Advanced Construction Technology

Advanced Construction Technology
Acknowledgement
My sincere thanks to Almighty God and I would like to express my thanks to all who helped
me in making this project a success.
I thank our Advance Construction Technology Lecturer Mr. S.A.M. Hilmy for his guidance
and encouragement in fulfilling our desires to complete this assignment as Advance
Construction Technology is an important subject for Quantity Surveying students.
This subject was interesting and useful to me.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4
Steel and Pre-cast Concrete ....................................................................................................... 5
Applications of Pre-Cast Panels and Steel Structures............................................................ 5
Fire Protection ........................................................................................................................ 8
Pre-Tension and Post Tension ............................................................................................. 12
Building Services ..................................................................................................................... 14
Electrical Layout and Wiring Regulations ........................................................................... 14
HVAC Systems .................................................................................................................... 17
Fire Security System ............................................................................................................ 21
Road and Bridge Construction ................................................................................................. 24
Roads.................................................................................................................................... 24
Earth Retaining Structures ................................................................................................... 29
Presentation Slides ................................................................................................................... 31
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 46
Reference ................................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 1 (Precast Structures) ...................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2 (Steel Structure) ........................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3 (Built-up Sections)....................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4 (Portal Frames) ............................................................................................................ 6
Figure 5 (Connections Portal frame).......................................................................................... 7
Figure 6 (Connections in H-Column) ........................................................................................ 7
Figure 7 (Connection in I-Beams) ............................................................................................. 7
Figure 8 (Fire protection of structural steel work by spray method) ......................................... 9
Figure 9 (Board casing fire protection) ...................................................................................... 9
Figure 10 (Preformed casing fire protection)........................................................................... 10
Figure 11(Metal lath and plaster casing fire protection) .......................................................... 10
Figure 12 (Non structural concrete fire protection) ................................................................. 11
Figure 15 (Pre-stresses slabs)................................................................................................... 13
Figure 16 (Pre-stressed 1) ........................................................................................................ 13
Figure 14 (Pre-stressed 2) ........................................................................................................ 14
Figure 13 (Pre-stressed beams) ................................................................................................ 14
Figure 17 (Consumer Unit) ...................................................................................................... 14
Figure 18 (Fuses) ..................................................................................................................... 14
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Figure 19 (MCB)...................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 20 (RCCB) .................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 21(Pugs & Sockets) ...................................................................................................... 15
Figure 22 (Conduit wiring) ...................................................................................................... 16
Figure 23 (Conduit wiring) ...................................................................................................... 16
Figure 24 (Split Air conditioning) ........................................................................................... 17
Figure 25 (Central HVAC System).......................................................................................... 18
Figure 26 (Fire Security Systems) ........................................................................................... 21
Figure 27 (Active fire defenses) .............................................................................................. 22
Figure 28 (Sprinkler System) ................................................................................................... 24
Figure 29 (Components of road) .............................................................................................. 24
Figure 30 (Flexible pavement structure) .................................................................................. 25
Figure 31(Width of Clearing) .................................................................................................. 26
Figure 32 (Rigid Pavement) ..................................................................................................... 27
Figure 33 (Surface Drainage)................................................................................................... 28
Figure 34 (Rough sketch of draining) ...................................................................................... 29
Figure 35 (Sheet Pile Cantilever Walls) .................................................................................. 30
Figure 36 (Gabion Walls) ........................................................................................................ 30
Figure 37 (Gravity Walls) ........................................................................................................ 30
Figure 38 (Cantilever Walls) ................................................................................................... 30
Table 1(Methods of Tensioning) ............................................................................................. 13
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Introduction
The unit “Advance Construction Technology” provides the students with an understanding of
incorporating services in buildings such as plumbing, drainage and sewerage systems. It also
covers pre-cast and pre-stressed construction, steel structures and the basic principles and
practices of road work.
Here in this assignment we have mainly discussed about Industrial and Commercial
buildings, Services in buildings, and Road and Bridge constructions.
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Steel and Pre-cast Concrete

Applications of Pre-Cast Panels and Steel Structures
Precast concrete is a form of construction. Used in either
a precast or an in-situ state. Which is a factory made
piece manufactured with concrete and which, later,
together with other pieces, will become part of a larger
structure. And it is transported for use at another site.
Precast concrete building components are used as

architecturally as cladding, accessories and in structural Figure 1 (Precast Structures)
applications such as foundations, beams, floors, walls, and other structural components.
Steel structures are a structure of organized combination of structural steel members designed
to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity. With particular cross section or shape, and some
specified values of strength, size, shape and storage. Steel beams and columns, steel joints,
steel suds, aluminum framing are few examples of metal construction. Strength, elasticity,
ductility, resistance to corrosion and fire resistance are some properties.
When considering to pre-cast panels steel construction has so many advantages:
 Higher strength to weight ratio

