcas Seeds as Substitute of Mineral Oil

Pre-breakdown Phenomena in New Vegetable

Oil - based Jatropha Curcas Seeds as Substitute
of Mineral Oil in High Voltage Equipment
Henry B. H. Sitorus
Ecole Centrale de Lyon, University of Lyon, Ampere CNRS UMR 5005,
36 avenue Guy Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
and Engineering Faculty, Universitas Indonesia (UI), Depok, Indonesia
Electrical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty,
Universitas Lampung (Unila), Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

Abderrahmane Beroual
Ecole Centrale de Lyon, University of Lyon, Ampere CNRS UMR 5005,
36 avenue Guy Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France

Rudy Setiabudy
Engineering Faculty, Universitas Indonesia (UI), Depok, Indonesia

and Setijo Bismo

Engineering Faculty, Universitas Indonesia (UI), Depok, Indonesia

ABSTRACT
Due to their high biodegradability, non-toxicity and higher fire safety guarantee, vegetable-
based oils are considered today as a potential substitute for mineral and synthetic liquids for
electrical insulation and especially in high voltage power transformers. However most of
known vegetable oils are derived from food materials (rape-seeds, sunflower, soybeans,
palms, corns and others). And one has to be vigilant to the fact that the replacement of
mineral oil by natural ester fluids based on “renewably sourced” vegetable oils, does not
create new problems as this could cause global food crisis due to diversion of food into
insulating material oils or others (fuel). An interesting product can be jatropha curcas oil
(JCO) extracted from the fruit seeds of jatropha curcas plants (“miracle tree”) which is
non-food crops. These plants can be grown on marginal or degraded soils and thus enables
to avoid the need to utilize those more fertile soils currently being used by smallholders to
grow their staple crops; and they readily grow in areas where annual rainfall levels are
significantly lower than those required by other species such as rape-seeds, sunflower, palm,
soybeans, corns and others. This paper presents an experimental study of streamers
phenomena in jatropha curcas methyl ester oil (JMEO) and mineral oil (MO) under
positive and negative lightning impulse voltages (1.2/50 µs); JMEO is obtained by alkali
base catalyzed trans-esterification process of JCO to reduce the viscosity and acidity. It is
shown that basing on the streamer characteristics (shape, stopping length, velocity, current
and electrical charge), JMEO could constitute a potential substitute for mineral for
electrical insulation and especially in high voltage power transformers.
Index Terms - JMEO, streamer, final length, velocity, vegetable oil.

1 INTRODUCTION
MINERAL oils have been widely used in high voltage
equipment since the last ten decades (especially in high voltage
power transformers). However, due to limitation of sources of
Manuscript received on 17 November 2014, in final form 11 February 2015,
accepted 13 February 2015.
mineral oils which are non-renewable material and the fact that
they are poorly biodegradable (the biodegradability of typical
mineral oils is not more than 30 %), industrials and researchers
have been encouraged to look for alternative materials for their
replacement. Vegetable-based oils are considered today as a
potential substitute for mineral and synthetic liquids for
electrical insulation and especially in high voltage power
transformers. They are characterized by a high

DOI 10.1109/TDEI.2015.005069
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 22, No. 5; October 2015 2447
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phenomena in mineral, synthetic and natural ester oils under lightning impulse
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Figure 17. Streamer charge in MO under 82 kV positive lightning impulse [9] N. V. Dung, H. K. Hoidalen, D. Linhjell, L. E. Lundgaard, and M. Unge, “A
voltage, d = 25 mm. study on positive streamer channels in Marcol Oil,” IEEE Conf. Electr. Insul.
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Yamazawa, M. Danikas, W. D. Chadband, and Y. Torshin, “Propagation and
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0.6 prebreakdown phenomena in nitrobenzene,” J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 52, No. 1, pp.
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Figure 18. Streamer Velocity in JMEO and MO under negative lightning Voltages,” Archiwum Elektrotechn, Vol. 1/4, pp. 57–64, 1993.
impulse voltage, d = 30 mm.
Henry B.H. Sitorus was born in Lumban Sitorus, Toba
2.5 Samosir, Indonesia, on 19 December 1972. He received
JMEO MO the Sarjana Teknik (equivalent to B.Eng.) degree in
Streamer Velocity (km/s)

