ANPH121-002LC Basic Chemistry

S ___________________________________
l PART
Find more PowerPoint templates on prezentr.com!
i
d
2 Basic Chemistry
___________________________________
e ___________________________________
1 Slide Deck Presentation Prepared By
Mr. Niño A. Cabatingan

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Outcomes
l • Differentiate matter from energy;

• List four major energy forms, and provide one example of
how each is used in the body; ___________________________________
i • Define radioisotope, and describe its application to diagnosing
and treating disease;
• Define molecule, and explain how molecules are related to
d compound; ___________________________________
• Differentiate between ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar
covalent bonds, and describe the importance
e of hydrogen bonds;
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Readings
l Marieb, E. N. & Keller, S. H. (2018). Essentials of anatomy and

physiology 12th Edition. England: Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 50-
81. ___________________________________
i
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
3 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Checklist
l
• Read course and unit objectives; ___________________________________
i • Ready study guide prior to class attendance;
• Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies
for jargons;
d • Proactively participate in discussions; ___________________________________
• Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas);
e • Answer and submit course unit tasks.
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Watch Videos
l
Cobeng, A. (2020, August 12). Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter
2 Chemical Basis of Life (Online Video) Retrieved from ___________________________________
i https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieUzS8pjsBI
d mrbiology15. (2014, July 25). Basic Chemistry Part 1(Online ___________________________________

Video) Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vI3dPWq6OoY
e
___________________________________
5 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Introduction
l • Cells, tissues and organs composed of chemicals

• Chemical reactions important for function ___________________________________
i • Chemistry is the study of:
• Elements, compounds, chemical reactions, molecular
d structure ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
6 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Matter and Energy
l
Matter ___________________________________
i • Anything that occupies space and has
mass.
d ___________________________________
• Generally exists in three states: gas,
e liquid, and solid.
___________________________________
7 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Matter and Energy
l
Energy ___________________________________
i The capacity to do work or to move matter.
Energy has kinetic (active) and potential
d (stored) energy capacities. ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
8 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Matter and Energy
l
Energy ___________________________________
i Energy forms that are important in
the body function include:
d • Chemical • Electrical ___________________________________
• Mechanical • Radiant
e
___________________________________
9 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Matter and Energy
l
Energy ___________________________________
i Energy forms that are important in
the body function include:
d • Chemical • Electrical ___________________________________
• Mechanical • Radiant
e
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
0
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Composition of Matter
l
• Elements
• Fundamental units of matter
___________________________________
i • 96% of the body is made from four elements
• Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
d •
• Hydrogen (H)
___________________________________
• Nitrogen (N)
e • Atoms – composed of three subatomic
particles: proton, electron, and neutron.
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
1
___________________________________
___________________________________
S Components of the Atom

___________________________________
l
• Protons – positive charge ___________________________________
i • Neutrons – negative charge
• Electrons – negative charge
• Protons & Neutrons join
d together to form the ___________________________________
nucleus
e
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
2
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Atomic Structure
l • Nucleus
• Protons (p+) ___________________________________
i • Neutrons (n0)
• Outside nucleus
d • Electrons (e-)
___________________________________
e
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
3
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
l
___________________________________
i
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
4
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Identifying Elements
l
• Atomic number
• Equal to the number of protons that ___________________________________
i the atoms contain
• Atomic mass number
• Sum of the protons and neutrons
d • Atomic weight ___________________________________
• basically the mass number of all
isotopes of an element.
e • Isotopes and Atomic Weight
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
5
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Atomic mass = the number of protons plus neutrons.
l
___________________________________
i
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
6
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Atoms want Stability
l The defining
characteristic of stable ___________________________________
i elements is the maximum
number of electrons in its
valence (outer) shell.
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
7
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
l
___________________________________
i
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
8
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Isotopes and Atomic Weight
l
___________________________________
i
d Isotopes ___________________________________
• Have the same number of protons
e • Vary in number of neutrons
___________________________________
1 ___________________________________
9
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Isotopes
l • Oxygen often forms isotopes (O16, O17, and O18)