 Availability of efficient shape
 Recyclable
 Fast construction
 Ease of expansion and reduction
 Resist to termites and other destructive insects
 Non combustible to fire
 Stable in any climate
 Lightning resistant
 Low maintenance cost Figure 2 (Steel Structure)
With those advantages, though, come some challenges that are best solved by a good
understanding of how the understanding of metals actually performs in a structure.
The skeletal frame works carries all loads which act on the building:
 Single storey truss and lattice roof building

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 Single storey portal frame building

 Medium rise braced multi storey building
Steel buildings most often used in (Steel-Frame-Structures, 2016):
 High rise buildings- because of its strength, low weight, and speed of construction
 Industrial buildings- because of its ability to create large span spaces at low cost
 Warehouse buildings- for same above reasons
 Residential buildings- in a technique called light gauge steel construction
 Temporary structures- as these are quick to set up and remove
Since BCAS is a multi storied building and it is a place of where many impose loads (live)
going to play a role as it is a Campus a study place, so it needs some long spanning, quick
construction, might need to do many alterations (expansion and reductions) according to the
need. So in considering to these factors steel frame is more suits for the construction of
BCAS.
Long span is done to increase the distance between the

columns in order to get more space, efficient circulation
space, reduces substructure costs and reduces steel erection
time. So here in BCAS they have used built-up sections
and combined sections to span the distances between
supports. Built-up sections can be made by welding plates
together to form I, H or Box members which are termed as
plate girders, built-up columns, box girders or columns,
respectively.
Figure 3 (Built-up Sections)
Figure 4 (Portal Frames)
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Inorder to connect the steel frame the connections are done using riveting, bolts and welding.
Here they have mainly used bolts system for the connections and spaning. It good they have
Figure 6 (Connections in H-Column) Figure 5 (Connections Portal frame)
used bolting rather tha using riveting or

welding for the connections and
spaning. Because in riveting there is a
difficulty in re fixing and welding is
not good for tension. But bolts can
obtain more strength and can suffer
greater stress.
The studies of American Institute Of

Steel Construction (Structural Steel
Solutions, 2016), says that there is a
numerous benefits to a project by Figure 7 (Connection in I-Beams)
selection of structural steel for a building framming system. Because of:
 Rapid design, fabrication and erection cycle with structural steel will allow the
framing sysem to finish sooner.
 When competing framing systems are evaluated for projects using comparable,
current cost data, structural steel remains the cost leader for the majority of
construction projects.
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 Aesthetic appeal allow the project architect a greater degree of expression and
creativity in their design.
 Desing flexibility from the simplest, functional structure to the complex.
 Strength is high in steel even though other materials enhaced by steel reinforcing.
 Readily available.
 Reliable and predictable.
 Optimise building space efficiently through the use of slender columns maximizing
useable foor space, longer span for open, column-free spaces and integration of
HVAC systems into structural spaces allowing reduction of floor-to-floor heights.
 Modifiable.
 Inovative such as; long span deck system, fire protection, connection optimization,
coating systems and progressive collapse.
 Sustainability.
According to Building Magazine (Concrete vs. Steel, 2005) steel‟s strength and ductility,
combined with solid engineering and design, decides it‟s safety.
When considered to precast panels, main deffects why it not suits to BCAS is:
 If any repairs or damages happend we have to remove it totaly and replace then it may
effect in cost.
 While transporting there is a percentage for internal crack to be occur then it will
effect in the life span of the building
 Handling risk at the begining
So through all these studies we can conclude choose of steel framework for BCAS building
construction siuts more than selecting precast pannels.
Fire Protection
Steel is a non combustible element. But when exposed to fire heavily loaded steel will lose its
designed safety margin at temperature around 550 C – regardless to grade of steel. So to
reduce the amount of heat getting to the steel we can use some materials as a cover or a
casing to the steel structures. Such as: sprayed coating, preformed casings, plaster and lath,
and concrete, brick or block casing.
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Figure 8 (Fire protection of structural steel work by spray method)
Figure 9 (Board casing fire protection)
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Figure 10 (Preformed casing fire protection)
Figure 11(Metal lath and plaster casing fire protection)
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Figure 12 (Non structural concrete fire protection)
Out of all these methods for BCAS building, board casing would be a better option. Because
board fire systems offer a non combustible and cost efficient method of providing up to 240
minutes fire protection to structural steelwork. These boards are cut to size and fixed around
steel sections as a hollow, insulating fire protection. The casings must be securely fixed
around the steel sections, and joints between boards must be covered, lapped or filled to
provide an effective seal to the joints in the board casing.
The board casings can be grouped according to the materials that are used in manufacture;
 Mineral fiber boards

