Handout On One Mean One Prop Two Means and Two Props - 1472103858

BioEpi Handout by LRCCo
1st Sem AY 2019 – 2020, FEU Manila, Dept. of Medical Technology

For class use only. Unauthorized reproduction, and distribution of this material is strictly prohibited.
___________________________________
___________________________________
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
___________________________________
By LrcCo
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

___________________________________
1. Explain what is statistical hypothesis and hypothesis testing
2. Differentiate
a. Null hypothesis ___________________________________
BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo
b. Alternative hypothesis
3. Discuss the steps in hypothesis testing
4. Identify the appropriate test statistic to be used in testing the
mean of a particular set of data
5. Conduct a two-tailed test of hypothesis for:
___________________________________
a. one mean
b. one proportion
6. Interpret the result of the hypothesis testing for:
a. one mean
2
___________________________________
b. one proportion
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 3 ___________________________________
___________________________________
INTRODUCTION
TO HYPOTHESIS TESTING
___________________________________
3
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 4 ___________________________________
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
 This is a statement about the value of a
population parameter (that is, mean median,
mode, variance, standard deviation, proportion,
___________________________________

etc.)
 An assertion or proposition about the
relationship between two or more variables
 Formulated as a result of years of observation
___________________________________
and researches
4
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 5 ___________________________________
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 Statistical hypothesis testing is a method of
making decisions using data, whether from a
controlled experiment or an observational study
___________________________________
(not controlled)
 It is a set of procedures that culminates in either
the rejection or the non-rejection of the null
hypothesis ___________________________________
 It involves the comparison of two hypotheses:
 Null hypothesis
 Alternative hypothesis
5
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 6 ___________________________________
PROCESS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Ho vs H1 ___________________________________
Collect data from

a sample
Reject Ho Support Ho
Do not
reject Ho
___________________________________
No Yes
6
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 7 ___________________________________
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. State the null (Ho) & alternative (H1 or Ha)
hypotheses ___________________________________

2. State the level of significance, α (alpha)
3. Select the appropriate test statistic
4. Determine critical region
5. Compute the test statistic ___________________________________
6. Make a statistical decision
7. Draw conclusion
7
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 8 ___________________________________
1. State the null (Ho) & alternative (Ha)
hypotheses ___________________________________
 Null hypothesis
 Hypothesis of “no difference”
 Statement of equality
 Often used to signify the equivalence of population

parameters
Alternative hypothesis
___________________________________
 Usually the researcher hypothesis (the hypothesis the
investigator believes in
 Uses <, >, or ≠ sign
8
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 9 ___________________________________
NON-DIRECTIONAL VS DIRECTIONAL HA
 Non-directional / two – tailed test
 Simply states that there is a difference in the ___________________________________
groups being compared; or

 That the true value of the parameter is not equal
to a hypothesized value
 Ho: θ = θ vs Ha: θ = θ0
 Example:
___________________________________
 The average height of male students in Department
of MedTech is not equal to the height of male
students in Department of Tourism.
9
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 10 ___________________________________
NON-DIRECTIONAL VS DIRECTIONAL HA
 Directional / one-tailed test
 Specifies direction of disagreement with Ho ___________________________________

 Ho: θ = θo vs Ha: θ > θo or
Ho: θ = θo vs Ha: θ < θo
 Example:
The average glucose level of Americans is higher than
100 mg/dL
___________________________________
10
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 11 ___________________________________
2. State the level of significance
Level of significance (α) ___________________________________
 The probability level that is considered too
low to warrant support of the hypothesis

being tested
 This is usually set at 0.05, 0.1, or 0.01
___________________________________
11
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 12 ___________________________________
3. Select the appropriate test statistic
Factors to be considered: ___________________________________
a. Objectives of the study

b. Design of the Study
c. Type of Variables
d. Level of measurement ___________________________________
e. Whether the samples are related or independent
f. Assumption about the test
12
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 13 ___________________________________
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
a. Objectives of the Study
- Descriptive? ___________________________________