• Radioactive isotopes are unstable, releasing ___________________________________
i energy or pieces of themselves (atomic radiation)
For an element, the atomic weight is often

d considered the average of the atomic weights of its
___________________________________
isotopes.
e
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
0
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Radioactivity
l
• Radioisotope ___________________________________
i • Heavy isotope
• Tends to be unstable
d • Radioactivity - process of spontaneous ___________________________________
atomic decay
e
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
1
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Molecule and Compound
l
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
___________________________________
i H
O
H
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
22
2 ___________________________________
2
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Molecule and Compound
l
Molecule – particle formed when two or more ___________________________________
i atoms chemically combine
d Compound – particle formed when two or more ___________________________________

atoms of different elements chemically combine
e
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
3
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Molecular Formulas
l
___________________________________
i Depict the elements present and the number of
each atom present in the molecule
d ___________________________________
H2 C6H12O6 H 2O
e
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
4
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Molecules and Compounds
l
• Atoms are united by chemical bonds ___________________________________
i • Atoms dissociate from other atoms
when chemical bonds are broken
d • Chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, ___________________________________
hydrogen bonds
e
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
5
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Bonding of Atoms
l • Bonds form when atoms combine with other atoms.

• Electrons of an atom occupy regions of space called ___________________________________
i electron shells which circle the nucleus.
• For atoms with atomic numbers of 18 or less, the
following rules apply:
d • The first shell can hold up to 2 electrons ___________________________________
• The second shell can hold up to 8 electrons
e • The third shell can hold up to 8 electrons
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
6
___________________________________
___________________________________
S Lower shells are filled first ___________________________________

• If the outermost shell is full, the atom is stable
- - -
l
+ 0
+ + 0
+ -
___________________________________
0 0
i +
+
0
- -
d ___________________________________
Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Lithium (Li)
e
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
7
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Ionic Bonds
l
• An attraction between a + 11p+
12n0
17p+
18n0
– ___________________________________
cation and an anion
i
• Formed when electrons Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl–)
Sodium chloride
d are transferred from one ___________________________________

atom to another atom Na+
Cl–
e
___________________________________
28
2 ___________________________________
8
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
l
___________________________________
i
d ionic bond A chemical bond in
___________________________________
which atoms of opposite charge
e are held together by electrostatic

attraction.
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
9
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Ion
• An atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable

l • An electrically charged atom
___________________________________
i Cation 11p+
12n0
17p+
18n0
• A positively charged ion

• Formed when an atom loses electrons
d Anion
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) ___________________________________
• A negatively charged ion
e • Formed when an atom gains electrons
___________________________________
30
3 ___________________________________
0
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Covalent Bonds
l H
-
H
-
H2
-
Formed when ___________________________________
i + + +
-
+
atoms share
electrons
Hydrogen atom + Hydrogen atom Hydrogen molecule
d • Hydrogen atoms form single H―H

___________________________________
bonds O=O
e • Oxygen atoms form two bonds
• Nitrogen atoms form three bonds
N≡N
O=C=O
• Carbon atoms form four bonds ___________________________________
3 ___________________________________
1
___________________________________
___________________________________
S Polar Molecules ___________________________________

l • Molecule with a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end

• Results when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds
• Water is an important polar molecule
___________________________________
i Slightly negative ends
d ___________________________________
e
(a)
Slightly positive ends ___________________________________
32
3 ___________________________________
2
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Hydrogen Bonds
H H
O
l H
___________________________________
Hydrogen bonds
A weak attraction between the positive O
H
O
H
end of one polar molecule and the

i
H
H O
H H
negative end of another polar molecule O

H
• Formed between water molecules

d • Important for protein and nucleic ___________________________________
acid structure
e
___________________________________
33
3 ___________________________________
3
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Chemical Reaction
l
Chemical Reaction NaCl Na+ + Cl- ___________________________________
i Reactant Products
Reactants are the starting materials of the

reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules
d ___________________________________
Products are substances formed at the end of the
chemical reaction
e
___________________________________
34
3 ___________________________________
4
___________________________________
___________________________________
S Types of Chemical Reaction ___________________________________