2 electrical engineering from Universitas Sumatera Utara

(USU), Medan, Indonesia, in 1997 and the Master Teknik
(Master of Engineering) degree in electrical power
1.5
system engineering from the Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2001. He is currently pursuing
1 the Ph.D. degree in Double Degree Program in
Universitas Indonesia (UI), Jakarta, Indonesia and Ecole Centrale de Lyon –
0.5 University of Lyon, France. He joined the Departement of Electrical
Engineering Universitas Lampung (Unila), Bandar Lampung, Indonesia in
0 2001. His main research interests are liquid based on vegetable oils, partial
65 75 85 95 105 discharge measurement and lightning protection materials.
Voltage (kV)
Abderrahmane Beroual (M’92-SM’09-F’11) received
Figure 19. Streamer Velocity in JMEO and MO under positive lightning the Dipl. Ing. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering,
impulse voltage, d = 30 mm. respectively in 1976 from the Ecole Nationale
Polytechnique of Algiers, Algeria and in 1979 from the
4 CONCLUSION Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland. In 1987, he
It appears from this study that the streamer characteristics obtained the Doctorat d’Etat ès Sciences Physiques
degree from the Institut National Polytechnique of
namely the streamers shape, their stopping length, the associated Grenoble, France. He is currently Professor at the Ecole
current and electrical charge in JMEO and mineral oil are too close Centrale de Lyon, University of Lyon, France. Presently, he is the head of
(similar). Basing on these results, one can conclude that JMEO Materials Group at AMPERE Lab - CNRS as well as Responsible of the Master
could constitute a potential substitute for mineral oil for electrical Research Program in electrical engineering. From 1994 to 1998, he chaired the
International Study Group on Streamer Propagation in Liquids of the IEEE –
insulation and especially in high voltage power transformers. The DEIS. He is/was member of many Advisory Committees of International
study is in progress to check the breakdown voltage of both liquids. Conferences (ICDL, ISH, APTADM, Gas Discharge, ICHVE, CMD,
INSUCON, NIWE, iREED, Technical Committee of the IEEE CEIDP, UF10
Technical Commission – MT30 of IEC) and associate editor for IEEE TDEI. He
REFERENCES was/is responsible of various research projects. His main research interests
[1] T. V. Oommen, “Vegetable oils for liquid-filled transformers,” IEEE Electr. include high voltage engineering, dielectric materials, long air gaps discharge
Insul. Mag., Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 6 –11, 2002. and lightning, outdoor insulation, modelling of discharges and composite
[2] S. Lindren, “Environmentally acceptable transformer fluids,” in Technical materials. He supervised more than 40 Ph.D. Students. He is author/co-author of
Progress, Report 1000438, EPRI, 2000. more than 390 technical papers including more than 150 refereed journal papers,
[3] D. Cherry, “Insulating Fluids: An Overview of Dielectric Fluids Used in 4 patents, 1 book and 6 book chapters.
Transformers,” ABB Report, 2009.
2448 H. B. H. Sitorus et al.: Pre-breakdown Phenomena in New Vegetable Oil - based Jatropha Curcas Seeds as Substitute of Mineral Oil
Rudy Setiabudy received the Dipl. Electrical Ing. in
1982 from Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia, the Master
degree (DEA) in 1987 from ENSIEG, Grenobe and the
Dipl. Doctor in 1991 from l'University de Montpellier II,
France. Currently, he is Professor in Universitas
Indonesia, Indonesia. From 1993 to 1998, he was the
head of the Electric Measurement Laboratory. He was the
head of Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas
Indonesia from 1997 to 2004. His main research interests
include electrical material, electrical measurement system, electric power
system and micro-grid. He has authored/co-authored 2 patents and 2 books.
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Setijo Bismo was born in Jakarta, Indonesia on 14 May
1960. He received Dipl. Chemical Ing. in 1985 from
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia. He obtained his
Master (DEA) and Ph.D. degrees in 1989 and 1993,
respectively, from ENSIGC Toulouse France. He is
currently Professor in Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.
Since 2007 until now, he is the head of Process
Intensification Technology Laboratory. He is also the head of Process
Intensification Research Group (Technology of plasma and ozone) in
Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia. He authored / co-
authored more than 30 technical papers and patents.