- Inferential?
Test for proportion?
Comparison of means?
b. Study Design
Cohort? Case – Control? Cross – sectional?
___________________________________
c. Types of Variables –
Qualitative or Quantitative?
d. Level of measurement
Nominal? Ordinal? Ratio? 13
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 14 ___________________________________
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
e. Related or Independent samples
Related – sample in one group is affected by the ___________________________________
other group
Independent – probability of selection of samples
in one group is not affected by the selection in the
other group
f. Assumption about the test
___________________________________
Parametric test – can be used if the assumptions
about the parameter like normality, independence and
homogeneity hold true
Non-parametric – when the assumptions for the 14 ___________________________________
use of parametric tests are questionable in the data
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 15 GUIDE TO THE CHOICE OF BASIC

___________________________________
STATISTICAL TEST
Types of Levels of Measurement
sample
I. One Sample
Nominal Ordinal Interval / Ratio
___________________________________
Case
Determine if Binomial test Kolmogorov- z-test for 1
sample is from Smornov mean
a population One Sample
with pre-
specified P or µ
Test ___________________________________
Determine if z – test for 1 t-test for 1
sample is from prop mean
a population Chi square
with pre- Goodness-of-fit
specified
distribution
Test
15
___________________________________
Test of Runs Test
randomness
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
STATISTICAL TEST
sample
II. Two –
Nominal
Marginal Chi
Ordinal
Sign Test
Interval / Ratio
Paired t-test
___________________________________

sample Case Mc Nemar Wilcoxon Signed
(comparison of Change test Ranks
2 groups)
Related samples
Independent
samples
Fisher Exaxt
Test for 2 x 2 test
Wilcoxon-Mann-
Whitney Test
z-test for 2
means
___________________________________
Z-test for 2 prop Robust-rank- Independent t-
Chi square test order-test test for 2 means
for r x 2 tables Kolmogorov-
Smirnov Two
Sample Test
Siegel-Tukey
Test for Scale
16
___________________________________
Differences
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

___________________________________
STATISTICAL TEST
sample
III. K-sample
Nominal
Cochran Q-test
Ordinal
Page test
Interval / Ratio
Two-way ANOVA
___________________________________
Case (F-test)
(comparison of
more than 2
groups)
Related samples
Independent Chi square test Extension of One-way ANOVA
___________________________________
Samples for r x k tables median test
17
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 18 ___________________________________
4. Determine the critical region
 Depends on the level of significance set by the investigator ___________________________________
 If the test statistic computed for the sample data fall

in this region, then there is a basis for rejecting the
null hypothesis
 Can be one-tailed or two-tailed based on the alternative
hypothesis ___________________________________
18
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 19 ___________________________________
CRITICAL REGION
 Critical Region for a Two – tailed test
example: α = 0.05 ___________________________________

α/2 α/2 ___________________________________
Critical region : z < -1.96 and z > 1.96 19

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 20 ___________________________________
CRITICAL REGION
 Critical Region for a One – tailed test
example: α = 0.05 ___________________________________
α α ___________________________________
Critical region : z < -1.96 z > 1.96 20

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 21 ___________________________________
5. Compute the test-statistic
 It is important that before this step, the level of significance
and the critical region have been set to avoid manipulation
___________________________________
of these entities after the test statistic has been computed to

obtain desired outcome.
 The computation differs depending on the test statistic used
 However, basic formula of a test statistic is: ___________________________________
21
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 22 ___________________________________
 Whether to reject or not to reject the null hypothesis ___________________________________

3 ways of making statistical decision:
1. Compare test statistic with the critical region
 Computed test statistic ≥ C.R., then reject Ho ___________________________________
 Otherwise, do not reject the null hypothesis
22
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 23 ___________________________________