 Vermiculite / gypsum boards
 Plaster boards
This system can be durable, resistant to water and beneficial to acoustic performances. If
needed can go for decorative applications on those boards as painting or plastering, providing
an aesthetic finish without the need of further preparation. But one thing to be considered is
that board casings are not suitable for external use which can suffer abrasion but readily
damaged by moderate knocks.
And some other factors which favor to the selection of board casing
Than using spray coating, board coating helps in acoustic performance which acts as a sound
proof / which resist sound. This is important to consider here because the site is in a
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commercial busy area facing to the road, where the vehicle sounds, horns, etc can penetrate
into the premises.
Since fire station is within the closer radius, if any fire occurs within 240 minutes it‟s
possible to prevent burning and stop affecting to the steel structures.
If so anything happened to the fire protection board, the board can be easily replaced within
less time and low cost. But if we use preformed casing fire protection the cost efficiency is
very less even though they are good in finishing and having fire resisting lining too the over
roll cost to recover will be high.
This is not housing or a commercial project so we no need to invest for high costly fire
protection methods like concrete, brick or block casing. As Quantity Surveyor we have to be
concern, have an understanding, give our focus, prioritize and give importance to the things
according to the need and the requirements. If not it will finally affect in cost and quality.
Pre-Tension and Post Tension

Pre and post tensions are the types of pre-stressed concrete these differ in the method of
stressing the elements. In Pre-stressed concretes in order to increase the resistance to stress,
the reinforcing bars in concrete are stretched and anchored to compress it.
Simply we can say (Islam, 2014):
In pre-tension, the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is place. After the concrete
hardened, the tension force is released.
In post tension, the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened.
Methods of tensioning (Pal, 2014):
Methods of pre-tensioning Methods of post tensioning
1. Anchoring the tendons against the end 1. Casting of concrete

abutments. 2. Placement of tendons
2. Placing of jacks 3. Placement of anchorage block and jack
3. Applying tension to the tendons 4. Applying tension to tendons
4. Casting of concrete 5. Seating of wedges
5. Cutting of tendons 6. Cutting the tendons
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Table 1(Methods of Tensioning)
If we choose pre-stressed concrete for construction:
 Factory products are possible

 Availability of long span structure
 Economical
 Pre-stressed members are tested before use
 High ability to resist impact
 Has high fatigue resistance
 High live load carrying capacity
 Members are free from tensile stresses
Precast, pre-stressed concrete construction satisfies complex structural designs required by

industrial process facilities, from alignment-critical massive machinery to vibration-sensitive
process equipment. Precast offers long, clear spans, inherent vibration, fire resistance and
design optimization with impressive economy.
Figure 13 (Pre-stresses slabs) Figure 14 (Pre-stressed 1)
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Figure 15 (Pre-stressed 2) Figure 16 (Pre-stressed beams)
Building Services
Electrical Layout and Wiring Regulations
The main components of electrical layout:
 Consumer Unit
 Isolator Main Switch
 Distribution conductors
Figure 17 (Consumer Unit)
 Main Earthing Terminal
 Overcurrent Protective Device
 Fuse – Rewritable fuse & Cartridge Fuse
 Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
 Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) – RCD, RCCB
& ELCB
 Building Wiring – Live, Neutral & Earth Figure 18 (Fuses)
 Circuits – Final, Ring & Radial Circuits

 Plug & Sockets
 Switch
 Light Fixing
Electrical installations require necessary design, planning taking

into consideration the whole requirement of the activities to be
carried out in the building. Figure 19 (MCB)
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Electrical wiring is simply a network of wires connecting

various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from
the supplier meter board to devices that consumes the energy.
Before wiring a building, it is necessary one makes the right

choice when it comes to the type of wiring, the size and Figure 20 (RCCB)
position of electric accessories. When making choice for any wiring system for a particular
installation, the choice should be based on technical and economical factors. Following are
some factors:
 Cost of wiring
 Durability
 Permanency
 Appearance
 Mechanical Protection Figure 21(Pugs & Sockets)
 Safety
 Maintenance Cost
 Type of cables used in internal wiring
In building wiring there are three types of wires:
 The live wire – carries alternative current from the power grid to the household.
 The neutral wire – which completes the electric circuit.
 The earth wire – connects cases of equipment to earth ground as a protection against
insulation failures. Electromagnetic interference filter and surge protectors dispose of
unwanted electric charges via the earth wire
Types of wiring systems:
 Cleat wiring
 Wooden casing and capping wiring
 CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring
 Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring
 Conduit wiring
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Out of these systems conduit wiring would be a good option for BCAS steel structured
building. Surface conduit wiring and concealed conduit wiring are type of conduit wire which
differs according to their installation methods.
Figure 22 (Conduit wiring)
The reasons for choosing conduit wiring (Electrical Technology, 2015):
 It is the safest wiring system - concealed conducting

