Building and Environment 45 (2010) 45–50

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Building and Environment

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Thermal comfort and productivity - Evaluation of workplace environment in

a task conditioned office
Takashi Akimoto a, *, Shin-ichi Tanabe b, Takashi Yanai c, Masato Sasaki c
a
Shibaura Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Japan
b
Waseda University, Department of Architecture, Japan
c
Nihon Sekkei Inc., Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The environment of workplace in an office involved in creative work was evaluated in 2005 and 2006.
Received 13 February 2009 The M Company has installed partition based task/ambient conditioning systems (TAC) and several
Received in revised form environment-friendly systems, such as double-skin and thermal-storage structures. It was intended to
27 June 2009
investigate the influence of the worker’s behavior and task conditioning on worker’s thermal comfort
Accepted 29 June 2009
and productivity. In this survey, immediate thermal environment and worker’s behavior were measured,
and occupants’ surveys of thermal comfort and feeling of fatigue were conducted. We found that both
keywords:
activity level of occupant and exposed thermal environment is greatly different one by one. It is sug-
Field measurement
Task/ambient conditioning system gested that an increase in metabolic rate according to worker’s behavior influenced on their thermal
Thermal comfort comfort. Based on the knowledge obtained from this investigation, needs for TAC are discussed.
Productivity Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction comfort and satisfaction is expected by individual adjustment to

In recent years, task/ambient conditioning (TAC) systems are
being studied and developed to respond to the increased require-
ments for local control of indoor heat load, and to meet the thermal
preferences by individuals [1]. At the 3rd Conference of the Parties
to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(COP3) took place in 1997, and the Kyoto Protocol was adopted to
fight the global climate change. As a measure to achieve this goal, it
is recommended by the Japanese Government to set the air
temperature in office building to be 28  C in summer to reduce CO2
emission. In office buildings, it is important not only to reduce
energy consumption but also to establish comfort environment,
which may maximize human productivity. Under recommended
28  C condition, office workers tend to feel warmer without any
additional environment control factors like enough air velocity,
cool radiation, lighter clothing value, and so on. TAC system is
expected to be one of the solutions to provide thermal comfort of
office workers even under slightly higher air temperature setpoint
condition. By installing TAC, total energy can be lowered by
moderating the amount of energy to ambient zone and giving
intensive to the task zone. Moreover, the improvement of the
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: akimoto@sic.shibaura-it.ac.jp (T. Akimoto).
create the desirable environment and by direct supply of a fresh air
to the breath region.
In this survey, it was intended to investigate the influence of
worker’s behavior and task air conditioning on worker’s comfort
sensation. For that purpose, immediately thermal environment and
worker’s behavior, like a sit-down state, walking distance, and
metabolic rates, were measured, and questionnaire to occupants
who worked as usual for thermal sensation, comfort sensation, and
so on were conducted. We also examined the effects of the TAC
system on productivity of the workers under 28  C condition.
2. Overview of the monitored building
The experiment was performed in a new office building of the M
Company; the construction of this building was completed in 2004.
This building has four stories above and one story underground and
a penthouse. The south façade of the building is shown in Fig. 1. The
office was an open space with no pillars, where universal layouts
could be installed. In the case of floors 2–4, the height of the ceiling
was 4.3 m, and the clearance between the beams was 2.84 m.
Environment-friendly systems were implemented, such as those
with double-skin and thermal-storage structures. Parameters of the
building are listed in Table 1.
An overview of the TAC system used in the M Company is shown
in Fig. 2. A booth layout is shown in Fig. 3. The aisles between the

0360-1323/$ – see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.022
46 T. Akimoto et al. / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 45–50

Ambient zone

Task zone
Outlet in a

1100
task zone

Floor outlet

(Under-floor chamber)

Fig. 2. Overview of the TAC system of M Company.