2. Compare the p-value with α (level of significance)
 If p-value ≤ α, reject Ho
 If p > α, do not reject Ho

___________________________________
P-value: The probability of obtaining a result as extreme or more
extreme than the value observed from the sample given that the
null hypothesis (Ho) is true.
23
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 24 ___________________________________

3. Compare hypothesized (test) value with the confidence
interval
 If the hypothesized value does not fall within the
confidence interval, then we reject the null hypothesis.
___________________________________
 Otherwise, then we cannot reject the null hypothesis
24
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 25 ___________________________________
7. Draw conclusion
 Reject Ho ___________________________________

 Conclude Ha
 The sample value does not support the null
hypothesis
 Do not reject Ho
 Conclude that there is no sufficient evidence to say
___________________________________
that Ha is true
25
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 26 ___________________________________
NON-REJECTION OF NULL HYPOTHESIS(HO)
 This is not a proof that the null hypothesis is

correct ___________________________________
 Factors that may affect the non-rejection:

 Inadequate sample size
 Measurement problems
___________________________________
26
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 27 ___________________________________
___________________________________
HYPOTHESIS TESTING: ___________________________________

ONE MEAN
27
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 28 ___________________________________
HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR ONE MEAN
 Deals only with one sample or group
 Hypothesis is that the population mean is equal ___________________________________

to a presumed (hypothesized) mean value
 Null Hypothesis
 Ho: µ = µo where µo is the hypothesized value
 Alternative Hypothesis
 Ha : µ ≠ µo (two-tailed test)
___________________________________
28
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 29 TEST STATISTIC ___________________________________

The test statistic depends whether or not the population
variance (σ2) is known
- If known ___________________________________
- Sampling distribution of mean is normally distributed

- Use z-test
z-test =
- If unknown
___________________________________
- Sampling distribution of mean is t-distributed
- Use t-test
t-test =
29
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 30 ___________________________________
EXAMPLE 1
A researcher hypothesizes that males now weigh
more than in previous years. To investigate this
hypothesis, he randomly selects 100 adult males
___________________________________
and records their weights. The measurements for

the sample have a mean of 70 kg. In a census taken
several years ago, the mean weight of males was 68
kg with a standard deviation of 8 kg. Does the
investigator able to prove his hypothesis with this
___________________________________
data?
30
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 31 ___________________________________
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: µ = 68 kg (the mean weight of adult males ___________________________________

is the same as the mean weight
of adult males from previous years)
Ha: µ ≠ 68 kg (the mean weight of adult males is
different from previous years)
___________________________________
2. Level of significance: α = 0.05
3. Test statistic: z =
31
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 32 ___________________________________
COMMONLY USED Z-DEVIATE
Confidence α z-deviate
coefficient
90% 0.10
(two-tailed)
1.64
___________________________________
95% 0.05 1.96

99% 0.01 2.58
___________________________________
32
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 33 ___________________________________
4. Critical Region: z ≤ - 1.96 or z ≥ 1.96
5. Computations: ___________________________________
z= = 2.5
6. Statistical decision:
Since the computed z-value falls within the critical
region, the null hypothesis is rejected ___________________________________
7. Conclusion:
The mean weight of adult males is not equal to 68 kg.
It is significantly HIGHER from the previous years.
33
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 34 STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
___________________________________
(USING COMPUTER OUTPUT)
Ho: µ = 68 kg (the mean weight of adult males ___________________________________

is the same as the mean weight
of adult males from previous years)
Ha: µ ≠ 68 kg (the mean weight of adult males is
different from previous years) ___________________________________
34
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

___________________________________
4. Critical Region: Not applicable
5. Computations: Not applicable
6. Statistical decision: ___________________________________
Using SPSS: Sig (2-tailed) or this is the p = 0.000

Since p value is less than α = 0.05, we reject the null
hypothesis
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 68
95% Confidence Interval of the