wiring
 Beautiful appearance in concealed conduit wiring
 No risk of mechanical wear and tear and fire in case
of metallic pipes.
 Customization can be easily done according to the
future needs.
 Repairing and maintenance is easy
 There is no risk of damage the cable insulation
 It is safe from corrosion (in case of PVC conduit)
Figure 23 (Conduit wiring)
and risk of fire.
 It can be used even in humidity, chemical effect and smoky areas.
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 No risk of electric shock.

 It is reliable and poplar wiring system.
 Sustainable and long-lasting wiring system.
With these advantages there are some short comes too. But those can be overcome.
HVAC Systems
HVAC systems are any systems that deal with heating ventilation and air conditioning. The
three functions of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning are closely interrelated. All seek
to provide thermal comfort, acceptable indoor air quality, and reasonable installation,
operation, and maintenance costs.
We can get air through natural ventilation through openings like doors, windows and etc.
further we can move for options in mechanical side as use of fans, exhorters, thermal comfort
and air conditioners.
Building ventilation is a process of bringing outdoor air into a building, circulating it, and
later purging it to the environment. And thermal comfort is the state of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the surrounding environment.
Heating systems:
 Furnaces and Boilers – furnaces heat air and distribute the heat trough the house
using ducts. Boilers heat water, providing either hot water or steam for heating.
 Electrical Resistance Heating – heat results when electric current flow through an
element which has a high resistance, is radiated to a room.
Air Conditioning systems:
 Split air conditioners – comprised of two parts as

outdoor unit and indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted
outside the room, houses components like the
compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The
indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil
and the cooling fan.
 Window air conditioners – most commonly used for
single rooms. All components, the compressor, Figure 24 (Split Air conditioning)
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condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a
single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room.
 Centralized Air Conditioning system – comprised of huge compressor that has the
capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big hall, malls,
huge spaces, galleries etc is usually feasible with central conditioning units only.
Figure 25 (Central HVAC System)
Here for our situation for BCAS steel structures construction we no need to consider on
heating systems since the temperature is moderate and in air conditioning we could go for
either centralized or decentralized (split or centralized) air conditioning systems. Both the
methods have major advantages and few short comes or disadvantages too.
So in order to choose the best option we have to consider these parameters (Batia, 2014):
 Thermal comfort – have to see whether the people are comfortable with the
temperature of indoor air
 Building architecture – have to see the purpose, occupancy, usage pattern and area
classification. Type of structure, orientation, geographical location, altitude, shape,
modules- size and height. Materials and thickness of walls, roof, ceilings, floors and
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partitions and their relative positions in the structure. External building finishers and
color as they effect solar radiations. Foundation and supports requirement, permissible
loadings.
 Available space – considerable space is needed for mechanical rooms to house the
HVAC equipments.
 Building ceiling heights – results for air distribution ducts. Inadequate spaces to run
ducts, probably force to decentralized system
 Building aesthetics – HVAC layouts should be complementary to building
architecture. For example; accessibility for installation of equipment space for
maintenance, location of fresh air intakes and exhausts, fire zones and fire walls etc
 Efficiency/Performance and Energy use – the cost of the energy consumption is an
important aspect of system selection.
 Availability of water – for the places where water is scarce, the only choice leans
towards air cooled equipment.
 Noise control – sufficient attenuation is required to minimize equipment and air
distribution noise.
 Indoor environment and its control - equipments and control design must respond to
close tolerances on temperature/humidity, cleanliness, indoor air quality etc.
supervision records, type of adjustment and regulation, hours of operation, summer/
winter changeover, day/night weekend operation, frost protection, fire protection,
special control areas like computer rooms, office etc.
 Environmental constrains
 Robustness and Redundancy
 Delivery and Installation schedule
 Type of ownership
 System flexibility – the HVAC designer need to consider the likelihood of space
changes. As changing layout of the rooms time to time for intended purpose
 Codes and Standards – have to consider on various local codes and ASHRAE
standards. And selection of HVAC system influence by statutory standards (law and
regulations)
 Life cycle cost – initial costs, running costs, maintenance costs and plant replacement
costs need to be taken into account.
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The principle advantages of centralized systems are better control of comfort conditions,
higher energy efficiency and greater load-management potential. The main disadvantage is
that these systems are more expensive to install and are usually more sophisticated to operate
and maintain.
The principle advantages of decentralized air conditioning systems is lower initial costs,
simplified installation, no ductwork or pipes, independent zone control, and less floor space
requirements for mechanical room, ducts and pipes. A greater benefit of this system is that
they can be individually metered at the unit. Disadvantages are short life time (10 years),
higher noise, high energy consumption, environmental condition need to be maintained.
When considering to the application of these systems, the centralized systems are mostly used
in mid to high rise buildings, which are structures with 5 to 7+ floors and the decentralized
systems are used in most classes of buildings, particularly where low initial cost simplified
installation are important, and performance requirements are less demanding.
Though, the decentralized system is energy efficient, easy to maintain, easy to installations,
quiet operation, efficient design, simple to control and attractive. Since the BCAS building is
of 5 floors and a floor averagely consists of 5 to 5+ no of class rooms the decision to
decentralized system is a question. Because if we choose decentralized system we may have
to fix split air conditioners for each and every room separately. So just think as a Quantity
Surveyor what will happen to the cost not only the initial but also the maintenance costs,
rehabilitation costs, user costs and rehabilitation costs, how about the electricity consumption
and allocation of extra place for units. In considering to these factors we can go for
centralized system which will lead for greater benefit. So in general we can say the
centralized system provides better quality of indoor parameters and energy efficiency. Even
though the initial cost is high the overall operating cost tends to be low in large systems.
The central system can be further divided as:
 Central system with CAV air handling units -