Fig. 1. South façade of the building.
booths were considered to be ambient zones, and the work spaces
surrounded by partitioning panels were considered to be task
zones. Air outlets (100 CMH) in the ambient zones were installed in
density of two persons per outlet. Each outlet in the task zones (25
CMH) was installed through a partition panel, controlled by one
person. Each person in the task zone has a single outlet. Air blown
out from the outlets was supplied from the air-conditioning system,
which was placed underfloor. Air supplied from the underfloor
chamber through the partitioning panels. Air conditioning was
controlled by controlling the supply air temperature and the
amount of airflow generated by the differences between pressures
in the underfloor chamber and the office. Air velocity in the task
zones was controlled by opening and closing the shutters handled
by workers. The direction of the airflow was controlled from 0 to
45 by moving the vanes.
3. Measuring methods
3.1. Environmental measurements
Measuring was conducted in summer, fall, winter of 2005, and
summer of 2006. To understand the thermal environment in work
zones in an office, various physical factors of thermal environment
were measured, such as horizontal temperature and humidity
distributions, vertical temperature distribution, airflow speed, and
radiant temperature. The thermal environment was also measured
using a mobile gauge cart to understand the environment that the
workers were exposed to in the task zone.
A plan of the studied floor (second floor) is shown in Fig. 4 with
points where the measurement was carried out. Table 2 lists the
parameters that were measured during the investigation.
A reference point for performing the measurement was estab-
lished in each task zone; at these points, the vertical temperature
distribution, horizontal temperature and humidity distributions
were continuously monitored. The airflow speed and six direction
radiant temperatures in ambient occupied zones and the temper-
ature and humidity of the environment to which the workers were
exposed to in the task zone were measured at specified hours (four
times).
3.2. Clothing and metabolism
The work environment was investigated by determining the
amount of clothing of the workers (2005: six males (Mo1 to Mo6)
and two females (Fo1 to Fo2), 2006: twelve males (Mp1 to Mp12)
and eight females (Fp1 to Fp8)) and asking the workers to rate their
comfort level in the work environment with the TAC system.
The amount of clothing was determined by conducting a ques-
tionnaire survey once during a day, and it was estimated based on
ISO 9920. On an average, the amount of clothing worn by males and
female were 0.80 clo and 0.48 clo in 2005, and 0.53 clo and 0.44 clo
in 2006. The average clothing value of male in 2005 was slightly
higher because of their coats, however that could be undressed
occasionally.
We monitored the detail of workers behavior, including state of
seating – time period of the sit-down state duration in 2005 and
2006, number of steps taken when they walked around in summer
of 2006, and metabolic rate during work hours in summer of 2006
to understand the activity state of the workers.
Number of steps taken of the workers was monitored using
pedometer set on their waist for twelve males and eight females.
Metabolic rate of the workers was also monitored using acceler-
ometer set on their waist for four males and four females. In both
cases, the workers also have thermo-hygrometer set on their waist
to measure their immediate air temperatures.

Table 1
Parameters of building.
1850 Outlet in a task zone
Building Building type Office Floor outlet
data Site area 4782 m2 Personal computer
Gross area 19,169 m2 (heat source)
Floors grade BIF-4F
Max height 25.81 m Airflow in a task zone
structure SRC (air flow direction: 45°)
3200

M/E data Heat source Ice storage system with gas fired absorption chilled Ambient zone
system and hot water unit
Air conditioner Under floor air-conditioning system only in interior Task zone
system some
Airflow in a task zone
Power supply High voltage electric supply (main and sub) (air flow direction: 0°)
Supply of water Public water supply and the utilization of rain water
system and the well water
Fig. 3. Booth layout.
 T. Akimoto et al. / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 45–50 47

Fig. 4. Plan and positions of monitoring.

3.3. Subjective thermal comfort survey

Table 2
Measurement parameters.
Items to be declared are shown in Table 3. Questionnaire surveys
were conducted only for three days using thermal sensation vote Measurement parameters Measurement equipments
scale (3: cold, 2: cool, 1: slightly cool, 0: neutral, þ1: slightly Air temperature C–C thermocouples
warm, þ2: warm, þ3: hot) and comfort sensation vote scale (3: Relative humidity RH sensor
Radiant temperature Directional radiometer
very uncomfortable, 2: uncomfortable, 1: slightly uncomfort-
Airflow velocity Heated anemometer
able, 0: comfortable) to evaluate the thermal environment in task Immediate air temperature and relative humidity Thermo-hygrometer
zones. The workers could not use the task conditioning systems in Airflow temperature Thermo-hygrometer
the 1st day (TAC off), must open fully the shutter of task condi- Opening level of task conditioning shutter Eye observation
Number of steps Pedometer
tioning systems in the 2nd day (TAC on), and could use the task
Metabolic rate Accelerometer
conditioning systems freely in the 3rd day (TAC control). State of seating Thermometer
Intellectual productivity of the workers was evaluated by Sensation vote Questionnaire sheet
subjective evaluation. NASA-TLX, asthenopia test, vitality test, and
symptoms test will be explained later under productivity section.
The use of the TAC system was determined by visually
inspecting the opening level of task conditioning shutter at one-
hour intervals. Table 3
The temperature was controlled not to exceed 28  C during the Items to be declared.