___________________________________
Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Lower Upper
Weight in kg 10.771 99 .000 7.820 6.38 9.26
7. Conclusion:
The mean weight of adult males is not equal to 68 kg. It is
significantly HIGHER from the previous years. 35
___________________________________
 CI may be used as an alternative to p-value testing. If t value is not within the
CI, then reject Ho.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 36 ___________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
The average number of persons per household for
the whole country based on the 1980 census result
is 5.6. If the random sample of 25 households in a
___________________________________
survey done lately showed a mean household size of

5.2 persons with a standard deviation of 1.56, does
this result indicated that there has been a change
in the mean household size in the Philippines since
the last census? (use alpha = 0.10)
___________________________________
36
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 37 ___________________________________
Ho: µ = 5.6 (There has been no change in the ___________________________________

mean household size, that is, it is still
equal to 5.6 persons.)
Ha: µ ≠ 5.6 (There has been a change in the mean
household size, that is, it is no longer
equal to 5.6 persons.) ___________________________________
3. Test statistic: t =
37
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 38 ___________________________________
4. Critical Region: df = n – 1 = 25 – 1 = 24
t(0.10, 24) = 1.711 ___________________________________
5. Computations:
t= = - 1.28
Since the computed t-value is not within the critical
___________________________________
region, we do not reject the null hypothesis.
7. Conclusion:
There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that the
mean household size is not equal to 5.6. 38
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 39 ___________________________________
___________________________________

ONE PROPORTION
39
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 40 ___________________________________
HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR ONE PROPORTION
 Deals with only one sample or group
 Hypothesis is that the population proportion is ___________________________________

equal to a presumed / hypothesized value
 Null hypothesis:
 Ho: P = Po
 Alternative hypothesis:
 Ha: P ≠ Po (two-tailed test)
___________________________________
40
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 41 ___________________________________
TEST STATISTIC
z=
___________________________________
Where:
z = computed z-value
p = sample proportion
P = hypothesized population proportion ___________________________________
n = total number of samples
41
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 42 SAMPLE SIZE REQUIREMENT TO USE THE

___________________________________
Z-TEST
Before performing the z-test of hypothesis for one

proportion, check that the sample size requirement
that both nP and nQ are greater than or equal
___________________________________
to 5 is satisfied.
___________________________________
42
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 43 ___________________________________
EXAMPLE 1
 A barangay health center claims that 90% of the
infants in their barangay are fully immunized.
On the basis of this claim, a researcher
___________________________________

interviewed 150 mothers to ask about the
vaccination status of their infants. 17 mothers
claimed that their infants were not fully
immunized. Does the data collected support the
barangay health center’s claim?
___________________________________
43
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 44 ___________________________________
EXAMPLE 1
Before doing the hypothesis testing check that the
sample size requirement is satisfied. ___________________________________
nP = 150(0.90) = 135
nQ = 150(0.10) = 15
___________________________________
44
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 45 ___________________________________
Ho: P = 0.90 (The proportion fully ___________________________________
immunized infants in the

barangay is equal to 90%)
Ha: P ≠ 0.90 (The proportion fully immunized
infants in the barangay is not equal
to 90%)
___________________________________
45
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 46 ___________________________________
4. Critical Region: z ≥ 1.96 or z ≤ -1.96
5. Computations:
___________________________________

p=
z=
6. Statistical decision: ___________________________________

Since the computed z-value is NOT in the critical region,
do not reject the null hypothesis
7. Conclusion:
There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that the
proportion of fully immunized infants in the barangay health 46 ___________________________________
center is not equal to 90%
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

___________________________________
Ho: P = 0.90 (The proportion fully ___________________________________
immunized infants in the

barangay is equal to 90%)
Ha: P ≠ 0.90 (The proportion fully immunized
infants in the barangay is not equal
to 90%)
___________________________________
47
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

___________________________________
4. Critical Region: Not applicable
5. Computations: Not applicable (use computer

___________________________________
output)
SPSS: Since the Sig 0.342 is greater than 0.05, do not reject the null
hypothesis
___________________________________
7. Conclusion:
There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of fully
immunized infants in the barangay health center is not equal to 90%
48
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 49 ___________________________________
___________________________________