 Central system with VAV air handling units
 Central system with fan-coil units(All- Water systems)
Constant air volume (CAV) systems are an all-air system which accomplish cooling and
heating by varying the supply air temperature and keeping the air volume constant.
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Variable air volume (VAV) system is an all air system which can satisfy the individual
cooling requirements of multiple thermal zones. This is achieve by supplying air at a constant
temperature from central plant to one or more VAV terminal units in each zone and adjusting
the amount of supply air to meet required cooling loads.
The primary benefit of VAV over CAV is its ability to simultaneously provide the required
level of cooling to any number of zones with a building
Central all water systems with fan coil units‟ un-ducted arrangement. Here the chilled water
is pumped from the central plant through pipes to the fan coil terminal units placed inside the
conditioned space.
Out of these the using of VAV system will benefit to BCAS because it can be used in
buildings of multiple zones to match the particular cooling demand of each zone and due to
the ability of reduce the speed of the supply during periods of low to moderate loads. This
mainly benefits because the need of air conditioning will vary according to the need of the
participants in that particular area. For example need of air condition in ground floor may not
be the same for the people in the next floors. So according to the requirement system can be
manipulated. Or else we can go for an idea as CV or VAV air handlers serving individual
common areas, and hedonic or combined air water systems in classrooms.
Fire Security System

In each and every sector of construction fire security system is a main factor. Because safety
decisions are mainly dominated by building codes, associated standards of practice, and
insurance considerations
Fire security system can be classified into two as; Active fire defenses and Passive fire
defenses
Figure 26 (Fire Security Systems)
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Active fire defense – a device or action that must receive a stimulus to act in a real or a
perceived fire condition
Figure 27 (Active fire defenses)
 Automatic detection and alarm system – fire detectors are small devices that sense the
intrusion of combustion products. Detectors can be designed to sense heat, flame,
smoke or other products of combustion.
 The automatic sprinkler system – these provide an automatic spray dedicated to an
area of fire outbreak. The sprinkler head have temperature sensitive elements that
respond immediately to heat, discharging the contents of water main to which they are
attached. Sprinklers use less water.
 Hose reels system – used as first aid measure by building occupants. They should be
located where users are least likely to be endangered by the fire.
 Fire department operations – fire detection operations can be done as; fire
suppression, search and rescue, property protection and salvage
 Special hazard, automatic suppression systems – some building materials are easily
ignitable, and certain chemical fall into this category. So automatic extinguishing
systems tailored to hazard provide quick extinguishing action and keep operational
downtime to a minimum. The most common types used are carbon dioxide system,
dry chemical system, property protection systems and water spray systems.
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 Occupant‟s activities - the occupant can contribute to some active fire defenses.
While escape is the advice most often given when a fire occurs, the occupant may
frequently provide assistance to limit the size of the fire or protect other people and
property
 Special features – buildings can provide many special features that help in fire
suppression, egress, and emergency operations. For example; smoke management,
automatic elevator recall, automatic closing of selected doors or ducts, emergency
lighting and signage, communication devices and emergency power.
Passive fire defense – a building component that remains fixed in the building whether or not
a fire emergency exists.
 Insulation of structural elements to prevent failure – in structural steel to prevent the