Synthesis Reaction – more complex chemical structure is formed

l A+B AB
Decomposition Reaction – chemical bonds are broken to form ___________________________________
i a simpler chemical structure
AB A+B
Exchange Reaction – chemical bonds are broken and new bonds

d are formed ___________________________________
AB + CD AD + CB
Reversible Reaction – the products can change back to the
e reactants
A + B 🡘 AB ___________________________________
35
3 ___________________________________
5
___________________________________
___________________________________
S Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions ___________________________________

l
___________________________________
i
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
Figure 2.9a–b
3 ___________________________________
6
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Straight chain of
glucose molecules,
l some are branched,
___________________________________
i
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
3 ___________________________________
7
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
l
___________________________________
i
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
3 ___________________________________
8
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
PART
l
i 2 Basic Chemistry
___________________________________
d ___________________________________
e
Slide Deck Presentation Prepared By
Mr. Niño A. Cabatingan

___________________________________
3 ___________________________________
9
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Objectives
l • Distinguish organic from inorganic compounds;

• Explain the importance of water to the body homeostasis;
• List several salts (or their ions) vitally important to body
___________________________________
i functioning;
• Differentiate salt, acid, and base;
d • Explain the concept of pH, and the state of the pH of the ___________________________________
blood.
e
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
0
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
l
• Organic compounds
• Contain carbon
• Inorganic compounds ___________________________________
i • Lack carbon
• Most are covalently • Tend to be simpler
bonded compounds
d • Example: C6H12O6 • Example: H2O (water) ___________________________________
(glucose)
• Water, salts, acids-bases
• Carbohydrates, proteins,
e fats, sugars & starches
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
1
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Important Inorganic Compounds
l • Water
• Most abundant inorganic compounds ___________________________________
i • Vital properties
• High heat capacity – prevents sudden changes in body
temperature.
d • Polarity/solvent properties – dissolve or suspend.

Nutrients, resp. gases, waste, carbon dioxide.
___________________________________
• Chemical reactivity – uses water as a reactant, (hydrolysis), to
digest foods.
e • Cushioning – cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid.
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
2
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Water and Living Things
l
Characteristics of water polarity: ___________________________________
1. Liquid – remains liquid in our bodies.
i 2. Universal solvent – facilitate chemical
reactions in/out of our bodies
d 3. Cohesive properties – helps water base- solutions fill blood ___________________________________
vessels
e Without hydrogen bonding between water

molecules, body fluids would be a gaseous form
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
3
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Water and Living Things
l
Characteristics of water polarity ___________________________________
i 4. Ability to change temperature slowly – prevents drastic
changes
5. Vaporization – keeping body temperature from overheating
d 6. Ability to freeze – becomes less dense and in weight.
___________________________________
e
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
4
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
l • Salts
• Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water ___________________________________
i • Vital to many body functions
• Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents ( Na, K, Cl, Ca,
Phos.) in the body
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
5
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
l
• Acids & Bases = another form of electrolytes; they are ionize
and dissociate in water causing electrical conduction.
___________________________________
i Acids - release Hydrogen ions. Sour
or sharp taste, tomato juice, coffee, vinegar
• Bases - Proton acceptors – gain Hydrogen ions Bitter taste,
d become slippery when wet, MOM, ammonia, household ___________________________________
cleaners & detergents
• Neutralization reaction
e • Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
6
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
pH
l • Measures relative concentration of

hydrogen ions ___________________________________
i • pH 7.0 = neutral
• pH below 7.0 = acidic
• pH above 7.0 = basic
d • Buffers: chemicals that regulate pH ___________________________________
change
e • pH needs to be maintain in humans in
order to maintain homeostasis
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
7
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Objectives
l • Explain the function of hydration synthesis and hydrolysis in