TWO MEANS
49
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 50 ___________________________________
HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR TWO MEANS
 Deals with only two samples or groups
 If the variable of interest is quantitative and was
measured using at least an interval scale, then
___________________________________
this comparison usually entails the testing of
hypothesis for two means derived from the
samples.
 Examples:
Comparisons of:
___________________________________
- average heights of males and females
-average measurements of the experimental and
control groups
-mean values of the variable of interest before and
after a study ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 51 ___________________________________
 Hypothesis is that the sample means of the two
groups is equal ___________________________________
 Null hypothesis

 Alternative hypothesis


(two-tailed)
(one-tailed)
___________________________________
 (one-tailed)
51
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 52 ___________________________________
 Considerations in choosing a test statistics when
testing a hypothesis for two sample means:
1. Independent Samples
___________________________________
 Variance known – z-test for two independent means
 Variance not known – t-test for two independent means
2. Related Samples – paired t-test
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 53 CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A TEST

STATISTIC WHEN TESTING A HYPOTHESIS FOR
___________________________________
TWO SAMPLE MEANS
Are the two

samples ___________________________________
independent?
No: Paired T test Yes: Are the population

variances known?
___________________________________
Yes: z test for two No: T test for two
independent independent means
sample means (Assume that the
population variances are
equal
53
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 54 Z-TEST FOR TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLE

___________________________________
MEANS
___________________________________
___________________________________
54
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 55 ___________________________________
Test Statistic Distribution
• Independent
samples
Standard Normal ___________________________________
• Populations normal
• Variances known
• Independent t-distribution with
samples
• Populations normal
• Variances
___________________________________
unknown where
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 56 ___________________________________
Test Statistic Distribution
• Related samples t-distribution with ___________________________________
where n = no. of
pairs
where
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 57 ___________________________________
EXAMPLE
 Suppose that a journal article reports that the

mean age at marriage of Filipino women in urban
areas is 22.6 years while those in rural areas is
___________________________________
18.4 years. These findings are based on a sample

survey of 150 urban and 180 rural women. The
report did not indicate the corresponding variances
of the estimates. However, a review of past data
shows the variances for the age at marriage of
___________________________________
Filipino women are 7.2 and 5.8 for urban and rural
areas, respectively. Is there a significant difference
between the age at marriage of women in urban and
rural areas? Use α=0.01. (Mendoza, et. al., pp.308- 57
___________________________________
309)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 58 STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND
___________________________________
COMPUTATION
 Null and alternative hypothesis

 =0 (The mean age at marriage of
Filipino women in urban areas is
___________________________________

is the same in the rural areas.
 0 (The mean age at marriage of
Filipino women is urban areas is
not the same with that in rural
areas)
___________________________________
 Level of Significance: 0.01
 Test Statistic
1= Urban
2= Rural
58
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 59 ___________________________________
 Critical Region z 2.58 or z -2.58
 Computations = (22.6-18.4)-0 =14.83 ___________________________________
 Statistical Decision: Reject , since z > 2.58 ___________________________________

 Conclusion: The mean age at marriage of Filipino
women in urban areas is significantly different
than those in rural areas. Rural women marry at
younger age compared to urban women.
59
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 60 ___________________________________
___________________________________

TWO PROPORTIONS
60
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 61 HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR TWO
___________________________________
PROPORTIONS
 It deals with only two samples or groups
 Hypothesis is that the sample proportions of the ___________________________________
two groups is equal
 Null hypothesis
 (The two population proportions are
equal)
 Alternative hypothesis
___________________________________
 (The two population proportions are
not equal)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 62 ___________________________________
USES
 Determining the probability of occurrence of the
difference between two proportions ___________________________________
 Estimating the difference between two

population proportions
 Testing the difference between two population
propotions.
___________________________________
62
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 63 ___________________________________
TEST STATISTIC
 Test statistic ___________________________________