loss of strength we can use mineral sprays on materials or gypsum board coverings
usually protect steel beams and girders. Further methods are sprayed coating,
preformed casings, plaster and lath, and concrete, brick or block casing
A common way to provide protection for joist connection uses a suspended membrane
ceiling. A membrane ceiling delays excessive heat accumulation in the space between
the ceiling and floor above.
 Barriers to prevent extension of the flame/heat or smoke/gas from one space to

another. Typical barriers from a code viewpoint are floor–ceiling and roof–ceiling
assemblies, interior partitions that separate building fire area, fire walls, and enclosed
corridors and shafts. Fire walls are specially constructed barriers intended to prevent
any extension of fire from one side to the other.
 Opening protective in barriers, such as doors or dampers, to inhibit the movement of
flame, heat, smoke/ gases into the adjacent space.
 The egress system – a building is expected to provide a safe path for occupants to
leave. A means of egress consists of three separate and distinct parts. The first is the
„exit accesses‟. The exit access is the path that connects any location in the building
with an exit. Typically, corridors become the exit access for most buildings. The
second component is the „exit‟. An exit is a specially protected space separated from
other parts of the building by construction that can provide a temporary area of refuge
for occupant movement to the exit discharge. Stairwells and exterior doors are often
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the building exits. An „exit discharge‟ is the third component that terminates the
means of egress. The exit discharge leads to a public way, usually outside the
building.
So for BCAS building we can use automatic

detection and alarm system. Sprinkler
system can be used but the dry system suits
here because the premises mainly consist of
electrical items like computers, projectors
etc. And almost all the other methods
mentioned above are applicable can be taken
under consideration according to the
intended purpose. Figure 28 (Sprinkler System)
Road and Bridge Construction

Roads
Road is an identifiable path or way between two or more places. Roads are typically
smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel. Aggregates, Bitumen and Soil
are the major construction materials.
Basic components of road consist of:
 Carriageway
 Berm / kerb
 Drain
 Shoulder
 Footpath Figure 29 (Components of road)
 Cycle track
Road pavement or road surface is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended
to sustain traffic. Pavements of two types:
 Flexible Pavements - which are surfaced with bituminous / asphalt materials.

 Rigid Pavements - typically composed of concrete surfaces.
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Flexible pavement structures are typically composed of several layers of material. Each layer
receives the load from above layer, spreads them out, and then passes on these loads to the
next layer below. Material layers are arranged in order of descending load bearing capacities.
This section consists of:
 Surface Course- top layer comes in contact with traffic.

 Base Course- directly below surface layer and generally consist of aggregate.
 Sub base Course- layer under the base layer.
Figure 30 (Flexible pavement structure)
Construction activities:
 Site clearing
 Embankment construction
 Roadway excavation
 Sub base construction
 Base construction & surfacing
 Drainage construction
 Road structures
In order to construct 300m length and 4m width flexible road pavement for accessing to the
building we have to follow some techniques and methods. So initially site clearing has to be
done which includes clearing, grubbing removing and disposing of everything on the ground
surface. For this purpose excavators and bulldozers can be used for excavation and clearing
respectively. Motor Graders can be used to remove top soil and leveling.
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Then prepare the sub grade to the required shape, levels and should be properly compacted
for the pavement structure to be placed. A sub grade‟s performance generally depends on
load bearing capacity and volume changes. If its poor graded have to take some steps to
improve the performances.
Figure 31(Width of Clearing)
Next to construct the embankment we have to consider top width, height and side slopes of
embankment. To construct first we have to compact the original ground level then benching
and earth filling using a suitable embankment material. Then excavation is done within the
limit of the road way, for the construction of road way.
Now construct the sub base layer above the sub grade. Permeable material should be used.
The sub base material will be laid over the sub grade in layers not more than 225mm in loose
thickness and will be compacted to achieve 100% maximum dry density at optimum moisture
content. And compact to the required level.
The base construction is the next layer above sub based layer. For that here we can go for
Single Size Aggregate Base construction method. After compacting and rolling, two coats of
hot bitumen will be applied. Each coat will be blinded with sand. Application of binder can
be done manually or using mechanical sprayer.
 First coat at the rate of 2 Ltrs/Sqm