experiment. Table 4 lists the conditions under which the physical Period
factors were monitored in summer of 2005 and 2006. Table 5 lists Item At arriving the office During work At leaving the office
the outdoor conditions of the days when the physical parameters
Clothing value B – –
are measured in summer of 2005 and 2006. Conditions under Thermal sensation B B B
which the TAC system was used were set to the shutter of task Symptoms test B B B

conditioning systems of 0% (TAC off), 100% (TAC on), and free Asthenopia test B B B

control (TAC control). The workers adjusted the airflow direction as Vitality B B B
NASA-TLX – – B
desired, which was fixed during monitoring.
48 T. Akimoto et al. / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 45–50

Table 4 On arriving the office During work (PM)

Monitoring conditions (2005/2006).
During work (AM) On leaving the office
Task conditioning Off On Control
Clothing insulation (Dark color: with M company uniform)
Schedule (August) 1st day 2nd day 3rd day
34 2.1
(Monday) (Tuesday) (Wednesday)

Amount of clothing [clo]

Temperature setpoint 28  C 32 1.8
Relative humidity 50% RH
30 1.5

SET* [°C]
Indoor air velocity Low air velocity
Ambient conditioning Supply from the floor, drawn off from the ceiling 28 1.2
Clothing value Male: 0.80/0.53 clo, Female: 0.48/0.44 clo
26 0.9
24 0.6
4. Results
22 0.3
20 0.0
Fig. 5 shows the relationship between SET* and the amount of

on
control

on
control

on
control

on
control

on
control

on
control

on
control

on
control
off

off

off

off

off

off

off

clothing in summer of 2005. A difference was observed between
workers who wore uniforms (0.48 clo) and those who did not, and
the amount of clothing had a high influence on SET*.
The relationships between thermal sensation and comfort
sensation of the workers in summer of 2005 are shown in Fig. 6.
Mo5 was not at the desk most of the time and made extreme
declarations; therefore, his votes were excluded from this study.
Under the TAC off condition, many workers affirmed that it was
‘‘hot’’ and ‘‘very uncomfortable’’ and ‘‘warm’’ and ‘‘uncomfortable.’’
When the thermal sensation did not exceed ‘‘warm,’’ none of the
workers found the environment to be comfortable. Under the TAC
on and control conditions, many workers affirmed that it was
‘‘neutral’’ and ‘‘comfortable’’ to ‘‘slightly uncomfortable.’’ Under the
TAC control condition, the thermal sensation was neutral, and the
percentage of workers who felt uncomfortable was small. In this
investigation, the scores were ‘‘comfortable’’ even at SET* values of
29–30 C, showing that the cool feeling perceived by the workers
was enhanced by the TAC system.
5. Worker’s behavior
Working hours in the M company are 9:00 h–18:00 h. In 2006,
measurements were performed on clerical workers; in 2005,
measurements were performed on workers whose types of job
included business employment, research employment, and clerical
work. All data shown are the average of the five weekdays.
However, data pertaining to an absentee and an occupant who was
present for only 10 min or less was not included in the average.
Whether an occupant was seated or not was determined by
measuring the change in the temperature of the surface of the seat
in one-min interval [2]. Therefore, there is a possibility that an
occupant who is not seated not long enough to warm up the
temperature sensor may be neglected. Seating rate and seat occu-
pancy rate are defined as follows:
Seat occupancy rate ¼ ðnumber of occupants seatedÞ=
ðtotal attendanceÞ
Seating rate ¼ ðduration for which an occupant is
seated in hoursÞ=ðwork hoursÞ
off
Mo1 Mo2 Mo3 Mo4 Mo5 Mo6 Fo1 Fo2
Fig. 5. Relationship between SET* and amount of clothing.
tendency was observed for three terms of survey in 2005. In 2005,
the seat occupancy rate, which is the rate for which a person is
exposed to task air conditioning, was approximately 40% and that
in 2006 was between 60% and 80%. This rate dropped to 0–20% at
lunchtime; however, it increased to 80% immediately after lunch.
Seating rate in summer was 37%, that in fall was 35%, that in winter
was 39%, and the yearly average was 37%. However, in 2006, the
seating rate in summer was 63% (high). It is found that the time
(hours) for which workers occupied the task zone during work
hours varied with the nature of the work. For this case in the M
Company, it is considered that business type workers had to go out
from the office to see clients, and research type workers tended to
visit their laboratory located in the adjacent buildings.
Fig. 9 shows the behavior and exposed air temperature of Mp2,
one male subject in summer 2006; the task conditioning system
was not used under the TAC off condition. It also shows the declared
time zone and timing he declared. In this paper, metabolic rate
indicates the instant mean value per minute measured using an
omni-directional accelerometer, which is a physical activity logging
system. Under a momentary strong movement, a high value is
measured, such as 3.0 met or more. Almost all activity levels of
a worker can be identified. It is found that both workers and their
exposed thermal environments differed significantly.
Fig. 10 shows the number of foot steps taken within an hour and
the average metabolic rate of all the occupants in summer 2006.
Table 6 lists the average of the metabolic rate over five days when
the occupant is seated and that when the occupant leaves the seat
in summer 2006. It was found that the number of foot steps taken
within an hour was approximately 300 or more in work hours. The
average metabolic rate during work hours was 1.4 met, that at the
(1)
off on control
0
(2)
Comfort sensation