formation and breakdown of organic molecules;
• Compare and contrast carbohydrates and lipids in terms of
___________________________________
i their building blocks, structures, and functions in the body;
• Differentiate fibrous proteins from globular proteins;
d • Define enzyme, and explain the role of enzyme. ___________________________________
• Compare and contrast the structures and functions of DNA
and RNA.
e • Explain the importance of ATP in the body.
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
8
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Organic Molecules & Compounds
l
___________________________________
i
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
9
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Important Organic Compounds
l
• Carbohydrates
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
___________________________________
i • Include sugars and starches
• Classified according to size
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars
d • Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration
synthesis
___________________________________
• Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple
sugars
e
___________________________________
5 ___________________________________
0
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Carbohydrates
l Monomer Polymers
___________________________________
i
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
5 ___________________________________
1
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
l
• Lipids ___________________________________
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
i • Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
• Insoluble in water
d • Neutral fats (triglycerides)
• Found in fat deposits, solid, animal fat
___________________________________
• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
e • Source of stored energy

• Saturated vs. Unsaturated fats
___________________________________
5 ___________________________________
2
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 53 Lipids - Emulsification ___________________________________

Emulsifiers
• Fats are nonpolar; they do not dissolve in water

and tend to form “globules” (oil and vinegar
dressing)
___________________________________
• Emulsifier breaks down the globules of fat into
smaller droplets
• detergens, bile
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Lipids – other forms
l
• Common lipids in the human body ___________________________________
• Phospholipids
i • Form cell membranes – cell wall, electrical charge which
allows selective permeability of the cell wall.
• Steroids
d • Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some
hormones (corticosteriods, sexual hormones
___________________________________
e
___________________________________
5 ___________________________________
4
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
l
• Proteins ___________________________________
• Made of amino acids
i • Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
• Meats, meat products, milks, beans, nuts.
• Fibrous proteins – collegen, keratin
d • Globular proteins – gentic material, DNA ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
5 ___________________________________
5
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Proteins
l
• Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
• Provides for construction materials for body tissues
___________________________________
i • Plays a vital role in cell function
• Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
d • Proteins molecules can easily denatured (deformed) by heat
and enzyme reactions.
___________________________________
e
___________________________________
5 ___________________________________
6
___________________________________
___________________________________
S ___________________________________
Enzymes
l
• Act as biological catalysts ___________________________________
i • Increase the rate of chemical reactions
d ___________________________________
e
___________________________________
Figure 2.17
5 ___________________________________
7
___________________________________
___________________________________
S
l
i
d
e
5
8

ANPH121-002LC Basic Chemistry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANPH121-002LC Basic Chemistry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

S ___________________________________

1 Slide Deck Presentation Prepared By

Mr. Niño A. Cabatingan

l • Differentiate matter from energy;

l Marieb, E. N. & Keller, S. H. (2018). Essentials of anatomy and

d mrbiology15. (2014, July 25). Basic Chemistry Part 1(Online ___________________________________

l • Cells, tissues and organs composed of chemicals

S Components of the Atom

l • Oxygen often forms isotopes (O16, O17, and O18)

For an element, the atomic weight is often

d Compound – particle formed when two or more ___________________________________

l • Bonds form when atoms combine with other atoms.

S Lower shells are filled first ___________________________________

d are transferred from one ___________________________________

e are held together by electrostatic

• An atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable

• A positively charged ion

d • Hydrogen atoms form single H―H

S Polar Molecules ___________________________________

l • Molecule with a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end

end of one polar molecule and the

negative end of another polar molecule O

• Formed between water molecules

Reactants are the starting materials of the

S Types of Chemical Reaction ___________________________________

Synthesis Reaction – more complex chemical structure is formed

Exchange Reaction – chemical bonds are broken and new bonds

S Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions ___________________________________

l some are branched,

Mr. Niño A. Cabatingan

l • Distinguish organic from inorganic compounds;

d • Polarity/solvent properties – dissolve or suspend.

e Without hydrogen bonding between water

l • Measures relative concentration of

l • Explain the function of hydration synthesis and hydrolysis in

e • Source of stored energy

Slide 53 Lipids - Emulsification ___________________________________

• Fats are nonpolar; they do not dissolve in water

You might also like