 Second/Subsequent coat 1 Ltr/Sqm
Construct shoulders on both sides to provide lateral support to pavement layers, provide
space for pedestrians, and to drain out the surface water from the pavement to side drains etc.
26
On the process the road surfacing is a must. Because to make the road surface waterproof, to
control dust, to make a smooth and non skid surface, and to stop disintegration of pavement.
Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates, binder and filler. Asphalt mixtures can be produced at
different temperature:
 Hot mix asphalt

 Cold mix asphalt
 Cut-back asphalt
Asphalt is the best choice for the BCAS road because asphalt road surfaces offer many
benefits, including cost efficiency, reduction in noise pollution and comfort. Asphalt is safe,
smooth and durable. It can be built constructed to last indefinitely. Asphalt is fast to construct
and maintain. Furthermore its flexibility and new technologies are making asphalt the only
sustainable pavement choice.
Than other methods asphalt will help the public the smooth and quiet ride. Further repetitive
construction joints, noisy surface texture, and bow ups are also eliminated due to the flexible
pavements built in multiple layers with continues flow of material moving through asphalt
paver. Asphalt has low initial costs, lasts long. It is safe due to new asphalt technology
ensures rapid dispersal and drainage of surface water, reducing water spray so it will increase
the visibility of road. Asphalt pavements are fast to construct, because asphalt efficiency does
not need cure time.
Normally the rigid pavements are having high

comprehensive strength, more life span, low
maintenance cost, load distribution over a wide area
etc. but for our case here we no need to bother much
regarding these factors. Because the road constructed

Figure 32 (Rigid Pavement)
to BCAS building is of 300m length and 4m width
where the road is used only for the accessing purpose for the premises. No traveling of heavy
vehicles and heavy use going to take place within this region. Just light vehicles like cars,
bikes, etc going to make use of the road. No thermal stresses are induced as the pavements
have the ability to contract and expand freely. So expansion joints are not needed like in rigid
pavement. No need to worry about the damages occurring on flexible pavement due to Oils
and certain chemicals since there is no any chance for this kind of an event here at this place.
27
The temperature want be a much effect because there is no much variations in temperature
throughout the year so deterioration and rutting factor can be overcome. The initial capital
cost for producing rigid pavement is about twice that of producing flexible pavement. So
through all these studies we can say choose of flexible pavement are ok and much favor and
compatible with our work.
Considering the road drainage we can go for the method of surface drainage. Because it deals
with the arrangement of quickly and effectively leading away the water that collects on the
surface of the pavement, shoulders, slopes of embankments, cuts and the land adjoining the
highway.
Figure 33 (Surface Drainage)
In order to get a maximum benefit some measures can be adopted (SanjayJataria, 2015):
 The proper cross slop should be provided for both to pavement and shoulders
28
 The sub-grade should be sufficiently above the highest level of ground water table or
natural ground level.
 Slide drainage should have to be provided at edges of right-of-way where the road is
in embankment and the edge of the roadway in cutting
 Catch water drains should be provided to intercept the flow down.
So in surface drainage the crowned surface will benefit

here. Because provide the faster water removal since the
distance water has to travel is cut in half. The crowned
surface slopes at 3 to 10 percent from either side of the
road centerline. Water has to be controlled on both sides
of the road through a ditch line and stable areas have to
be provided for runoff water.
And also there is a stream crosses at middle of the

roadway. So they have built a small bridge. The surface
Figure 34 (Rough sketch of draining)
water from the carriage way and can effectively be
drained off without allowing it to percolate to sub grade. So the surface water can be drained
to the streams easily.
Earth Retaining Structures

Retaining wall is a structure that holds back any material and prevents it from sliding or
eroding away. It is designed so that to resist the material pressure of the material that it is
holding back.
When road has to be constructed over a terrain having steep slopes , retaining walls will be
helpful to reduce steep slopes and land alongside the roads. When heavy runoff is present,
retaining wall helps to reduce erosion.
Here in our case there is a stream crossing the road. At that place we need a retaining wall to
prevent erosion and for the stability of the road and the bridge constructed.
The most common types of retaining walls are:
 Gravity walls – these are stabilized by their mass. Use dense heavy materials to
construct.
29
 Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Walls – consists of a concrete stem and base slab
which forms an inverted T. the structural members should be fully reinforced to bear
all moment and shear forces.
 Sheet Pile Cantilever Walls – there are series of panels, with interlocking connections,
that are driven into ground with impact or vibratory hammers to form an impermeable
barrier. The panels can be made from a variety of material such as steel, wood, precast
concrete, and fiberglass.
 Gabion Walls - Gabion walls are constructed by stacking and tying wire cages filled
with rock. They can have a continuous batter or have a stepped back. This is a good
application where it needs to high amount of water to pass it.
Figure 37 (Gravity Walls) Figure 38 (Cantilever Walls)
Figure 35 (Sheet Pile Cantilever Walls) Figure 36 (Gabion Walls)
For our scenario gravity wall would favor more because, the space is very less, and
height/depth is about 2m and a stream crossing through. The gravity walls are stabilized by
their mass and use dense heavy materials to construct. Gravity retaining walls can be
constructed from concrete, stone and brick masonry. These are much thicker in section and
maintain the stability of the system. I recommend out of gravity walls. The cross section
30
shape in front of the wall is affected by stability, the use of space in front of the wall, the
required wall appearance and the method of construction.
The application gravity wall in can be as; mass gravity wall, Bridge abutments, land slip
rehabilitation, wing walls and scour control and etc. so in our case we are using as a retaining
wall.
Main reasons for selecting gravity wall comparing to other:
 Time and money saving installation