 Because of conditions that arise under
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 64 ___________________________________
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS: TWO PROPORTIONS
 , the pooled estimate of the population proportion
(more precise) ___________________________________

No. who possess the No. who possess the
= characteristic in sample1 + characteristic in sample2
___________________________________
And
64
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 65 ___________________________________
SAMPLE SIZE REQUIREMENT
 Before performing z-test of hypothesis for two
proportions, check that the sample size
requirement that
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 66 ___________________________________
EXAMPLE
 A random sample of 250 pregnancies from
Barangay X showed that there are 145 male
births in a calendar year. On the other hand, in
___________________________________
Barangay Y, another sample of 250 pregnancies
indicated that there are 140 male births in a
year. At 1% level of significance, test if the
proportion of male births in Barangay X is
different from that of Barangay Y.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 67 ___________________________________
 First, check if sample size requirements are
satisfied. Compute the pooled estimate ___________________________________

___________________________________
67
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 68 ___________________________________
 Statistical Hypotheses
 ( The proportion of male births in Barangay
X is the same with that of Barangay Y.)
___________________________________
 (The proportion of male births in Barangay

is NOT the same with that of Barangay Y.)
Level of Significance: 0.01

 Test statistic ___________________________________
68
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 69 ___________________________________
 Critical region:
 Computations: ___________________________________
= 145 =0.58 =140 =0.56 0.57

250 250 0.43
= =0.45 ___________________________________
69
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 70 ___________________________________
 Decision: Since the computed z-value is outside
the critical region, do NOT reject ___________________________________

 Conclusion: There is no sufficient evidence to
conclude that proportion of male births in
Barangay X is significantly different from
Barangay Y.
___________________________________
70
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 71 ___________________________________
___________________________________
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 72 ___________________________________
REFERENCES:
 Borja, MP (2013) Bio 201 Lecture Notes. Department of
Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health ___________________________________
 Mendoza, Ophelia M., Borja, Maridel P., et.al.,

Foundations of Statistical Analysis for the Health
Sciences, 2010
___________________________________
72
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

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BioEpi Handout by LRCCo

1st Sem AY 2019 – 2020, FEU Manila, Dept. of Medical Technology

Slide 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

Collect data from

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

groups being compared; or

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

 The probability level that is considered too

low to warrant support of the hypothesis

a. Objectives of the study

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

Slide 15 GUIDE TO THE CHOICE OF BASIC

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

Slide 17 GUIDE TO THE CHOICE OF BASIC

 If the test statistic computed for the sample data fall

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

Critical region : z < -1.96 and z > 1.96 19

Critical region : z < -1.96 z > 1.96 20

of these entities after the test statistic has been computed to

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

3 ways of making statistical decision:

 If p > α, do not reject Ho

3 ways of making statistical decision:

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

 The sample value does not support the null

 This is not a proof that the null hypothesis is

 Factors that may affect the non-rejection:

HYPOTHESIS TESTING: ___________________________________

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

Slide 29 TEST STATISTIC ___________________________________

- Sampling distribution of mean is normally distributed

and records their weights. The measurements for

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

95% 0.05 1.96

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

Slide 35 STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Using SPSS: Sig (2-tailed) or this is the p = 0.000

95% Confidence Interval of the

survey done lately showed a mean household size of

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

HYPOTHESIS TESTING: ___________________________________

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

Slide 42 SAMPLE SIZE REQUIREMENT TO USE THE

Before performing the z-test of hypothesis for one

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

immunized infants in the

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

6. Statistical decision: ___________________________________

Slide 47 STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

immunized infants in the

Slide 48 STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

5. Computations: Not applicable (use computer

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo

Slide 53 CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A TEST

Are the two

No: Paired T test Yes: Are the population

Slide 54 Z-TEST FOR TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLE

 Suppose that a journal article reports that the

18.4 years. These findings are based on a sample

 Null and alternative hypothesis

BiostatEpi Notes SY2019-2020 lrrCo