Fig. 7 shows the temporal change in the seat occupancy rate, and
-1
Fig. 8 shows the average seating rate of occupants. The same

Table 5
Outdoor conditions of the day. -2

Aug 2005 Aug 2006

1 2 3 7 8 9 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Mean air temperature [ C] 30.4 29.9 30.8 29.1 25.4 25.1
Relative humidity [%] 72 75 74 73 87 89
Thermal sensation
Mean air velocity [m/s] 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.6
Fig. 6. Thermal sensation and comfort.
 T. Akimoto et al. / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 45–50 49

2005_summer 2005_fall Sit-down State

2005_winter 2006_summer Metabolic Rate
100 Immediate Air Temperature
seat occupancy rate [ ]

35 5.0

Metabolic Rate [met]

80 Declared Time Zone Declared Time Zone

Temperature [°C]
Immediate Air
33 4.0
60
31 3.0
40
29 2.0
20 27 1.0
Declared Timing Declared Timing
0 0.0
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00
9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00
time
time
Fig. 9. Worker’s behavior and exposed air temperature.
Fig. 7. Temporal change in seat occupancy rate.

questions related to ‘‘difficulty in concentration.’’ The third category

time when the occupant was seated was 1.3 met, and that when the consisted of 10 questions related to ‘‘projection of physical disinte-
occupant left the seat was 1.7 met. The measured metabolic rate gration.’’ By the order of the rate of them, the following three types of
could be one of the useful basic design values. fatigue feelings were determined. I > III > II for a general pattern of
fatigue, I > II > III for a typical pattern of fatigue resulting from
mental work and overnight duty, and III > I > II for fatigue resulting
6. Productivity from a typical pattern of physical work. Table 7 lists the order of the
categories of subjective symptoms of fatigue in summer of 2006. In
The effects of the TAC system on intellectual productivity of the the symptoms test, comparisons among groups showed that when
workers were examined by determining the individual mean scores task conditioning was carried out under the TAC off condition, the
of all NASA-TLX items (R-TLX) and the mean R-TLX of all the groups exhibited fatigue symptoms related to physical labor before
subjects [3]. Almost no differences were observed between mental noon, and in the afternoon the pattern was a general work pattern;
workloads under various conditions of this experiment. when task conditioning was carried out under the TAC on and
Asthenopia or eye strain is an ophthalmological condition that control conditions, the groups exhibited fatigue symptoms related
manifests itself through nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, red to general work patterns for most of the working hours. The total
eyes, eye strain, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache complaint declaration of percentage (T) was slightly low during
and occasional double vision. Among 20 items of an ordinary working hours under the TAC control condition.
asthenopia test [4], 10 items that are likely to relate to tasks using
a computer were investigated. The results of an asthenopia test
7. Discussion
showed that there were no obvious differences under all the
conditions. Workers tended to declare fewer symptoms under the
We found that the rate of hours occupants stay in task zone
TAC control condition compared to the other conditions.
during work hours is depending on the type of job, and workers are
To evaluate the vitality level, each worker had listed up 20 items
not frequently repeating sit-down and leaving-out, so it is thought
that they had wanted to do on their free time before the survey, and
that metabolic rate while occupants are seating is sort of steady. But
they filled in whether they wanted to do them at the time of voting
while leaving from the seat, both activity level of occupant and
[5]. The vitality level was defined as the rate of applicable items
exposed thermal environment is greatly different one by one. It was
about respective 20 items. The vitality level decreased from the
confirmed that an increase in metabolic rate according to worker’s
beginning of office hours to the time of leaving under all of the
behavior influenced on thermal and comfort sensation certainly. It
conditions. Under the TAC on and control conditions, decrement of
is necessary to recognize the worker’s situation, especially like
the vitality level was slightly lower, so it is assumed that TAC could
metabolic rate and their exposed air temperature, to evaluate the
be effective to maintain workers’ vitality level.
worker’s votes in a field survey.
To evaluate the feeling of fatigue symptoms, the subjects
In an actual office where workers stay longer periods, the
answered the questionnaire on ‘‘Evaluation of Subjective Symptoms
tendency that workers prefer isothermal airflow was seen in our
of Fatigue’’ [6]. The questionnaire consisted of the following three
study [7]. It was thought that adjustment performance with wide
categories: the first category consisted of 10 questions related to
amount of task air conditioning airflow and ability of operation was
‘‘drowsiness and dullness.’’ The second category consisted of 10
desirable to cover a lot of workers of sense integrally or to gain