 No maintenance
 Easy installation
 Super strong
 Environment safe option
 Nothing to rust
 Labour efficient
 Unique mix
 Services accessibility
 Not effected by fire, acid or saline water, petroleum product
Advantages of selecting gravity wall:
 Can be build in tight space

 Stability & Durability for decades
 Design is not limited
 Good aesthetic look
 Easy installation
 Time saved
 Cost effective
So simply through these studies of their advantages, methods and techniques we can say that
choosing gravity wall will be effective and efficient.
Presentation Slides
Presentation slides are attached below....
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Conclusion
So finally through all these studies as I‟m a Quantity Surveying student I was able to get a
vast idea and knowledge on how the steel structure and precast concrete play a role in
industrial and commercial buildings. The various types of services in a building construction
and the way they are manipulated, and the understanding on road and bridge construction. So
these studies helped me to know about the advance construction technologies.
46
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Figure 1 (Precast Structures) ...................................................................................................... 5

Table 1(Methods of Tensioning) ............................................................................................. 13

Steel and Pre-cast Concrete

Precast concrete building components are used as

When considering to pre-cast panels steel construction has so many advantages:

 Higher strength to weight ratio

 Single storey truss and lattice roof building

 Single storey portal frame building

Steel buildings most often used in (Steel-Frame-Structures, 2016):

Long span is done to increase the distance between the

Figure 3 (Built-up Sections)

Figure 4 (Portal Frames)

Figure 6 (Connections in H-Column) Figure 5 (Connections Portal frame)

used bolting rather tha using riveting or

The studies of American Institute Of

numerous benefits to a project by Figure 7 (Connection in I-Beams)

selection of structural steel for a building framming system. Because of:

Figure 8 (Fire protection of structural steel work by spray method)

Figure 9 (Board casing fire protection)

Figure 10 (Preformed casing fire protection)

Figure 11(Metal lath and plaster casing fire protection)

Figure 12 (Non structural concrete fire protection)

 Mineral fiber boards

Pre-Tension and Post Tension

Simply we can say (Islam, 2014):

Methods of tensioning (Pal, 2014):

Methods of pre-tensioning Methods of post tensioning

1. Anchoring the tendons against the end 1. Casting of concrete

Table 1(Methods of Tensioning)

If we choose pre-stressed concrete for construction:

 Factory products are possible

Precast, pre-stressed concrete construction satisfies complex structural designs required by

Figure 13 (Pre-stresses slabs) Figure 14 (Pre-stressed 1)

Figure 15 (Pre-stressed 2) Figure 16 (Pre-stressed beams)

 Circuits – Final, Ring & Radial Circuits

Electrical installations require necessary design, planning taking

Electrical wiring is simply a network of wires connecting

Before wiring a building, it is necessary one makes the right

In building wiring there are three types of wires:

Types of wiring systems:

Figure 22 (Conduit wiring)

The reasons for choosing conduit wiring (Electrical Technology, 2015):

 It is the safest wiring system - concealed conducting

 No risk of electric shock.

Air Conditioning systems:

 Split air conditioners – comprised of two parts as

Figure 25 (Central HVAC System)

The central system can be further divided as:

 Central system with CAV air handling units -

Fire Security System

Figure 26 (Fire Security Systems)

Figure 27 (Active fire defenses)

 Insulation of structural elements to prevent failure – in structural steel to prevent the

 Barriers to prevent extension of the flame/heat or smoke/gas from one space to

So for BCAS building we can use automatic

Road and Bridge Construction

Basic components of road consist of:

 Flexible Pavements - which are surfaced with bituminous / asphalt materials.

 Surface Course- top layer comes in contact with traffic.

Figure 30 (Flexible pavement structure)

Figure 31(Width of Clearing)

 First coat at the rate of 2 Ltrs/Sqm