100%
number of steps metabolic rate
600 2.0
metabolic rate [met]
number of steps [-]

80%
seating rate [%]

450
60%
300 1.5
40%
150
20%
0 1.0
0

0
00

0
0

:0

:0
:0

:0

:0

:0
:0

:0

:0
9:

0%
17

18
10

11

12

14
13

15

16

2005 2005 2005 2006

summer fall winter summer time

Fig. 8. Average seating rate of workers. Fig. 10. Number of steps taken and metabolic rate.
50 T. Akimoto et al. / Building and Environment 45 (2010) 45–50

Table 6 In the M Company, when the task conditioning system was

Metabolic rate [met] while seating and leaving the seat. operated under the TAC on and control conditions, many workers
Mp1 Mp2 Mp3 Mp4 Fp1 Fp2 Fp3 Fp4 Ave. affirmed neutral and comfortable to slightly uncomfortable. Under
Work hours 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.4 the TAC control condition, the thermal sensation was neutral, and
While seating 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 the percentage of people who felt uncomfortable was small. The
While leaving 1.5 2.3 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 2.2 1.7 workers’ votes were ‘‘comfortable’’ even at SET* values of 29–30  C,
showing that the TAC system enhanced the cool feeling perceived
by the workers.
Table 7 It is found that the hours for which workers occupied the task
Order of the three categories of subjective symptoms of fatigue.
zone during work hours varied with the nature of the work. Also,
Rate of complaints [%] Category both workers and their exposed thermal environments differed
I II III T significantly. So the measured metabolic rate could be one of the
useful basic design values.
TAC off condition
On arriving the office 8.5 10.5 7.5 8.8 II > I > III In the symptoms test, when task conditioning was carried out
During work (AM) 8.2 4.7 10.6 7.8 III > I > II under the TAC on and control conditions, the groups exhibited
During work (PM) 8.9 5.8 7.4 7.4 I > III > II fatigue symptoms related to general work patterns for most of
At leaving the office 9.4 7.6 7.6 8.2 I > II ¼ III
the working hours. The total declaration of percentage (T) was
TAC on condition slightly lower during working hours under the TAC control
On arriving the office 6.5 8.0 10.5 8.3 III > II > I condition.
During work (AM) 7.6 2.9 7.1 5.9 I > III > II
During work (PM) 15.3 6.5 11.8 11.2 I > III > II
At leaving the office 8.9 6.3 8.4 7.9 I > III > II Acknowledgements
TAC control condition
On arriving the office 10.0 6.3 7.9 8.1 I > III > II This study was partly funded by the 2005 Grants-in Aid Program
During work (AM) 5.3 2.4 7.1 4.9 I > III > II of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Basic Research (C)),
During work (PM) 9.4 0.6 7.2 5.7 I > III > II entitled ‘‘Study on the Comfort, Productivity, and design approach
At leaving the office 9.4 4.7 11.2 8.4 III > I > II of Task/ambient Air-Conditioning Systems in Office Space’’
(17560538), leader: Takashi Akimoto.
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